Latest revision as of 23:51, 18 March 2018

Endoscopic image of a gastrointestinal polyp.

Gastrointestinal tract polyps, also gastrointestinal polyps or GI polyps, are the bread & butter of a GI pathologists workload. Some of 'em are benign... some pre-malignant... some malignant... some weird. Most GI polyps are from the intestine, i.e. intestinal polyps.

Overview - there are four basic types:^[1]

Hyperplastic - harmless, most common - 90% of all colonic polyps.^[2]
Hamartomatous - weriod stuff, syndromic things.
Inflammatory - think inflammatory bowel disease, AKA pseudopolyps.
Adenomatous - premalignant, several types (see below).

Mnemonic: HHI-A.

Diagnostic variability for colorectal polyps is substantial among community pathologists.^[3]

Basic approach

Sessile (flat) or polypoid (spherical, possibly has a stalk)?
Nuclear features of adenoma & loss of goblets (hyperchromatic nuclei, nuclei round vs. flat, loss of nuclear stratification)?
Inflammation?
Serrated architecture?

A set of decision trees for GI polyps

Decision tree - GI polyps

GI
polyp

Polypoid
(Lollipop-like)

Sessile
(flat)

Nuclear changes

No nuc. change

Serrated

Not serrated

Polypoid adenoma
(below)

Serrated

Not serrated

SSA versus HP

Normal versus VA

HP

See misc.
polyps (below)

Notes:

Polypoid:
- Stalk visible (lollipop handle visible) or epithelial surface on three sides (or more).
Sessile (flat):
- "Line of muscularis mucosa" visible +/- test tube-like intestinal crypts.
Nuclear changes:
- Nuclear enlargement (elongation), crowding/pseudostratification, hyperchromasia (more blue) - especially at the surface, i.e. adjacent to the lumen (as opposed to the base of the crypt).

Decision tree - polypoid adenoma

Polypoid adenoma

Serrated

Non-serrated

TSA

Tubular arch.

Tubulovillous arch.

Villous arch.

TA

TVA

VA

Notes:^[4]

TA, tubular component >75%.
VA, villous component >50%.

Decision tree - miscellaneous polyps

Misc. polyps

Inflam.

No inflam.

Benign

Inflam. p.

Hamart.

Benign

PJP

Juvenile

Other

Notes:

Juvenile polyps may have marked inflammation.

Hamartomatous polyps - basic DDx:

Juvenile polyp/Retention polyp -- DIES (dilated glands, incr. LP, eroded surface, stalk).
Peutz-Jeghers polyp (PJP) - frond-like with all mucosa components .

"Other" includes diagnoses which require history or tissue surround the polyp. These include the polyps seen in:

Tabular comparison of colonic polyps

Overview in two tables

Common colonic polyps

Type	Key feature(s)	Details	Prevalence / prognosis	Other	DDx	Image
Normal mucosa / no pathology	test tubes in a rack-like morphology	small nuclei, abundant goblet cells	common / benign	moderate inflammation is normal	missed lesion, colonic spirochetes, cryptosporidiosis, microscopic colitis, CMV colitis	Normal rectum (WC)
Hyperplastic polyp	serrated at the surface	abundant goblet cells, usu. left colon; no features of SSA	common / benign	may be syndromic, e.g. hyperplastic polyposis syndrome	sessile serrated adenoma	HP (WC)
Traditional adenoma	nuclear hyperchromasia & pseudostratification / crowding at the luminal aspect	decreased goblet cells, usu. polypoid - on a stalk, usu. left colon	common / premalignant	tubular adenoma, tubulovillous adenoma, villous adenoma	traditional serrated adenoma, reactive changes (inflammation)	TA (WC)

Less common

Type	Key feature(s)	Details	Prevalence / prognosis	Other	DDx	Image
Sessile serrated adenoma (SSA)	basal crypt dilation & serration	boot-shaped crypts, horizontal crypts, branching crypts	uncommon / pre-malignant	AKA sessile serrated polyp	hyperplastic polyp	SSA (WC)
Traditional serrated adenoma (TSA)	nuclear hyperchromasia & pseudostratification / crowding at the surface, serrated, villous-like architecture	decreased goblet cells	very rare / premalignant	called "traditional" to differentiate from SSA	traditional serrated adenoma (esp. villous adenoma)	TSA (WC)
Juvenile polyp (retention polyp)	dilated glands, increased lamina propria	eroded surface (due to trauma), stalk (polypoid), inflammation - common	uncommon / benign if in isolation	may be part of juvenile polyposis syndrome	inflammatory pseudopolyp	Gastric JP (WC)
Inflammatory pseudopolyp	inflammation, erosion/ulceration adjacent to polyp	loss of mucosa adjacent to pseudopolyp	uncommon / seen in IBD, increased risk of malignancy	only seen in IBD; Dx implies IBD	juvenile polyp	IP (WC)
Peutz-Jeghers polyp (PJP)	branching smooth muscle	tree-like growth pattern	very rare / syndromic; assoc. with cancer	PJP not pre-malignant lesion in itself; see Peutz-Jeghers syndrome	normal, classically in the small bowel	PJP (WC)

Common problems

Submucosal invasion

This may be difficult to assess histomorphologically; these one should show a friend.

Pseudoinvasion

See pseudoinvasion in colorectal adenomatous polyps.

Early invasion

See high risk features in (colorectal) adenomatous polyps with carcinoma.

Adenomatous vs. hyperplastic

Adenomatous polyps & hyperplastic polyps - a comparison (adapted from Li and Burgart^[5]):

Attribute	Hyperplastic polyp (HP)	Sessile serrated adenoma (SSA)	Traditional serrated adenoma (TSA)	Traditional adenoma -tubular adenoma -tubulovillous adenoma -villous adenoma
Classic location	rectum/left colon	right colon	rectum/left colon	rectum/left colon
Morphology	polypoid	flat (sessile)	polypoid	polypoid
Cytologic atypia -Cigar nuclei -Hyperchromasia -Nuclear crowding	absent	absent	present	present
Location of worst atypia	-	-	basal	luminal
Cytoplasm	eosinophilic	prominent eosinophilia	eosinophilic	basophilic
Goblet cells	abundant	common	less common	less common
Luminal Serration	present	common	present	absent
SSA architecture -Basal crypt serration -Basal crypt dilation -Horizonatal crypts -Branched crypts	absent	present	absent	absent
Key feature(s)	serrated luminal surf. & goblets	abnorm. crypt arch. & sessile	nuclear atypia & serrated	nuclear atypia (luminal)
Image(s)	HP (WC)	SSA (WC)	TSA (WC)	TA (WC)

Normal colonic mucosa:

Nuclei - round and basally located.
Abundant goblet cells.
Moderate inflammation.
Paneth cells - present in right colon.
Glands - straight, no branching; "test tube" shape.

Notes: Left colon refers to the sigmoid colon, descending colon and the distal half of the transverse colon; right colon refers to the cecum, ascending colon and proximal half of the transverse colon.

Normal

Normal colorectal mucosa

General

Endoscopists go after anything that is polypoid... and that may be normal.

Microscopic

Features:

Test tube like glands.
Minimal palisading.
- Nuclei <3:1 = height:width.
No nuclear pseudostratification. †
Deep part of crypt is more hyperchromatic than superficial component - important.
- The surface should be lighter staining than the deeper aspect, i.e. the deeper glands are dark blue and the superficial gland are light blue.

Note:

† May be seen in reactive changes.

DDx (colorectal mucosa with minimal changes):

Images

Rectum - low mag. (WC)
Rectum - intermed. mag. (WC)
Rectum - intermed. mag. (WC)
Rectum - high mag. (WC)

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Normal

Cecum, Biopsy:
- Colorectal-type mucosa within normal limits.

Right Colon, Biopsy:
- Colonic mucosa within normal limits.

Transverse Colon, Biopsy:
- Colonic mucosa within normal limits.

Left Colon, Biopsy:
- Colonic mucosa within normal limits.

Rectum, Biopsy:
- Colorectal mucosa within normal limits.

Block letters

SIGMOID COLON, BIOPSY:
- COLORECTAL-TYPE MUCOSA WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS.

COLON, 70 CM, BIOPSY:
- COLORECTAL-TYPE MUCOSA WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS.

Polypoid fragments

POLYP, SIGMOID COLON, BIOPSY:
- POLYPOID FRAGMENT OF COLORECTAL-TYPE MUCOSA WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS.

Mucosa and submucosa

POLYP, SIGMOID COLON, BIOPSY:
- COLONIC MUCOSA AND SUBMUCOSA WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS.

Lymphoid nodule present

Lymphoid nodules manifest endoscopically as a small polypoid protuberances. It is worthwhile to report the presence of lymphoid nodules as they reassure the endoscopist that they probably sampled the abnormality they saw.

POLYP, RECTUM, BIOPSY:
- RECTAL MUCOSA WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS WITH A MORPHOLOGICALLY BENIGN LYMPHOID AGGREGATE.

COLON, RIGHT SIDE, BIOPSY:
- COLONIC MUCOSA WITH MORPHOLOGICALLY BENIGN LYMPHOID AGGREGATES,
  NO SIGNIFICANT PATHOLOGY.

Submucosa present

POLYP, ASCENDING COLON, BIOPSY:
- COLONIC MUCOSA AND SUBMUCOSA WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS WITH A MORPHOLOGICALLY BENIGN
LYMPHOID NODULE.

Suspected missed lesion

RECTOSIGMOID, BIOPSY:
- COLORECTAL-TYPE MUCOSA WITH A LYMPHOID AGGREGATE.
- NEGATIVE FOR ACTIVE COLITIS.
- NEGATIVE FOR DYSPLASIA AND NEGATIVE FOR MALIGNANCY -- SEE COMMENT.

COMMENT:
The clinical history is noted. This biopsy does not show neoplastic tissue; 
however, the biopsy may not be representative of the lesion seen.

Levels were cut and these did not yield additional information. There are 
no changes to suggest a chronic colitis.

Correlation with imaging may be useful. A re-biopsy is suggested.

Micro - suspected IBD

The sections show colorectal-type mucosa. The glands show no significant architectural abnormalities and mature normally to the surface. Rare apoptotic epithelial cells are seen. There is no cryptitis. Neutrophils are not apparent in the lamina propria.

Rare PMNs - no cryptitis

The sections show colorectal mucosa with rare lymphoid aggregates. The architecture is within normal limits. The epithelium matures normally to the surface. Very rare neutrophils are present within the lamina propria. A very small number of crypts have one or two neutrophils. No definite cryptitis is present.

