Long power list
The long power list is a collection of diagnoses based on site and pathologic characteristics. It builds on the short power list.
Site
Bone & cartilage
General
Benign - bone:
Benign - bone tumours:
Benign - cartilage:
Malignant - bone:
Malignant - cartilage:
Unusual genetic conditions:
Femoral head
Benign:
Uncommon - benign (fracture):
- Trauma.
- Osteoporosis.
Uncommon - benign pediatric:
Uncommon - malignant (fracture):
Breast pathology
Benign - common:
- Normal.
- Fibrocystic change.
- Apocrine metaplasia.
- Columnar cell change.
- Fibroadenoma.
- Phyllodes tumour.
- Intraductal papilloma.
- Florid epithelial hyperplasia.
- Sclerosing adenosis.
Benign - uncommon:
- Flat epithelial atypia.
- Complex sclerosing lesion.
- Breast abscess.
- Breast with fat necrosis.
- Microglandular adenosis.
- Collagenous spherulosis.
- Lactational change.
- Diabetic mastopathy.
Non-invasive:
Invasive - epithelial:
- Invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast.
- Invasive lobular carcinoma.
- Papillary carcinoma of the breast.
- Invasive micropapillary carcinoma of the breast.
- Invasive cribriform carcinoma of the breast.
- Tubular carcinoma of the breast.
- Medullary breast carcinoma.
- Mucinous breast carcinoma.
- Metaplastic breast carcinoma.
Invasive - non-epithelial:
Invasive - salivary gland-like:
Cardiovascular pathology
General
- Thrombosis (embolism).
- Vasculitis.
- Large vessel:
- Medium vessel:
- Small vessel:
- Amyloid deposition.
- Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis.
- Fibromuscular dysplasia.
Aorta
- Atherosclerosis.
- Aortic dissection.
- Cystic medial degeneration.
- Traumatic dissection - see blunt force injury.
- Mycotic aneurysm.
Cardiac valves
Aortic valve
Mitral valve
Tricuspid valve
Heart
Common - benign:
Uncommon - benign:
- Lipoma.
- Rhabdomyoma.
Uncommon - malignant:
Dermatopathology
Benign - non-melanocytic:
- Epidermal inclusion cyst.
- Pilar cyst.
- Steatocystoma.
- Lipoma.
- Dermatofibroma.
- Dermal scar.
- Trichoepithelioma (trichoblastoma).
- Clear cell acanthoma.
- Leiomyoma.
Benign melanocytic lesions:
- Intradermal nevus.
- Junctional nevus.
- Congenital nevus.
- Clark nevus.
- Spitz nevus.
- Pigmented spindle cell nevus of Reed.
- Blue nevus.
Inflammatory skin lesions:
- Bullous diseases:
- Interface dermatitis:
- Nodular & diffuse:
- Psoriasiform diseases:
- Panniculitis:
- Vasculitides:
Malignant:
- Basal cell carcinoma.
- Squamous cell carcinoma.
- Malignant melanoma.
- Merkel cell carcinoma.
- Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans.
- Atypical fibroxanthoma.
- Leiomyosarcoma.
- Metastasis.
Endocrine pathology
Thyroid gland
Benign:
Benign - uncommon:
Malignant:
Malignant - uncommon:
- Papillary thyroid carcinoma columnar cell variant.
- Papillary thyroid carcinoma tall cell variant.
- Papillary thyroid carcinoma cribriform-morular variant.
- Papillary thyroid carcinoma diffuse sclerosing variant.
- Medullary thyroid carcinoma.
- Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma.
Thyroid gland - cytology
- Benign.
- Follicular lesion of undetermined significance (FLUS).
- Follicular neoplasm.
- Suspicious for malignancy.
- Malignant, e.g. papillary thyroid carcinoma.
- Nondiagnostic or unsatisfactory.
Parathyroid gland
Benign:
Malignant - rare:
Adrenal gland
Benign:
- Adrenal cortical adenoma.
- Adrenal myelolipoma.
- Hemorrhagic adrenalitis (Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome).
- Adrenal ganglioneuroma.
- Neuroblastoma - pediatric pathology.