Fecal material

Main article: Fecal material

Hyperplastic polyp

The stomach lesion is dealt with in hyperplastic polyp of the stomach.

Main article: Hyperplastic polyp

Inflammatory pseudopolyp

Main article: Inflammatory pseudopolyp

Adenomatous polyps

Overview

Several types of adenomatous polyps are recognized:

Traditional adenomas (have three subtypes):
1. Tubular adenoma - most common, lowest malignant potential.
2. Tubulovillous adenoma.
3. Villous adenoma - highest malignant potential.
Sessile serrated adenomas:
- New kid on the block.
Traditional serrated adenomas - nuclear features of 'traditional adenoma' + serrated architecture.

Notes:

They are all considered pre-malignant, i.e. if you leave 'em in place they often develop into cancer.
If multiple... think about familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), attenuated FAP, MUTYH polyposis syndrome, serrated polyposis syndrome.

Management of (adenomatous colonic) polyps

Follow-up interval for polyps (colonoscopy interval):^[7]

Normal follow-up (includes presence of hyperplastic polyps): ~10 years.
1-2 low risk (adenomatous) polyps: 5-10 years.
3-10 low risk polyps or a high risk polyp: 3 years.
>10 low risk polyps: <3 years.
Inadequately removed polyps: <6 months.

Classified as high risk polyp (any of the following):^[7]

Tubulovillous.
Villous.
High grade dysplasia.
Size >= 1 cm.

Mnemonic: GAS = grade (high), architecture (tubulovillous, villous), size (>1 cm).

Note:

High risk polyp, as defined above, is also called advanced adenoma;^[8] however, it should be noted that there are different definitions for advanced adenoma (e.g. Winawer & Zauber^[9] include early invasive tumours). Thus, it is best to avoid the term.

Pseudoinvasion in colorectal adenomatous polyps

AKA pseudoinvasion.
AKA epithelial misplacement.

Main article: Pseudoinvasion in colorectal adenomatous polyps

High-risk features in (colorectal) adenomatous polyps with carcinoma

Predictors of poor outcome with early submucosal invasion:^[10]

High tumour grade.
Lymphovascular invasion.
High-grade tumour budding.
- Tumour bud = 1-4 cell(s); "high-grade budding" is >=10 tumour buds in a field of 0.385 mm².^[11]‡
  - If the microscope has a 22 mm eye piece and...
    - A 20x objective, the field is approximately 0.950 mm² -- to match the buds/area -- it would be 24.68 buds/0.950 mm².
    - A 40x objective, the field is approximately 0.238 mm² -- to match the buds/area -- it would be 6.17 buds/0.238 mm².
Extensive submucosal invasion.
- >= 4 mm width or >= 2 mm depth.

If none of the above factors is present the risk of lymph node metastasis is < 1%. The presence of one risk factor increases the risk to ~20%. If multiple risk factors are present the chance of lymph node metastases is greater than 35%.^[10]

Note:

‡Tumour budding as per international consensus is now assessed in field area of 0.785 mm².^[12]

Traditional adenoma

Includes tubular adenoma, tubulovillous adenoma, and villous adenoma.

Main article: Traditional adenoma

Traditional serrated adenoma

Main article: Traditional serrated adenoma

Sessile serrated adenoma

Main article: Sessile serrated adenoma

Malignant polyps

Colorectal adenocarcinoma

Main article: Colorectal adenocarcinoma

General

Diagnosis may be a challenging on a small biopsy.

Clinical

Invasion can be predicted based on endoscopic findings:

Kudo pit pattern.^[13]
Non-lifting sign.^[14]
- Presence predicts deeper invasion.^[15]

Microscopic

One of the two following:

Dysplasia and evidence of invasion - features:^[16]
- Nuclear changes seen in adenomatous polyps - malignant-appearing cells.
  - Enlarged nuclei.
  - Chromatin hyperchromatic or vesicular.
  - Round-shape or cigar-shaped and pseudostratified.
- Architectural changes - usually those of high-grade dysplasia:
  - Cribriforming - most common.
  - Papillary tufting.
  - Budding.
  - Sheeting.
- Deep involvement - one of the two following - key feature:
  1. Malignant-appearing cells in the submucosa.
    - Pseudoinvasion must be excluded.
  2. Desmoplastic stromal response.
    - Spindle cells with:
      - Large nuclei (nucleus ~ size of a plasma cell).
      - Eosinophilic cytoplasm.
Signet ring cells.

DDx:

Pseudoinvasion - surrounded by lamina propria, desmoplasia lacking, hemosiderin-laden macrophages.
Reactive changes.

Note:

Desmoplastic response is not predictive of submucosal invasion in pedunculated polyps.^[17]

Image

Colorectal carcinoma. (WC/Nephron)

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RECTOSIGMOID TUMOUR, BIOPSY:
- INVASIVE ADENOCARCINOMA, MODERATELY DIFFERENTIATED.

RECTUM, BIOPSY:
- INVASIVE ADENOCARCINOMA, MODERATELY DIFFERENTIATED.

RECTUM, BIOPSY:
- HIGHLY SUSPICIOUS FOR INVASIVE ADENOCARCINOMA, SEE MICROSCOPIC.
- TUBULOVILLOUS ADENOMA WITH HIGH-GRADE DYSPLASIA.

Micro

The sections shows colorectal-type mucosa with a tubule-forming epithelium that has cellular pseudostratification and enlarged hyperchromatic nuclei, from the crypt base to the luminal aspect (dysplasia).

There is cribriforming of glands and epithelial budding. Plump spindle cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm surround the abnormal epithelium (desmoplastic stroma). No definite submucosa is identified; the diagnosis is based on the stromal desmoplasia.

Suspicious

The sections shows multiple fragments of colorectal-type mucosa with a tubule-forming and villous-forming epithelium that has cellular pseudostratification and enlarged hyperchromatic nuclei, from the crypt base to the luminal aspect (dysplasia).

Cribriforming of glands is identified at multiple foci. Goblet cells are rare in the dysplastic epithelium.

One fragment of tissue, measuring approximately 2 millimetres, has increased numbers of plump stromal cells (desmoplastic response); this is suspicious for invasive adenocarcinoma.

Hamartomatous polyps

Overview

There are three well known hamartomatous polyp syndromes:^[18]

There are two obscure hamartomatous polyp syndromes:^[18]

Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndrome (BRBS).
Devon polyposis syndrome (DPS).

Notes:

BRBS is due to a PTEN mutation^[19] (the same gene associated with Cowden's disease).
DPS is reported in only one family that lives in Devon, UK.^[20]

Juvenile polyp

Main article: Juvenile polyp

Peutz-Jeghers polyp

Main article: Peutz-Jeghers polyp

Cowden disease

Main article: Cowden syndrome

AKA Cowden syndrome.

General

Etiology:

PTEN gene mutation.

Clinical features:^[21]

Hamartomatous polyps.
Facial trichilemmomas (hair follicle root sheath epithelium tumour).
Oral papillomas.
Acral keratoses (peripheral keratoses).

Note:

Lame mnemonic PATH:^[22] Papilloma (oral), Acral keratosis, Trichilemmoma, Hamartomatous polyps.

Microscopic

Features:

Hamartomatous polyp - features non-specific. (???)

Weird stuff

Cronkhite-Canada syndrome

Abbreviated CCS.

Main article: Cronkhite-Canada syndrome

Ganglioneuroma

Main article: Ganglioneuroma

General

May be part of MEN 2B.

Microscopic

Features - see ganglioneuroma:

Ganglion cells - key feature.
- Large cells with a round nucleus and a prominent nucleolus.

DDx:

Hyperplastic polyp with perineuromatous stroma.

Images

Ganglioneuroma - intermed. mag. (WC/Nephron)
Ganglioneuroma - high mag. (WC/Nephron)
Ganglioneuroma - very high mag. (WC/Nephron)

Inflammatory myoglandular polyp

General

Controversial - probably not a distinct pathologic entity.^[23]
Rare, benign, non-neoplastic.^[24]
Large bowel, usually rectosigmoid.

Microscopic

Features:^[25]

Granulation tissue within the lamina propria.
Lamina propria smooth muscle.
Irregular gland architecture:
- Cystic dilatation.
- Tortuosity.

DDx:^[23]

Mucosal prolapse syndrome.
Polypoid prolaping mucosal fold in diverticular disease.
Inflammatory cloacogenic polyp.
Inflammatory cap polyp.

Image:

IMP (biomedcentral.com).^[24]

Leiomyoma

Main article: Colonic leiomyoma

Main article: Leiomyoma

May present as a polyp in the colon.^[26]

Colonic polyp with reactive subepithelial cells

Microscopic

Features:

Surface epithelium with a reduced quantity of cytoplasm and less goblets (regenerative appearance).
Mildly atypical subepithelial cells with pale moderate-to-abundant cytoplasm and nuclear enlargement +/-nuclear hyperchromasia.

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POLYP, ASCENDING COLON, POLYPECTOMY:
- POLYPOID FRAGMENT OF COLONIC-TYPE MUCOSA WITH REACTIVE SUBEPITHELIAL 
  CELLS, SEE COMMENT.
- NEGATIVE FOR DYSPLASIA.

COMMENT:
A pankeratin and CK7 immunostains are non-concerning. A CD68 immunostain 
highlights lamina propria macrophages.

References

↑ Cotran, Ramzi S.; Kumar, Vinay; Fausto, Nelson; Nelso Fausto; Robbins, Stanley L.; Abbas, Abul K. (2005). Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease (7th ed.). St. Louis, Mo: Elsevier Saunders. pp. 856. ISBN 0-7216-0187-1.
↑ Cotran, Ramzi S.; Kumar, Vinay; Fausto, Nelson; Nelso Fausto; Robbins, Stanley L.; Abbas, Abul K. (2005). Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease (7th ed.). St. Louis, Mo: Elsevier Saunders. pp. 858. ISBN 0-7216-0187-1.
↑ Rex, DK.; Alikhan, M.; Cummings, O.; Ulbright, TM. (Oct 1999). "Accuracy of pathologic interpretation of colorectal polyps by general pathologists in community practice.". Gastrointest Endosc 50 (4): 468-74. PMID 10502165.
↑ Cotran, Ramzi S.; Kumar, Vinay; Fausto, Nelson; Nelso Fausto; Robbins, Stanley L.; Abbas, Abul K. (2005). Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease (7th ed.). St. Louis, Mo: Elsevier Saunders. pp. 860. ISBN 0-7216-0187-1.
↑ Li SC, Burgart L (March 2007). "Histopathology of serrated adenoma, its variants, and differentiation from conventional adenomatous and hyperplastic polyps". Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 131 (3): 440-5. PMID 17516746. http://journals.allenpress.com/jrnlserv/?request=get-abstract&issn=0003-9985&volume=131&page=440.
↑ URL: http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/CorePages/GIT/git.htm. Accessed on: 18 October 2012.
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 Levine JS, Ahnen DJ (December 2006). "Clinical practice. Adenomatous polyps of the colon". N. Engl. J. Med. 355 (24): 2551–7. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp063038. PMID 17167138. http://content.nejm.org/cgi/reprint/355/24/2551.pdf.
↑ Laiyemo, AO.; Murphy, G.; Albert, PS.; Sansbury, LB.; Wang, Z.; Cross, AJ.; Marcus, PM.; Caan, B. et al. (Mar 2008). "Postpolypectomy colonoscopy surveillance guidelines: predictive accuracy for advanced adenoma at 4 years.". Ann Intern Med 148 (6): 419-26. PMID 18347350.
↑ Winawer, SJ.; Zauber, AG. (Jan 2002). "The advanced adenoma as the primary target of screening.". Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 12 (1): 1-9, v. PMID 11916153.
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 Ueno, H.; Mochizuki, H.; Hashiguchi, Y.; Shimazaki, H.; Aida, S.; Hase, K.; Matsukuma, S.; Kanai, T. et al. (Aug 2004). "Risk factors for an adverse outcome in early invasive colorectal carcinoma.". Gastroenterology 127 (2): 385-94. PMID 15300569.
↑ Ueno, H.; Murphy, J.; Jass, JR.; Mochizuki, H.; Talbot, IC. (Feb 2002). "Tumour 'budding' as an index to estimate the potential of aggressiveness in rectal cancer.". Histopathology 40 (2): 127-32. PMID 11952856.
↑ Lugli, A.; Kirsch, R.; Ajioka, Y.; Bosman, F.; Cathomas, G.; Dawson, H.; El Zimaity, H.; Fléjou, JF. et al. (Sep 2017). "Recommendations for reporting tumor budding in colorectal cancer based on the International Tumor Budding Consensus Conference (ITBCC) 2016.". Mod Pathol 30 (9): 1299-1311. doi:10.1038/modpathol.2017.46. PMID 28548122.
↑ Onishi, T.; Tamura, S.; Kuratani, Y.; Onishi, S.; Yasuda, N. (2008). "Evaluation of the depth score of type V pit patterns in crypt orifices of colorectal neoplastic lesions.". J Gastroenterol 43 (4): 291-7. doi:10.1007/s00535-008-2161-1. PMID 18458845.
↑ Uno, Y.; Munakata, A.. "The non-lifting sign of invasive colon cancer.". Gastrointest Endosc 40 (4): 485-9. PMID 7926542.
↑ Ishiguro, A.; Uno, Y.; Ishiguro, Y.; Munakata, A.; Morita, T. (Sep 1999). "Correlation of lifting versus non-lifting and microscopic depth of invasion in early colorectal cancer.". Gastrointest Endosc 50 (3): 329-33. doi:10.1053/ge.1999.v50.98591. PMID 10462651.
↑ Kimura, R.; Fujimori, T.; Ichikawa, K.; Ajioka, Y.; Ueno, H.; Ohkura, Y.; Kashida, H.; Togashi, K. et al. (Aug 2012). "Desmoplastic reaction in biopsy specimens of early colorectal cancer: a Japanese prospective multicenter study.". Pathol Int 62 (8): 525-31. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1827.2012.02840.x. PMID 22827760.
↑ Hirose, M.; Fukui, H.; Igarashi, Y.; Fujimori, Y.; Katake, Y.; Sekikawa, A.; Ichikawa, K.; Tomita, S. et al. (Dec 2010). "Detection of desmoplastic reaction in biopsy specimens is useful for predicting the depth of invasion of early colorectal cancer: a Japanese collaborative study.". J Gastroenterol 45 (12): 1212-8. doi:10.1007/s00535-010-0288-3. PMID 20665053.
↑ ^18.0 ^18.1 Iacobuzio-Donahue, Christine A.; Montgomery, Elizabeth A. (2005). Gastrointestinal and Liver Pathology: A Volume in the Foundations in Diagnostic Pathology Series (1st ed.). Churchill Livingstone. pp. 345. ISBN 978-0443066573.
↑ Online 'Mendelian Inheritance in Man' (OMIM) 153480
↑ Allibone, RO.; Nanson, JK.; Anthony, PP. (Jul 1992). "Multiple and recurrent inflammatory fibroid polyps in a Devon family ('Devon polyposis syndrome'): an update.". Gut 33 (7): 1004-5. PMID 1644320.
↑ Cotran, Ramzi S.; Kumar, Vinay; Fausto, Nelson; Nelso Fausto; Robbins, Stanley L.; Abbas, Abul K. (2005). Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease (7th ed.). St. Louis, Mo: Elsevier Saunders. pp. 858-9. ISBN 0-7216-0187-1.
↑ URL: http://www.pathologyexpert.com/boards/onlinefiles/syndromes.htm. Accessed on: 6 December 2011.
↑ ^23.0 ^23.1 Bhathal, PS.; Chetty, R.; Slavin, JL. (Aug 1993). "Myoglandular polyps.". Am J Surg Pathol 17 (8): 852-3. PMID 8338196.
↑ ^24.0 ^24.1 Meniconi, RL.; Caronna, R.; Benedetti, M.; Fanello, G.; Ciardi, A.; Schiratti, M.; Papini, F.; Farelli, F. et al. (2010). "Inflammatory myoglandular polyp of the cecum: case report and review of literature.". BMC Gastroenterol 10: 10. doi:10.1186/1471-230X-10-10. PMC 2828397. PMID 20102635. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2828397/.
↑ Nakamura, S.; Kino, I.; Akagi, T. (Aug 1992). "Inflammatory myoglandular polyps of the colon and rectum. A clinicopathological study of 32 pedunculated polyps, distinct from other types of polyps.". Am J Surg Pathol 16 (8): 772-9. PMID 1309176.
↑ Kemp, CD.; Arnold, CA.; Torbenson, MS.; Stein, EM. (2011). "An unusual polyp: a pedunculated leiomyoma of the sigmoid colon.". Endoscopy 43 Suppl 2 UCTN: E306-7. doi:10.1055/s-0030-1256640. PMID 21915840.

External links

Serrated polyps quiz (unibas.ch) - nice quiz... though it is annoying that one has to click on the images to enlarge 'em.

[Ref_PBoD856-1] Cotran, Ramzi S.; Kumar, Vinay; Fausto, Nelson; Nelso Fausto; Robbins, Stanley L.; Abbas, Abul K. (2005). Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease (7th ed.). St. Louis, Mo: Elsevier Saunders. pp. 856. ISBN 0-7216-0187-1.

[Ref_PBoD858-2] Cotran, Ramzi S.; Kumar, Vinay; Fausto, Nelson; Nelso Fausto; Robbins, Stanley L.; Abbas, Abul K. (2005). Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease (7th ed.). St. Louis, Mo: Elsevier Saunders. pp. 858. ISBN 0-7216-0187-1.

[pmid10502165-3] Rex, DK.; Alikhan, M.; Cummings, O.; Ulbright, TM. (Oct 1999). "Accuracy of pathologic interpretation of colorectal polyps by general pathologists in community practice.". Gastrointest Endosc 50 (4): 468-74. PMID 10502165.

[4] Cotran, Ramzi S.; Kumar, Vinay; Fausto, Nelson; Nelso Fausto; Robbins, Stanley L.; Abbas, Abul K. (2005). Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease (7th ed.). St. Louis, Mo: Elsevier Saunders. pp. 860. ISBN 0-7216-0187-1.

[pmid17516746-5] Li SC, Burgart L (March 2007). "Histopathology of serrated adenoma, its variants, and differentiation from conventional adenomatous and hyperplastic polyps". Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 131 (3): 440-5. PMID 17516746. http://journals.allenpress.com/jrnlserv/?request=get-abstract&issn=0003-9985&volume=131&page=440.

[6] URL: http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/CorePages/GIT/git.htm. Accessed on: 18 October 2012.

[pmid17167138-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Levine JS, Ahnen DJ (December 2006). "Clinical practice. Adenomatous polyps of the colon". N. Engl. J. Med. 355 (24): 2551–7. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp063038. PMID 17167138. http://content.nejm.org/cgi/reprint/355/24/2551.pdf.

[pmid18347350-8] Laiyemo, AO.; Murphy, G.; Albert, PS.; Sansbury, LB.; Wang, Z.; Cross, AJ.; Marcus, PM.; Caan, B. et al. (Mar 2008). "Postpolypectomy colonoscopy surveillance guidelines: predictive accuracy for advanced adenoma at 4 years.". Ann Intern Med 148 (6): 419-26. PMID 18347350.

[pmid11916153-9] Winawer, SJ.; Zauber, AG. (Jan 2002). "The advanced adenoma as the primary target of screening.". Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 12 (1): 1-9, v. PMID 11916153.

[pmid15300569-10] 10.0 ^10.1 Ueno, H.; Mochizuki, H.; Hashiguchi, Y.; Shimazaki, H.; Aida, S.; Hase, K.; Matsukuma, S.; Kanai, T. et al. (Aug 2004). "Risk factors for an adverse outcome in early invasive colorectal carcinoma.". Gastroenterology 127 (2): 385-94. PMID 15300569.

[pmid11952856-11] Ueno, H.; Murphy, J.; Jass, JR.; Mochizuki, H.; Talbot, IC. (Feb 2002). "Tumour 'budding' as an index to estimate the potential of aggressiveness in rectal cancer.". Histopathology 40 (2): 127-32. PMID 11952856.

[pmid28548122-12] Lugli, A.; Kirsch, R.; Ajioka, Y.; Bosman, F.; Cathomas, G.; Dawson, H.; El Zimaity, H.; Fléjou, JF. et al. (Sep 2017). "Recommendations for reporting tumor budding in colorectal cancer based on the International Tumor Budding Consensus Conference (ITBCC) 2016.". Mod Pathol 30 (9): 1299-1311. doi:10.1038/modpathol.2017.46. PMID 28548122.

[pmid18458845-13] Onishi, T.; Tamura, S.; Kuratani, Y.; Onishi, S.; Yasuda, N. (2008). "Evaluation of the depth score of type V pit patterns in crypt orifices of colorectal neoplastic lesions.". J Gastroenterol 43 (4): 291-7. doi:10.1007/s00535-008-2161-1. PMID 18458845.