- Tuberculosis.
Malignant:
Gastrointestinal pathology
Gastrointestinal polyp
Benign:
Pre-malignant:
Uncommon - pre-malignant:
Uncommon - benign:
Malignant:
Esophagus
Benign:
Benign - uncommon:
Tumour:
- Leiomyoma.
- Gastrointestinal stromal tumour - may be malignant.
- Granular cell tumour - may be malignant.
Malignant:
Stomach
Benign:
Pre-malignant:
Malignant:
- Epithelial:
- Adenocarcinoma, intestinal-type.
- Adenocarcinoma, diffuse-type.
- Metastatic carcinoma.
- Neuroendocrine tumour.
- Mesenchymal:
- GIST.
- Hematopoietic:
Duodenum
Benign:
- Normal.
- Celiac disease.
Pre-malignant:
Malignant:
Uncommon benign:
- Gastric heterotopia of the duodenum.
- Peptic ulcer disease.
- Acute duodenitis.
- Giardiasis.
- Whipple disease.
- MAI infection.
- Pseudomelanosis duodeni.
Colon/rectum
Benign:
- Normal.
- Colitis.
- Hyperplastic polyp.
- Tubular adenoma.
- Tubulovillous adenoma.
- Villous adenoma.
- Sessile serrated adenoma.
Benign - uncommon infectious:
- Pseudomembranous colitis.
- Cytomegalovirus colitis.
- Cryptosporidiosis.
- Strongyloidiasis.
- Intestinal spirochetosis.
Benign - uncommon:
- Lymphocytic colitis.
- Collagenous colitis.
- Inflammatory polyp.
- Juvenile polyp.
- Peutz-Jeghers polyp.
- Solitary rectal ulcer.
- Melanosis coli.
- Radiation colitis.
- Diversion colitis.
Tumour:
Malignant:
- Colorectal adenocarcinoma.
- Medullary carcinoma.
- Mucinous carcinoma.
- Signet ring carcinoma.
- Goblet cell carcinoid.
- Metastatic tumours.
Appendix
Benign:
- Appendicitis.
- Periappendicitis.
- Crohn's disease.
- Normal.
Benign - uncommon:
Neoplasm:
- Neuroendocrine tumour.
- Low-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasm (LAMN).
Malignant:
Liver
Benign:
Benign - tumour:
- Hepatic hemangioma.
- Focal nodular hyperplasia.
- Hepatocellular adenoma.
Malignant:
Uncommon benign:
- Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency.
- Autoimmune hepatitis.
- Primary sclerosing cholangitis, especially in the context of UC.
- Primary biliary cirrhosis.
- Wilson's disease.
- Hereditary hemochromatosis.
- Hepatic infarct.
- Hepatitis A.
Uncommon malignant:
Gallbladder
Benign:
Uncommon - pre-malignant:
Uncommon - malignant:
Genitourinary pathology
Tumour kidney
Benign:
Malignant - common:
- Clear cell renal cell carcinoma.
- Papillary renal cell carcinoma.
- Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma.
- Urothelial carcinoma.
- Wilms tumour.
Malignant - less common:
- Collecting duct carcinoma.
- Renal tumour with Xp11.2 translocation.
- Clear cell papillary renal cell carcinoma.
- Renal medullary carcinoma.
- Renal mucinous tubular and spindle cell carcinoma.
- Mixed epithelial stromal tumour.
- Cystic nephroma.
- Metanephric adenoma.
Uncommon - benign:
Medical kidney
Prostate gland
Benign:
- Normal.
- Chronic inflammation.
- Acute inflammation.
- Benign prostatic hyperplasia (prostectomy diagnosis only).
- Granulomatous prostatitis.
Malignant:
Uncommon - malignant:
- Ductal adenocarcinoma of the prostate.
- Urothelial carcinoma.
Urinary bladder
Benign:
Pre-malignant/malignant:
- Urothelial dysplasia.
- Urothelial carcinoma in situ.
- Low grade papillary urothelial carcinoma.
- High grade papillary urothelial carcinoma.
- Flat urothelial carcinoma.
Uncommon - benign:
Urine - cytology
Common:
- Negative for malignancy.