[pmid7926542-14] Uno, Y.; Munakata, A.. "The non-lifting sign of invasive colon cancer.". Gastrointest Endosc 40 (4): 485-9. PMID 7926542.

[pmid10462651-15] Ishiguro, A.; Uno, Y.; Ishiguro, Y.; Munakata, A.; Morita, T. (Sep 1999). "Correlation of lifting versus non-lifting and microscopic depth of invasion in early colorectal cancer.". Gastrointest Endosc 50 (3): 329-33. doi:10.1053/ge.1999.v50.98591. PMID 10462651.

[pmid22827760-16] Kimura, R.; Fujimori, T.; Ichikawa, K.; Ajioka, Y.; Ueno, H.; Ohkura, Y.; Kashida, H.; Togashi, K. et al. (Aug 2012). "Desmoplastic reaction in biopsy specimens of early colorectal cancer: a Japanese prospective multicenter study.". Pathol Int 62 (8): 525-31. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1827.2012.02840.x. PMID 22827760.

[pmid20665053-17] Hirose, M.; Fukui, H.; Igarashi, Y.; Fujimori, Y.; Katake, Y.; Sekikawa, A.; Ichikawa, K.; Tomita, S. et al. (Dec 2010). "Detection of desmoplastic reaction in biopsy specimens is useful for predicting the depth of invasion of early colorectal cancer: a Japanese collaborative study.". J Gastroenterol 45 (12): 1212-8. doi:10.1007/s00535-010-0288-3. PMID 20665053.

[Ref_GLP345-18] 18.0 ^18.1 Iacobuzio-Donahue, Christine A.; Montgomery, Elizabeth A. (2005). Gastrointestinal and Liver Pathology: A Volume in the Foundations in Diagnostic Pathology Series (1st ed.). Churchill Livingstone. pp. 345. ISBN 978-0443066573.

[omim153480-19] Online 'Mendelian Inheritance in Man' (OMIM) 153480

[pmid1644320-20] Allibone, RO.; Nanson, JK.; Anthony, PP. (Jul 1992). "Multiple and recurrent inflammatory fibroid polyps in a Devon family ('Devon polyposis syndrome'): an update.". Gut 33 (7): 1004-5. PMID 1644320.

[Ref_PBoD858-9-21] Cotran, Ramzi S.; Kumar, Vinay; Fausto, Nelson; Nelso Fausto; Robbins, Stanley L.; Abbas, Abul K. (2005). Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease (7th ed.). St. Louis, Mo: Elsevier Saunders. pp. 858-9. ISBN 0-7216-0187-1.

[22] URL: http://www.pathologyexpert.com/boards/onlinefiles/syndromes.htm. Accessed on: 6 December 2011.

[pmid8338196-23] 23.0 ^23.1 Bhathal, PS.; Chetty, R.; Slavin, JL. (Aug 1993). "Myoglandular polyps.". Am J Surg Pathol 17 (8): 852-3. PMID 8338196.

[pmid20102635-24] 24.0 ^24.1 Meniconi, RL.; Caronna, R.; Benedetti, M.; Fanello, G.; Ciardi, A.; Schiratti, M.; Papini, F.; Farelli, F. et al. (2010). "Inflammatory myoglandular polyp of the cecum: case report and review of literature.". BMC Gastroenterol 10: 10. doi:10.1186/1471-230X-10-10. PMC 2828397. PMID 20102635. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2828397/.

[pmid1309176-25] Nakamura, S.; Kino, I.; Akagi, T. (Aug 1992). "Inflammatory myoglandular polyps of the colon and rectum. A clinicopathological study of 32 pedunculated polyps, distinct from other types of polyps.". Am J Surg Pathol 16 (8): 772-9. PMID 1309176.

[pmid21915840-26] Kemp, CD.; Arnold, CA.; Torbenson, MS.; Stein, EM. (2011). "An unusual polyp: a pedunculated leiomyoma of the sigmoid colon.". Endoscopy 43 Suppl 2 UCTN: E306-7. doi:10.1055/s-0030-1256640. PMID 21915840.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+[[Image:Polyp-2.jpeg|thumb|right|Endoscopic image of a gastrointestinal polyp.]]
 '''Gastrointestinal tract polyps''', also '''gastrointestinal polyps''' or '''GI polyps''', are the bread & butter of a GI pathologists workload.  Some of 'em are benign... some pre-malignant... some malignant... some weird.  Most GI polyps are from the intestine, i.e. intestinal polyps.
@@ Line 26: / Line 27: @@
 {{familytree | D | | | | E | | | | F | | G |D=Nuclear changes|E=No nuc. change|F=Serrated|G=Not serrated}}
 {{familytree | |!| | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | |!| | | |!| |}}
-{{familytree | H | | I | | J | | K | | L |H=Polypoid adenoma<br>(below)|I=Serrated|J=Not serrated|K=[[sessile serrated adenoma|SSA]] vs. HP|L=Normal vs. VA}}
+{{familytree | H | | I | | J | | K | | L |H=Polypoid adenoma<br>(below)|I=Serrated|J=Not serrated|K=[[sessile serrated adenoma|SSA]] versus HP|L=Normal versus VA}}
 {{familytree | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | | |}}
 {{familytree | | | | | M | | N | | | | | | | | |M=[[Hyperplastic polyp|HP]]|N=See misc.<br>polyps (below)}}
@@ Line 94: / Line 95: @@
 | common / benign
 | moderate inflammation is normal
-| [[colonic spirochetes]], [[cryptosporidiosis]], [[microscopic colitis]], [[CMV colitis]]
+| missed lesion, [[colonic spirochetes]], [[cryptosporidiosis]], [[microscopic colitis]], [[CMV colitis]]
-| [http://www.pathology.med.ohio-state.edu/paxit/deptbase/Paxit/Images/10534/PAXIT032.JPG Normal - low mag. (ohio-state.edu)]
+| [[Image:Rectum - intermed mag.jpg|thumb|center|150px| Normal rectum (WC)]]
 |-
 | [[Hyperplastic polyp]]
@@ Line 103: / Line 104: @@
 | may be syndromic, e.g. [[hyperplastic polyposis syndrome]]
 | [[sessile serrated adenoma]]
-| [[Image:Hyperplastic_polyp2.jpg|thumb|center|150px| HP (WC)]]
+| [[Image:Hyperplastic polyp -- intermed mag.jpg |thumb|center|150px| HP (WC)]]
 |-
 | [[Traditional adenoma]]
@@ Line 154: / Line 155: @@
 | only seen in [[IBD]]; Dx implies IBD
 | juvenile polyp
-| Image
+| [[Image:Inflammatory polyp -- low mag.jpg|thumb|center|120px|IP (WC)]]
 |-
 | [[Peutz-Jeghers polyp]] (PJP)
@@ Line 162: / Line 163: @@
 | PJP not pre-malignant lesion in itself; see ''[[Peutz-Jeghers syndrome]]''
 | normal, classically in the small bowel
-| [[Image:Peutz-Jeghers_syndrome_polyp.jpg|thumb|center|150px|PJP (WC)]]
+| [[Image:Peutz-Jeghers_syndrome_polyp.jpg|thumb|center|120px|PJP (WC)]]
 |}
@@ Line 175: / Line 176: @@
 ===Adenomatous vs. hyperplastic===
-Adenomatous polyps & hyperplastic polyps - a comparison (adapted from Li and Burgart<ref>{{cite journal |author=Li SC, Burgart L |title=Histopathology of serrated adenoma, its variants, and differentiation from conventional adenomatous and hyperplastic polyps |journal=Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. |volume=131 |issue=3 |pages=440-5 |year=2007 |month=March |pmid=17516746 |doi= |url=http://journals.allenpress.com/jrnlserv/?request=get-abstract&issn=0003-9985&volume=131&page=440}}</ref>):
+Adenomatous polyps & hyperplastic polyps - a comparison (adapted from Li and Burgart<ref name=pmid17516746>{{cite journal |author=Li SC, Burgart L |title=Histopathology of serrated adenoma, its variants, and differentiation from conventional adenomatous and hyperplastic polyps |journal=Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. |volume=131 |issue=3 |pages=440-5 |year=2007 |month=March |pmid=17516746 |doi= |url=http://journals.allenpress.com/jrnlserv/?request=get-abstract&issn=0003-9985&volume=131&page=440}}</ref>):
 {| class="wikitable"
 ! Attribute
@@ Line 202: / Line 203: @@
 |-
 |Image(s)
-| [[Image:Hyperplastic_polyp2.jpg|thumb|center|150px|HP (WC)]]
+| [[Image:Hyperplastic polyp -- intermed mag.jpg |thumb|center|150px|HP (WC)]]
 | [[Image:Sessile_serrated_adenoma_2_low_mag.jpg|thumb|center|150px|SSA (WC)]]
 | [[Image:Traditional_serrated_adenoma_low_mag.jpg|thumb|center|150px|TSA (WC)]]
@@ Line 211: / Line 212: @@
 *Abundant goblet cells.
 *Moderate inflammation.
-*Paneth cells - present in right colon.
+*[[Paneth cell]]s - present in right colon.
 *Glands - straight, no branching; "test tube" shape.
@@ Line 242: / Line 243: @@
 ====Images====
 <gallery>
-Image:Tubular_adenoma_2_intermed_mag.jpg| Normal colon adjacent to a tubular adenoma. (WC/Nephron)
+Image:Rectum - low mag.jpg | Rectum - low mag. (WC)
+Image:Rectum - intermed mag.jpg | Rectum - intermed. mag. (WC)
+Image:Rectum - alt - intermed mag.jpg | Rectum - intermed. mag. (WC)
+Image:Rectum - high mag.jpg | Rectum - high mag. (WC)
 </gallery>
 www:
@@ Line 251: / Line 255: @@
 ===Sign out===
 ====Normal====
+<pre>
+Cecum, Biopsy:
+- Colorectal-type mucosa within normal limits.
+</pre>
+<pre>
+Right Colon, Biopsy:
+- Colonic mucosa within normal limits.
+</pre>
+<pre>
+Transverse Colon, Biopsy:
+- Colonic mucosa within normal limits.
+</pre>
+<pre>
+Left Colon, Biopsy:
+- Colonic mucosa within normal limits.
+</pre>
+<pre>
+Rectum, Biopsy:
+- Colorectal mucosa within normal limits.
+</pre>
+=====Block letters=====
 <pre>
 SIGMOID COLON, BIOPSY:
@@ Line 259: / Line 289: @@
 COLON, 70 CM, BIOPSY:
 - COLORECTAL-TYPE MUCOSA WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS.
+</pre>
+=====Polypoid fragments=====
+<pre>
+POLYP, SIGMOID COLON, BIOPSY:
+- POLYPOID FRAGMENT OF COLORECTAL-TYPE MUCOSA WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS.
 </pre>
@@ Line 268: / Line 304: @@
 ====Lymphoid nodule present====
+*Lymphoid nodules manifest endoscopically as a small polypoid protuberances. It is worthwhile to report the presence of lymphoid nodules as they reassure the endoscopist that they probably sampled the abnormality they saw.
+<pre>
+POLYP, RECTUM, BIOPSY:
+- RECTAL MUCOSA WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS WITH A MORPHOLOGICALLY BENIGN LYMPHOID AGGREGATE.
+</pre>
+<pre>
+COLON, RIGHT SIDE, BIOPSY:
+- COLONIC MUCOSA WITH MORPHOLOGICALLY BENIGN LYMPHOID AGGREGATES,
+  NO SIGNIFICANT PATHOLOGY.
+</pre>
+=====Submucosa present=====
 <pre>
 POLYP, ASCENDING COLON, BIOPSY:
@@ Line 274: / Line 324: @@
 </pre>
-Note:
-*Lymphoid nodules manifest endoscopically as a small polypoid protuberances. It is worthwhile to report the presence of lymphoid nodules as they reassure the endoscopist that they probably sampled the abnormality they saw.
 ====Suspected missed lesion====
 <pre>
@@ Line 284: / Line 332: @@
 COMMENT:
-The clinical history is noted. This biopsy does not show neoplastic tissue; however, the
+The clinical history is noted. This biopsy does not show neoplastic tissue;
-biopsy may not be representative of the lesion seen.
+however, the biopsy may not be representative of the lesion seen.
-Levels were cut and these did not yield additional information. There are no changes to
+Levels were cut and these did not yield additional information. There are
-suggest a chronic colitis.
+no changes to suggest a chronic colitis.
 Correlation with imaging may be useful. A re-biopsy is suggested.
 </pre>
-==Fecal material==
+====Micro - suspected IBD====
-:''Fecal matter'' redirects here.
+The sections show colorectal-type mucosa. The glands show no significant architectural
-===General===
+abnormalities and mature normally to the surface.  Rare apoptotic epithelial cells are seen. There is no cryptitis.  Neutrophils are not apparent in the lamina propria.
-*Common.
-*Associated with poor bowel preparation.
-*Endoscopists go after anything that is polypoid and that may be nothing more than poo.
-===Microscopic===
+====Rare PMNs - no cryptitis====
-Features:
+The sections show colorectal mucosa with rare lymphoid aggregates. The architecture is
-*Plant material:
+within normal limits. The epithelium matures normally to the surface. Very rare neutrophils
-**Yellow staining chicken wire-like material - may be linear.
+are present within the lamina propria. A very small number of crypts have one or two
-***Thick cell walls often without cytoplasm and usually without a nucleus.
+neutrophils. No definite cryptitis is present.
-*Meat:
-**Eosinophilic honeycomb-like material without nuclei and without inflammation.
-***Essentially ischemic skeletal muscle without inflammation.
-*+/-Microorganisms.
-*+/-Inflammatory cells.
-DDx:
+==Fecal material==
-*Necrosis.
+{{Main|Fecal material}}
-**[[Gastrointestinal tract polyps#Colorectal adenocarcinoma|Colorectal adenocarcinoma]].
-===Sign out===
-<pre>
-TRANSVERSE COLON, BIOPSY:
-- FECAL MATERIAL.
-- NO DEFINITE COLONIC MUCOSA IDENTIFIED.
-</pre>
-====Rectum====
-<pre>
-RECTUM, BIOPSY:
-- FECAL MATERIAL.
-- NO DEFINITE RECTAL MUCOSA IDENTIFIED.
-</pre>
 =Hyperplastic polyp=
 :''The [[stomach]] lesion is dealt with in [[hyperplastic polyp of the stomach]]''.
-*Abbreviated ''HP''.
+{{Main|Hyperplastic polyp}}
-===General===
-*Most common type of polyp:
-**Approximately 90% of all colonic polyps.<ref name=Ref_PBoD858/>
-**Most common type of [[gastric hyperplastic polyp|gastric polyp]].<ref name=pmid19037727>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Jain | first1 = R. | last2 = Chetty | first2 = R. | title = Gastric hyperplastic polyps: a review. | journal = Dig Dis Sci | volume = 54 | issue = 9 | pages = 1839-46 | month = Sep | year = 2009 | doi = 10.1007/s10620-008-0572-8 | PMID = 19037727 }}</ref>
-*May be part of [[hyperplastic polyposis syndrome]].<ref name=pmid21045813>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Huang | first1 = CS. | last2 = Farraye | first2 = FA. | last3 = Yang | first3 = S. | last4 = O'Brien | first4 = MJ. | title = The clinical significance of serrated polyps. | journal = Am J Gastroenterol | volume = 106 | issue = 2 | pages = 229-40; quiz 241 | month = Feb | year = 2011 | doi = 10.1038/ajg.2010.429 | PMID = 21045813 }}</ref>
-===Gross===
-Features:<ref name=pmid22710576>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Rex | first1 = DK. | last2 = Ahnen | first2 = DJ. | last3 = Baron | first3 = JA. | last4 = Batts | first4 = KP. | last5 = Burke | first5 = CA. | last6 = Burt | first6 = RW. | last7 = Goldblum | first7 = JR. | last8 = Guillem | first8 = JG. | last9 = Kahi | first9 = CJ. | title = Serrated lesions of the colorectum: review and recommendations from an expert panel. | journal = Am J Gastroenterol | volume = 107 | issue = 9 | pages = 1315-29; quiz 1314, 1330 | month = Sep | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1038/ajg.2012.161 | PMID = 22710576 }}</ref>