- Urothelial carcinoma.
- Polyomavirus.
Uncommon:
Testis
Gynecologic pathology
Uterus
Benign:
- Fibroids.
- Adenomyosis.
- Atrophic endometrium.
- Uterine prolapse.
- Proliferative phase endometrium.
- Secretory phase endometrium.
- Disordered proliferative endometrium.
Pre-malignant:
- Simple endometrial hyperplasia.
- Simple endometrial hyperplasia with atypia.
- Complex endometrial hyperplasia.
- Complex endometrial hyperplasia with atypia.
Malignant:
Uncommon - benign:
- Decidua (change of pregnancy).
- Arias-Stella reaction.
Uncommon - malignant:
Cervix - cytology
Main article: Gynecologic cytopathology
Benign:
- Normal.
- Candida.
- Endometrial cells >40 years.
Benign not typically reported:
- Atrophy.
- Reactive changes.
- Squamous metaplasia.
- Tubal metaplasia.
- Endometrial cells <40 years.
Uncommon - benign:
- HSV changes.
- Trichomonas.
- Bacterial vaginosis.
- Actinomycetes.
Waffle diagnoses:
- Atypical squamous cells, cannot exclude high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (ASC-H).
- Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US).
- Atypical glandular cells (AGC).
Pre-malignant/malignant:
- LSIL.
- HSIL.
- Squamous cell carcinoma.
- Adenocarcinoma in situ.
- Endocervical.
- Endometrial.
- Other.
Ovary
Benign:
Malignant:
- Serous carcinoma of the ovary.
- Endometrioid carcinoma.
- Mucinous carcinoma.
Uncommon - malignant:
Fallopian tube
Benign:
- Paratubal cyst.
- Tubo-ovarian abscess.
- Salpingitis.
- Ectopic pregnancy.
- Adenomatoid tumour.
Malignant:
- Serous carcinoma.
Uncommon - benign:
Head and neck
General
Benign:
Malignant:
- Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.
- Nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
- HPV-associated squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.
Uncommon - malignant:
- Paraganglioma (carotid body tumour).
Salivary gland
Benign:
- Pleomorphic adenoma.
- Warthin tumour.
- Basal cell adenoma.
- Oncocytoma of the salivary gland.
- Canalicular adenoma.
Malignant:
Uncommon benign:
Uncommon malignant:
- Acinic cell carcinoma.
- Polymorphous low grade adenocarcinoma.
- Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma.
- Salivary duct carcinoma.
- Hyalinizing clear cell carcinoma.
Lymph node
Benign:
- Normal/resting.
- Reactive follicular hyperplasia.
- Sinus histiocytosis.
- Hyalinized lymph node.
Malignant:
- Metastasis, esp. carcinoma.
- Follicular lymphoma.
- Chronic lymphocytic leukemia/Small cell lymphoma.
- Diffuse large B cell lymphoma.
- Nodular sclerosis Hodgkin lymphoma.
- Mixed cellularity Hodgkin lymphoma.
- Nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma.
- Lymphocyte-rich Hodgkin lymphoma.
- Lymphocyte-depleted Hodgkin lymphoma.
- Marginal zone lymphoma.
Benign - uncommon:
- Castleman disease.
- Progressive transformation of germinal centers.
- Dermatopathic lymphadenopathy.
- Sarcoidosis.
- Tuberculosis.
- Cat-scratch disease.
- Rosai-Dorfman disease.
- Kimura disease.
- Toxoplasmosis.
- Intranodal palisaded myofibroblastoma.
Neuropathology
Brain
Benign:
- Epidural hemorrhage.
- Subdural hemorrhage.
- Subarachnoid hemorrhage.
- Intracerebral hemorrhage.
- Duret hemorrhage.
- Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.
- Multiple sclerosis.
- Colloid cyst.
- Cerebral amyloid angiopathy.
Pediatric - tumour:
Adult - tumour:
- Meningioma.
- Schwannoma.
- Diffuse astrocytoma.
- Anaplastic astrocytoma.
- Glioblastoma.
- Myxopapillary ependymoma.
- Pituitary adenoma.
- Adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma.