-*Flat lesion, usually <= 5mm.
-*Typically in the distal large bowel (rectum, sigmoid colon).
-===Microscopic===
-Features:<ref name=Ref_PBoD858/>
-*Irregular crypt architecture - tortuosity.
-*Serrated epithelial cells (at the surface of the gland) - only colorectal polyps - '''key feature'''.
-**''Serrated'' appearance = ''saw-tooth'' appearance, epithelium has jagged edge.
-Notes:
-*Significant negatives:
-**No nuclear atypia; glands ''d''arker staining ''d''eep... ''l''ighter staining ''l''uminal.
-**In the colon goblet cells should be present (as is usual).
-*Inflammation -- cryptitis or even crypt abscesses -- is considered to arise due to trauma.{{fact}}
-**It is usually ''not'' reported.
-DDx:
-*[[Sessile serrated adenoma]].
-*[[Normal colon]].
-====Images====
-<gallery>
-Image:Hyperplastic_polyp1.jpg | HP - high mag. (WC/Nephron)
-Image:Hyperplastic_polyp2.jpg | HP - lower mag. (WC/Nephron)
-</gallery>
-www:
-*[http://www.flickr.com/photos/jthetzel/4317282727/ Microvesicular HP (flickr.com/jhetzel)].
-*[http://www.flickr.com/photos/jian-hua_qiao_md/3984355417/ HP of colon (flickr.com/jian-hua_qiao_md)].
-====Subclassification====
-*Usually '''not subclassified''' as there is no demonstrated prognostic significance;<ref name=pmid21045813/> the subtyping is an academic exercise.
-HPs may be subclassified into two groups:<ref name=pmid21045813/>
-#Microvesicular serrated polyps (MVSPs).
-#Goblet cell serrated polyps (GCSPs).
-Features of the HP subtypes:<ref name=pmid21045813/>
-{| class="wikitable sortable"
-| '''Subtype'''
-| '''Histology'''
-| '''Mutations'''
-| '''Clinical relevance'''
-|-
-| Microvesicular
-| microvesicles at the surface, serration<br> at the surface to the mid portion of glands
-| BRAF V600E, CIMP
-| possible [[sessile serrated adenoma]] precursor
-|-
-| Goblet cell
-| superficial goblet cells, serration at <br>the surface
-| KRAS
-| unknown; probably benign
-|}
-Notes:
-*CIMP = CpG island methylation phenotype.
-===Sign out===
-<pre>
-COLONIC POLYP, 35 CM, BIOPSY:
-- HYPERPLASTIC POLYP.
-</pre>
-<pre>
-COLONIC POLYP, SIGMOID COLON, BIOPSY:
-- HYPERPLASTIC POLYP.
-</pre>
-<pre>
-POLYP, RECTUM, BIOPSY:
-- HYPERPLASTIC POLYP.
-</pre>
-=====Numerous hyperplastic polyps=====
-<pre>
-COLONIC POLYP(S), BIOPSY:
-- HYPERPLASTIC POLYP, SEE COMMENT.
-COMMENT:
-Eight pieces of tissue were received.  On microscopy eight pieces of tissue
-are identified and all eight (individually) have the diagnostic features of a
-hyperplastic polyp.  If these fragments all represent individual polyps and more
-polyps of this type are present in the individual, it raises the possibility of
-a serrated polyposis syndrome.
-</pre>
-====Micro====
-=====Goblet cell type=====
-The sections show colonic-type mucosa with superficial serrations rich in goblet cells.  There are no serrations in the crypt base and there is no crypt base dilation.  No dysplasia is present.
-=====Generic=====
-The sections show colonic-type mucosa with superficial serrations.  There are no serrations in the crypt base and there is no crypt base dilation.  No dysplasia is present.
 =Inflammatory pseudopolyp=
-*[[AKA]] ''inflammatory polyp''.
+{{Main|Inflammatory pseudopolyp}}
-===General===
-*Not a true polyp.
-*The label ''inflammatory pseudopolyp'' = [[inflammatory bowel disease]] (IBD).
-**If there is no history of IBD... reconsider the diagnosis.
-===Microscopic===
-Features:
-*Polypoid shape.
-*Inflammation - esp. neutrophils - '''key feature'''.
-Negatives:
-*No nuclear atypia.
-**May have focal nuclear hyperchromasia and nuclear enlargement.
-*No dilated glands.
-DDx:
-*[[Juvenile polyp]].
-*[[Solitary rectal ulcer]].
-Images:
-*[http://www.humpath.com/spip.php?article8234&id_document=18554 Pseudopolyp (humpath.com)].
-*[http://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/IDS_106_LowerGI/Lower_GI_histo_small/24-UC-pseudoplp.jpg Pseudopolyp (ucsf.edu)].
-===Sign out===
-<pre>
-SIGMOID COLON POLYP, PERI-DIVERTICULAR, BIOPSY:
-- INFLAMMATORY PSEUDOPOLYP.
-</pre>
-====Micro====
-The sections show a fragment of colorectal mucosa with focal ulceration, acute inflammation and a well-vascularized stroma with plump stromal cells.  Occasional stromal cells have nuclear hyperchromasia.
 =Adenomatous polyps=
@@ Line 502: / Line 397: @@
 ==Pseudoinvasion in colorectal adenomatous polyps==
 *[[AKA]] ''pseudoinvasion''.
-===General===
+*[[AKA]] ''epithelial misplacement''.
-*Mimic of invasion.
+{{Main|Pseudoinvasion in colorectal adenomatous polyps}}
-*Pedunculated polyps.<ref>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Byun | first1 = TJ. | last2 = Han | first2 = DS. | last3 = Ahn | first3 = SB. | last4 = Cho | first4 = HS. | last5 = Eun | first5 = CS. | last6 = Jeon | first6 = YC. | last7 = Sohn | first7 = JH. | last8 = Oh | first8 = YH. | title = Pseudoinvasion in an adenomatous polyp of the colon mimicking invasive colon cancer. | journal = Gut Liver | volume = 3 | issue = 2 | pages = 130-3 | month = Jun | year = 2009 | doi = 10.5009/gnl.2009.3.2.130 | PMID = 20431736 | PMC = PMC2852693 | URL = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2852693/ }}</ref>
-*Left-sided lesions, esp. sigmoid colon.<ref name=Ref_Odze512>{{Ref Odze|512}}</ref>
-===Microscopic===
-Features - classic:<ref name=pmid4540378>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Muto | first1 = T. | last2 = Bussey | first2 = HJ. | last3 = Morson | first3 = BC. | title = Pseudo-carcinomatous invasion in adenomatous polyps of the colon and rectum. | journal = J Clin Pathol | volume = 26 | issue = 1 | pages = 25-31 | month = Jan | year = 1973 | doi =  | PMID = 4540378 | PMC = 477644 | URL = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC477644/?tool=pubmed }}</ref>
-#Dysplastic glands surrounded by lamina propria.
-#Hemosiderin.
-#Lack of [[desmoplastic reaction]].
-*+/-Cystic spaces with rounded contours without cells floating in them.
-Memory device (classic features) ''LDH'':
-*'''L'''amina propria.
-*'''D'''esmoplasia lacking.
-*'''H'''emosiderin.
-DDx:
-*[[Gastrointestinal_tract_polyps#Colorectal_adenocarcinoma|Colorectal adenocarcinoma]].
 ==High-risk features in (colorectal) adenomatous polyps with carcinoma==
@@ Line 527: / Line 405: @@
 #[[Lymphovascular invasion]].
 #High-grade [[tumour budding]].
-#*Tumour bud = 1-4 cell(s); "high-grade budding" is >=10 tumour buds in a field of 0.385 mm<sup>2</sup>.<ref name=pmid11952856>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Ueno | first1 = H. | last2 = Murphy | first2 = J. | last3 = Jass | first3 = JR. | last4 = Mochizuki | first4 = H. | last5 = Talbot | first5 = IC. | title = Tumour 'budding' as an index to estimate the potential of aggressiveness in rectal cancer. | journal = Histopathology | volume = 40 | issue = 2 | pages = 127-32 | month = Feb | year = 2002 | doi =  | PMID = 11952856 }}</ref>
+#*Tumour bud = 1-4 cell(s); "high-grade budding" is >=10 tumour buds in a field of 0.385 mm<sup>2</sup>.<ref name=pmid11952856>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Ueno | first1 = H. | last2 = Murphy | first2 = J. | last3 = Jass | first3 = JR. | last4 = Mochizuki | first4 = H. | last5 = Talbot | first5 = IC. | title = Tumour 'budding' as an index to estimate the potential of aggressiveness in rectal cancer. | journal = Histopathology | volume = 40 | issue = 2 | pages = 127-32 | month = Feb | year = 2002 | doi =  | PMID = 11952856 }}</ref>‡
 #**If the microscope has a 22 mm eye piece and...
-#***A 20x objective, the field is approximately 0.950 mm<sup>2</sup> -- to match the area/bud -- it would be 24.68 buds/0.950 mm<sup>2</sup>.
+#***A 20x objective, the field is approximately 0.950 mm<sup>2</sup> -- to match the buds/area -- it would be 24.68 buds/0.950 mm<sup>2</sup>.
-#***A 40x objective, the field is approximately 0.238 mm<sup>2</sup> -- to match the area/bud -- it would be 6.17 buds/0.238 mm<sup>2</sup>.
+#***A 40x objective, the field is approximately 0.238 mm<sup>2</sup> -- to match the buds/area -- it would be 6.17 buds/0.238 mm<sup>2</sup>.
 #Extensive submucosal invasion.
 #*>= 4 mm width ''or'' >= 2 mm depth.
 If none of the above factors is present the risk of [[lymph node]] metastasis is < 1%.  The presence of one risk factor increases the risk to ~20%. If multiple risk factors are present the chance of [[lymph node metastases]] is greater than 35%.<ref name=pmid15300569/>
+Note:
+*‡Tumour budding as per international consensus is now assessed in field area of 0.785 mm<sup>2</sup>.<ref name=pmid28548122>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Lugli | first1 = A. | last2 = Kirsch | first2 = R. | last3 = Ajioka | first3 = Y. | last4 = Bosman | first4 = F. | last5 = Cathomas | first5 = G. | last6 = Dawson | first6 = H. | last7 = El Zimaity | first7 = H. | last8 = Fléjou | first8 = JF. | last9 = Hansen | first9 = TP. | title = Recommendations for reporting tumor budding in colorectal cancer based on the International Tumor Budding Consensus Conference (ITBCC) 2016. | journal = Mod Pathol | volume = 30 | issue = 9 | pages = 1299-1311 | month = Sep | year = 2017 | doi = 10.1038/modpathol.2017.46 | PMID = 28548122 }}</ref>
 ==Traditional adenoma==
 :''Includes '''tubular adenoma''', '''tubulovillous adenoma''', and '''villous adenoma'''.''
+{{Main|Traditional adenoma}}
-===General===
-*Most common group of ''adenomas'' in gastrointestinal tract.
-*Usually arise in the context of an ''APC'' mutation.
-*Many are seen in the context of [[familial adenomatous polyposis]].
-===Microscopic===
-#Nuclear changes at the surface of the mucosa - '''key feature'''.
-#*Size and shape ''or'' size change:
-#**Cigar-shaped (elongated) nucleus (usu. length:width > 3:1) with nuclear hyperchromasia (more blue).
-#**Large round nuclei +/- vesicular appearance (clearing) -- nuclei have white space.
-#*Nuclear crowding/pseudostratification - '''important'''.
-#*+/-Loss of nuclear polarity (nuclei no longer on basement membrane).
-#Loss/decrease of goblet cells (common).
-#Cytoplasmic hyperchromasia.
-Notes:
-*Nuclear changes deep to the surface are non-neoplastic if normal appearing mucosa (with small round nuclei) is superficial to it; mucosa that is more blue and atypical deep ''and'' less blue without nuclear atypia at the surface is said to be "maturing".
-**Classically, adenomatous polyps have "reverse maturation":
-***The surface is more hyperchromatic (more blue).
-***The base is more mature (more globlet cells, no nuclear changes -- less blue).
-*[[Ampullary adenoma]]s often have less prominent pseudostratification and fine chromatin.
-====Images====
-<gallery>
-Image:Tubular_adenoma_4_low_mag.jpg| Small tubular adenoma - low mag. (WC/Nephron).
-Image:Tubular_adenoma_4_high_mag.jpg| Small tubular adenoma - high mag. (WC/Nephron).
-Image:Tubular_adenoma_2_intermed_mag.jpg| Tubular adenoma - intermed. mag. (WC/Nephron).
-Image:Tubulovillous_adenoma.jpg| Tubulovillous adenoma (WC/Nephron).
-</gallery>
-www:
-*[http://www.flickr.com/photos/jian-hua_qiao_md/3984353527/in/photostream/ TA (flickr.com)].
-*[http://www.flickr.com/photos/jian-hua_qiao_md/3985116686/ TA with HGD (flickr.com)].
-*[http://media.daveproject.org/media/images/pathology_img/fullsize/gsraju-flat_lession_emr-path.jpeg TA with HGD (daveproject.org)].<ref>URL: [http://daveproject.org/colon-cancer-prevention-flat-lesion-and-endoscopic-mucosal-resection/2011-06-10/ http://daveproject.org/colon-cancer-prevention-flat-lesion-and-endoscopic-mucosal-resection/2011-06-10/]. Accessed on: 24 August 2012.</ref>
-====Typing====
-Subclassified as:<ref name=pbod860>{{Ref PBoD|860}}</ref>
-*''Tubular adenoma'' (most common), tubular component >75%.
-*''Villous adenoma'' (least common ~= 1% of (traditional) adenomas), villous component >50%.
-*''Tubulovillous adenoma'' (uncommon ~5-10% of (traditional) adenomas), villous component >=25% & <=50%.
-In other words:
-*Tubular T/V >75% / <25%; Tubulovillous T/V <=75%-50% / 25%-<50%; Villous T/V <=50% / >50%.
-Note 1:<ref name=pbod860/>
-*Most villous adenomas are sessile, i.e. flat.<ref name=emed_va>URL: [http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/170283-overview http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/170283-overview].</ref>
-*Tubular adenomas tend to be pedunculated, i.e. have a stalk.
-*Villous adenomas have a worse prognosis and warrant closer follow-up.
-*One needs only to remember the criteria for ''tubular adenomas'' and ''villous adenomas'', as tubulovillous adenomas are what is left over.
-**Tubular adenomas >75% tubular, Villous adenoma >=50% villous.
-*Historically, there were different definitions for tubular adenoma, tubulovillous adenoma, and villous adenomas.<ref name=emed_va/>
-**Health Organization (WHO) criteria: villous adenomas >80% villous architecture.
-Note 2:
-*There is no formal definition of "villous" architecture.<ref>R. Riddell. 12 August 2011.</ref>
-**''[[Onlinepathology]]'' suggests: slender finger-like projections with length-to-width ratio greater than 4.
-Note 3:
-*The term ''tubular adenoma'' is used in different contexts; it should not be confused with [[Sertoli cell nodule]] ([[AKA]] ''testicular tubular adenoma'').
-====Grading====
-Adenomas are usually graded with a two-tier system:<ref name=driman>{{cite journal | last1 = Driman | first1 = DK. | last2 = Marcus | first2 = VA. | last3 = Hilsden | first3 = RJ | last4 = Owen | first4 = DA |title=Pathologic reporting of colorectal polyps: pan-Canadian consensus guidelines |journal=Canadian Journal of Pathology |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=81-90 |year=2012 |month= |pmid= |doi= |url= }}</ref>
-{| class="wikitable sortable"
-!Feature
-!Low grade dysplasia (LGD)
-!High grade dysplasia (HGD)
-!Importance
-|-
-|Architecture
-|tubular, minimal focal gland fusion acceptable
-|any of the following: (gland) cribriforming, glandular budding, intraluminal papillary tufting, sheeting (of epithelium), lamina propria invasion †
-|'''key feature'''
-|-
-|Cytology
-|usu. no features of HGD
-|any of the following: loss of nuclear stratification, enlarged nuclei, loss of cell polarity, prominent nucleoli, open (clear) chromatin
-|supportive feature, not sufficient alone for HGD
-|}
-Low power colour can be suggestive of HGD:
-{| class="wikitable sortable"
-!Feature
-!Low grade
-!High grade
-|-
-| Colour
-| light blue
-| dark blue
-|}
-Note:
-*† In the colon, unlike other areas of the GI tract, invasive carcinoma is defined by neoplastic cells through the muscularis mucosae.  In all other places, e.g. small bowel, invasive carcinoma is defined by neoplastic cells through the basement membrane.
-====Margins====
-{{Main|Surgical margins}}
-*Some pathologists believe it is impossible to determine margins in polypectomies.
-*Others comment on what they see and then disclaim based on limitations with something like "... margin clear in plane of section."
-====Haggitt classification====
-The ''Haggitt classification'' is a [[staging]] scheme. Surgeons may ask about it 'cause a guy (who probably didn't do a lot of pathology) put it in a widely read surgery textbook.
-In short:<ref>URL: [http://www.ganfyd.org/index.php?title=Haggitt_classification http://www.ganfyd.org/index.php?title=Haggitt_classification]. Accessed on: 19 March 2011.</ref><ref name=pmid4007423>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Haggitt | first1 = RC. | last2 = Glotzbach | first2 = RE. | last3 = Soffer | first3 = EE. | last4 = Wruble | first4 = LD. | title = Prognostic factors in colorectal carcinomas arising in adenomas: implications for lesions removed by endoscopic polypectomy. | journal = Gastroenterology | volume = 89 | issue = 2 | pages = 328-36 | month = Aug | year = 1985 | doi =  | PMID = 4007423 }}</ref>
-*0 - intramucosal carcinoma.
-*1 - in submucosa but in head of polyp.
-*2 - neck of polyp.
-*3 - stalk of polyp.
-*4 - submucosa of the bowel wall but above muscularis propria.
-It is mostly useless; most polyps do not have a discernible neck or stalk.
-Note:
-*Dr. Haggitt is known for GI pathology and his tragic demise.<ref>Rodger C. Haggitt Endowed Chair in Gastroenterology. URL: [http://depts.washington.edu/givemed/prof-chair/endowments/rodger-haggitt/ http://depts.washington.edu/givemed/prof-chair/endowments/rodger-haggitt/]. Accessed on: February 2, 2013.</ref> He was shot by a resident that was about to be fired.<ref>Two die in UW medical school shooting. seattlepi.com. URL: [http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20000629&slug=4029355 http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20000629&slug=4029355]. Accessed on: 4 February 2013.</ref><ref>URL: [http://www.washington.edu/alumni/columns/sept00/choices.html http://www.washington.edu/alumni/columns/sept00/choices.html]. Accessed on: 4 February 2013.</ref>
-===Sign out===
-====Tubular adenoma - negative for high-grade====
-<pre>
-COLONIC POLYP, SIGMOID COLON, BIOPSY:
-- TUBULAR ADENOMA.
-- NEGATIVE FOR HIGH-GRADE DYSPLASIA.
-</pre>
-====Tubulovillous adenoma - negative for high-grade====
-<pre>
-COLONIC POLYP, SIGMOID COLON, BIOPSY:
-- TUBULOVILLOUS ADENOMA.
-- NEGATIVE FOR HIGH-GRADE DYSPLASIA.
-</pre>
-====Villous adenoma - negative for high-grade====
-<pre>
-COLONIC POLYP, DESCENDING COLON, BIOPSY:
-- VILLOUS ADENOMA.
-- NEGATIVE FOR HIGH-GRADE DYSPLASIA.
-</pre>
-====Tubular adenoma with focal high-grade dysplasia====
-<pre>
-COLONIC POLYP, TRANSVERSE COLON, BIOPSY:
-- TUBULAR ADENOMA WITH FOCAL HIGH-GRADE DYSPLASIA.
-</pre>
-====Tubular adenoma with high-grade dysplasia====
-<pre>
-COLONIC POLYP, SIGMOID COLON, BIOPSY:
-- TUBULAR ADENOMA WITH HIGH-GRADE DYSPLASIA.
-</pre>
-====Invasion cannot be assessed====
-<pre>
-SIGMOID LESION, 25 CM, BIOPSY:
-- TUBULAR ADENOMA.
-- NEGATIVE FOR HIGH-GRADE DYSPLASIA, SEE COMMENT.
-COMMENT:
-No stromal desmoplasia is identified. No definite submucosa is present; thus, the presence or absence of definite invasion cannot be assessed.
-</pre>
-====Fragment counting====
-<pre>
-COLONIC POLYP, TRANSVERSE COLON, BIOPSY:
-- TUBULAR ADENOMA (IN 1/3 TISSUE FRAGMENTS).
-- NEGATIVE FOR HIGH-GRADE DYSPLASIA.
-</pre>
-====Notes====
-#"Negative for high-grade dysplasia and malignancy" is recommended in the Canadian consensus.<ref name=driman>{{cite journal | last1 = Driman | first1 = DK. | last2 = Marcus | first2 = VA. | last3 = Hilsden | first3 = RJ | last4 = Owen | first4 = DA |title=Pathologic reporting of colorectal polyps: pan-Canadian consensus guidelines |journal=Canadian Journal of Pathology |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=81-90 |year=2012 |month= |pmid= |doi= |url= }}</ref> The reasoning for the first part is: "with low-grade dysplasia" may lead to over treatment by physicians that are not aware that all (traditional) adenomas have low-grade dysplasia.
-#The phrase "negative for [...] malignancy" is also recommended in the Canadian consensus. This is not endorsed by [[onlinepathology]], as one very frequently does not get submucosa.  It is like reporting "negative for muscularis propria invasion" on a urinary bladder biopsy without muscularis propria. Further, the guidelines are inconsistent in that they do not advise "negative for dysplasia and malignancy" for [[SSA]]s.  If there is clinical suspicion of an invasive malignancy, it is useful to comment that no submucosa is present.
-====Micro====
-=====Tubular-tubulovillous interface=====
-The sections shows colorectal-type mucosa with a tubule-forming epithelium that has cellular pseudostratification and enlarged hyperchromatic nuclei, from the crypt base to the luminal aspect (dysplasia).
-No cribriforming of glands, epithelial budding or intraluminal papillary tufting is identified.  Goblet cells are present in the dysplastic epithelium.  Dysplastic nuclei have an ellipsoid-shape and basally stratified.
-A small number of rare finger-like epithelial projections (villi) are noted; however these appear to comprise less than 20% of the sampled tissue.  It is possible that the villous component is higher, due to sampling error; thus, this could represent a tubulovillous adenoma.
-=====Tubulovillous adenoma=====
-The sections shows colorectal-type mucosa with a tubule-forming and villous-forming epithelium that has cellular pseudostratification and enlarged hyperchromatic nuclei, from the crypt base to the luminal aspect (dysplasia).
-No cribriforming of glands, epithelial budding or intraluminal papillary tufting is identified. Goblet cells are rare in the dysplastic epithelium. Dysplastic nuclei have an ellipsoid-shape and basally stratified.
-The villous component is over 25% of the lesion but less than 50% of the lesion.
 ==Traditional serrated adenoma==
-===General===
+{{Main|Traditional serrated adenoma}}
-*Very rare.
-===Microscopic===
-Features:
-*Serrated.
-*Nuclear atypia (as in tubular adenoma).
-*Villous architecture.
-DDx:
-*[[Villous adenoma]].
-====Images====
-<gallery>
-Image:Traditional_serrated_adenoma_low_mag.jpg | TSA - low mag. (WC/Nephron)
-Image:Traditional_serrated_adenoma_intermed_mag.jpg | TSA - intermed. mag. (WC/Nephron)
-Image:Traditional_serrated_adenoma_very_high_mag.jpg | TSA - very high mag. (WC/Nephron)
-</gallery>