- Papillary craniopharyngioma.
Neurodegenerative
Muscle
Pulmonary pathology
Benign:
- Normal.
- Acute bronchopneumonia.
- Diffuse alveolar damage - acute phase, organizing phase, resolution.
- Emphysema - centrilobular, panlobular.
- Asthma.
- Aspiration pneumonia.
Malignant:
Uncommon - granulomatous:
- Tuberculosis.
- Sarcoidosis.
- Fungal infections (e.g. aspergillosis).
Uncommon - benign other:
- Solitary fibrous tumour - esp. pleural.
- Lymphangioleiomyomatosis.
- Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis.
- Bronchogenic cyst.
- Congenital pulmonary airway malformation (CPAM).
- Extralobar sequestration.
- Intralobar sequestration.
- Asbestosis.
- Silicosis.
- Coal worker's pneumonconiosis.
- Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis.
- Eosinophilic pneumonia.
- Goodpasture disease.
- Wegener's granulomatosis.
- Radiation pneumonitis.
- Drug toxicity, e.g. amiodarone, bleomycin.
- Infectious - blastomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, pneumocystis pneumonia.
Uncommon - vascular:
- Pulmonary hypertension.
- Vasculitides - see cardiovascular section.
Uncommon - idiopathic interstitial pneumonias:
- Usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP).
- Non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP).
- Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia (LIP).
- Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (BOOP).
- Respiratory bronchiolitis-associated interstitial lung disease (RB-ILD).
- Desquamative interstitial pneumonia (DIP).
Uncommon - malignant:
Spleen
Benign:
- Trauma.
- Normal.
- Enlargement due to cirrhosis or other causes of portal hypertension.
- Mononucleosis.
Benign - rare:
Malignant - common:
Malignant - others:
Placenta
- Normal.
- Chorioamnionitis.
- Meconium.
- Placentomegaly.
- Placental infarction.
Less common:
Pathologic characteristics
Non-skin tumours with skin
- Salivary gland tumours.
- Breast tumours.
Nodule-forming lymphoma
Malignant:
- Follicular lymphoma.
- Small cell lymphoma.
- Nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma.
- Mantle cell lymphoma.
Nuclear features
Pseudostratified nuclei
Tumours that commonly have pseudostratified nuclei:
Pseudoinclusions
Main article: Nuclear pseudoinclusions
Cytoplasmic features
Eosinophilic cytoplasm
- Squamous cell carcinoma.
- Oncocytoma/oncocytic tumours.
- Apocrine tumours.
- Anaplastic large cell lymphoma.
Clear cytoplasm
Main article: Clear cell tumours
Cells
Tumours with lymphocytes
- Seminoma.
- Acinic cell carcinoma.
- Nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
- Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma.
- Medullary breast carcinoma.
- Thymoma.
- Lymphoma - Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin.
- Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma.
Giant cells
Main article: Giant cell lesions
Many eosinophils
- Infection - esp. fungal.
- Drug reaction.
- Inflammatory fibroid polyp.
- Hodgkin lymphoma.
- Churg-Strauss syndrome.
- Langerhans cell histiocytosis.
- Kimura disease.
Site specific:
- Eosinophilic esophagitis.
- Eosinophilic gastritis.
- Eosinophilic colitis.
- Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis.
- Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia (ALHE) - skin.
Red blood cell extravasation
Structures
Psammoma bodies
Main article: Psammoma bodies
Myxoid lesions
Main article: Myxoid lesions
Architecture
Classically nested
Stroma rich tumours
- Cholangiocarcinoma.
- Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma.
- Mesothelioma - lung.
- Hyalinizing trabecular tumour - thyroid.
- Hyalinizing clear cell carcinoma - salivary gland.
Spindle cell lesions
Main article: Spindle cell lesions
Spindle cell lesions in neuropathology
Frustration lists
The following are diagnoses to think about if the answer isn't apparent.
General frustration list
If the pathology isn't apparent...
- Neurofibroma.
- Amyloidosis.
- Granular cell tumour.
- Adenomatoid tumour.
- Angiosarcoma.
- Pheochromocytoma.
- Plasma cell neoplasm.
Memory device: NAGAAPP.