 ==Sessile serrated adenoma==
-*Often abbreviated ''SSA''.
+{{Main|Sessile serrated adenoma}}
-*[[AKA]] ''sessile serrated polyp'', abbreviated ''SSP''.
-*[[AKA]] ''sessile serrated lesion''.
-*[[AKA]] ''sessile serrated adenoma/polyp'', abbreviated ''SSA/P''.
-===General===
-*Colonic lesion.
-*May be seen in the context of ''[[serrated polyposis syndrome]]''.
-Epidemiology:
-*Thought to lead to colorectal cancer through a different pathway that most tumours in the left colon/rectum.
-*''Microvesicular [[hyperplastic polyp]]s'' are hypothesized to be the the precursor of SSAs.<ref name=pmid21045813>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Huang | first1 = CS. | last2 = Farraye | first2 = FA. | last3 = Yang | first3 = S. | last4 = O'Brien | first4 = MJ. | title = The clinical significance of serrated polyps. | journal = Am J Gastroenterol | volume = 106 | issue = 2 | pages = 229-40; quiz 241 | month = Feb | year = 2011 | doi = 10.1038/ajg.2010.429 | PMID = 21045813 }}</ref>
-===Gross===
-Features:<ref name=pmid22710576/>
-*Flat lesions, usually > 5 mm.
-*Typically have a "mucous cap" - present ~65% of the time; useful for identification.
-*Border not well-demarcated.
-*More common in the proximal colon.
-Note:
-*Sessile lesions over 1 cm are usually SSAs.<ref name=pmid22710576/>
-Image:
-*[http://www.nature.com/ajg/journal/v105/n12/fig_tab/ajg2010330f1.html SSA - endoscopy (nature.com)].<ref name=pmid21131934>{{cite journal |author=Rex DK, Hewett DG, Snover DC |title=Editorial: Detection targets for colonoscopy: from variable detection to validation |journal=Am. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=105 |issue=12 |pages=2665–9 |year=2010 |month=December |pmid=21131934 |doi=10.1038/ajg.2010.330 |url=}}</ref>
-===Microscopic===
-Features:
-*Serrated epithelium at the surface and deep in the crypts.
-**Saw-tooth appearance, epithelium has jagged appearing edge.
-*Crypt dilation at base with serrations - '''key feature'''.
-**Very common -- anecdotally the most sensitive feature.
-*"Boot"-shape or "L"-shaped glands.
-**Shape may be similar to a hockey stick.
-*Horizontal crypts = crypt long axis parallel to the muscularis mucosae.
-*Crypt branching.
-Minimal extent criteria - number of abnormal crypts with the above features:
-*''German Society of Pathology'' proposal: at least two abnormal crypts -- crypts do not have to be adjacent.<ref name=pmid23052370>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Ensari | first1 = A. | last2 = Bilezikçi | first2 = B. | last3 = Carneiro | first3 = F. | last4 = Doğusoy | first4 = GB. | last5 = Driessen | first5 = A. | last6 = Dursun | first6 = A. | last7 = Flejou | first7 = JF. | last8 = Geboes | first8 = K. | last9 = de Hertogh | first9 = G. | title = Serrated polyps of the colon: how reproducible is their classification? | journal = Virchows Arch | volume = 461 | issue = 5 | pages = 495-504 | month = Nov | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1007/s00428-012-1319-7 | PMID = 23052370 }}</ref><ref name=pmid20617338>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Aust | first1 = DE. | last2 = Baretton | first2 = GB. | title = Serrated polyps of the colon and rectum (hyperplastic polyps, sessile serrated adenomas, traditional serrated adenomas, and mixed polyps)-proposal for diagnostic criteria. | journal = Virchows Arch | volume = 457 | issue = 3 | pages = 291-7 | month = Sep | year = 2010 | doi = 10.1007/s00428-010-0945-1 | PMID = 20617338 }}</ref>
-**[[Onlinepathology]] prefers this definition.
-*An expert panel lead by ''Rex'' states that one unequivocally altered crypt should prompt calling SSA.<ref name=pmid22710576>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Rex | first1 = DK. | last2 = Ahnen | first2 = DJ. | last3 = Baron | first3 = JA. | last4 = Batts | first4 = KP. | last5 = Burke | first5 = CA. | last6 = Burt | first6 = RW. | last7 = Goldblum | first7 = JR. | last8 = Guillem | first8 = JG. | last9 = Kahi | first9 = CJ. | title = Serrated lesions of the colorectum: review and recommendations from an expert panel. | journal = Am J Gastroenterol | volume = 107 | issue = 9 | pages = 1315-29; quiz 1314, 1330 | month = Sep | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1038/ajg.2012.161 | PMID = 22710576 }}</ref>
-*The WHO requires - depending on what you read:
-**Three adjacent crypts to be abnormal.<ref>URL: [http://surgpathcriteria.stanford.edu/gitumors/sessile-serrated-polyp-adenoma/ http://surgpathcriteria.stanford.edu/gitumors/sessile-serrated-polyp-adenoma/]. Accessed on: 26 September 2012.</ref>
-**Two or three adjacent crypts to be abnormal.<ref name=pmid23052370/>
-Notes:
-*Typically do not have nuclear atypia, i.e. no nuclear crowding, no nuclear hyperchromasia, no cigar-shaped nuclei.
-**SSAs with nuclear atypia may be referred to as ''advanced sessile serrated adenomas''.
-DDx:
-*[[Hyperplastic polyp]].
-*[[Tubular adenoma of the gastrointestinal tract|Tubular adenoma]] - for ''SSA with dysplasia'', TAs often less than 1 cm (uncommon for SSAs).
-====Images====
-<gallery>
-Image:Sessile_serrated_adenoma.jpg | SSA - low mag. (WC/Nephron)
-Image:Sessile_serrated_adenoma2.jpg | SSA - intermed. mag. (WC/Nephron)
-Image:Sessile_serrated_adenoma3.jpg | SSA - high mag. (WC/Nephron)
-Image:Sessile_serrated_adenoma_3_low_mag.jpg | SSA - low mag. (WC/Nephron)
-</gallery>
-===Sign out===
-<pre>
-COLONIC POLYP, ASCENDING COLON, BIOPSY:
-- SESSILE SERRATED ADENOMA.
-- NEGATIVE FOR DYSPLASIA.
-</pre>
-<pre>
-COLONIC POLYP, ASCENDING COLON, BIOPSY:
-- SESSILE SERRATED ADENOMA WITH DYSPLASIA.
-</pre>
-Note:
-*The above exactly mirrors the Canadian consensus.<ref name=driman>{{cite journal | last1 = Driman | first1 = DK. | last2 = Marcus | first2 = VA. | last3 = Hilsden | first3 = RJ | last4 = Owen | first4 = DA |title=Pathologic reporting of colorectal polyps: pan-Canadian consensus guidelines |journal=Canadian Journal of Pathology |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=81-90 |year=2012 |month= |pmid= |doi= |url= }}</ref>
 =Malignant polyps=
@@ Line 831: / Line 442: @@
 ===Microscopic===
 One of the two following:
-#Usual morphology - features:<ref name=pmid22827760>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Kimura | first1 = R. | last2 = Fujimori | first2 = T. | last3 = Ichikawa | first3 = K. | last4 = Ajioka | first4 = Y. | last5 = Ueno | first5 = H. | last6 = Ohkura | first6 = Y. | last7 = Kashida | first7 = H. | last8 = Togashi | first8 = K. | last9 = Yao | first9 = T. | title = Desmoplastic reaction in biopsy specimens of early colorectal cancer: a Japanese prospective multicenter study. | journal = Pathol Int | volume = 62 | issue = 8 | pages = 525-31 | month = Aug | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1111/j.1440-1827.2012.02840.x | PMID = 22827760 }}</ref>
+#Dysplasia and evidence of invasion - features:<ref name=pmid22827760>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Kimura | first1 = R. | last2 = Fujimori | first2 = T. | last3 = Ichikawa | first3 = K. | last4 = Ajioka | first4 = Y. | last5 = Ueno | first5 = H. | last6 = Ohkura | first6 = Y. | last7 = Kashida | first7 = H. | last8 = Togashi | first8 = K. | last9 = Yao | first9 = T. | title = Desmoplastic reaction in biopsy specimens of early colorectal cancer: a Japanese prospective multicenter study. | journal = Pathol Int | volume = 62 | issue = 8 | pages = 525-31 | month = Aug | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1111/j.1440-1827.2012.02840.x | PMID = 22827760 }}</ref>
 #*Nuclear changes seen in adenomatous polyps - malignant-appearing cells.
 #**Enlarged nuclei.
@@ Line 837: / Line 448: @@
 #**Round-shape ''or'' cigar-shaped and pseudostratified.
 #*Architectural changes - usually those of high-grade dysplasia:
-#**Cribriforming.
+#**Cribriforming - most common.
 #**Papillary tufting.
 #**Budding.
@@ Line 844: / Line 455: @@
 #*#Malignant-appearing cells in the submucosa.
 #*#*Pseudoinvasion must be excluded.
-#*#[[Desmoplastic response]].
+#*#[[Desmoplastic stromal response]].
 #*#*Spindle cells with:
 #*#**Large nuclei (nucleus ~ size of a plasma cell).
@@ Line 862: / Line 473: @@
 Image:Cecal_adenocarcinoma.jpg | Colorectal carcinoma. (WC/Nephron)
 </gallery>
 ===Sign out===
 <pre>
 RECTOSIGMOID TUMOUR, BIOPSY:
 - INVASIVE ADENOCARCINOMA, MODERATELY DIFFERENTIATED.
+</pre>
+<pre>
+RECTUM, BIOPSY:
+- INVASIVE ADENOCARCINOMA, MODERATELY DIFFERENTIATED.
+</pre>
+<pre>
+RECTUM, BIOPSY:
+- HIGHLY SUSPICIOUS FOR INVASIVE ADENOCARCINOMA, SEE MICROSCOPIC.
+- TUBULOVILLOUS ADENOMA WITH HIGH-GRADE DYSPLASIA.
 </pre>
@@ Line 872: / Line 495: @@
 There is cribriforming of glands and epithelial budding. Plump spindle cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm surround the abnormal epithelium (desmoplastic stroma). No definite submucosa is identified; the diagnosis is based on the stromal desmoplasia.
+=====Suspicious=====
+The sections shows multiple fragments of colorectal-type mucosa with a tubule-forming and villous-forming epithelium that has cellular pseudostratification and enlarged hyperchromatic nuclei, from
+the crypt base to the luminal aspect (dysplasia).
+Cribriforming of glands is identified at multiple foci. Goblet cells are rare in the
+dysplastic epithelium.
+One fragment of tissue, measuring approximately 2 millimetres, has increased numbers of plump stromal cells (desmoplastic response); this is suspicious for invasive adenocarcinoma.
 =Hamartomatous polyps=
@@ Line 889: / Line 521: @@
 ==Juvenile polyp==
-*[[AKA]] ''retention polyp'' in adults.
+{{Main|Juvenile polyp}}
-===General===
-May be part of a syndrome:
-*[[Juvenile polyposis syndrome]] (JPS) - see JPS article for criteria.
-*[[Cronkhite-Canada syndrome]].
-*[[Cowden syndrome]].
-===Gross===
-*Mushroom-like shape.
-===Microscopic===
-Features:<ref name=Ref_PBoD859>{{Ref PBoD|859}}</ref><ref name=pmid12692201>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Bronner | first1 = MP. | title = Gastrointestinal inherited polyposis syndromes. | journal = Mod Pathol | volume = 16 | issue = 4 | pages = 359-65 | month = Apr | year = 2003 | doi = 10.1097/01.MP.0000062992.54036.E4 | PMID = 12692201 | url = http://www.nature.com/modpathol/journal/v16/n4/full/3880773a.html }}</ref>
-*Eroded, smooth or lobulated surface.
-*Pedunculated.
-*Increased lamina propria (LP) +/- edema.
-*Cystically dilated gland.
-*Often inflammed.
-Mnemonic ''DIES'' = dilated glands, increased LP & inflammation of the LP, eroded/smooth surface, stalk.
-Notes:
-*May have nuclear changes like those seen in adenomatous polyps.
-DDx:
-*[[Inflammatory polyp]].
-*[[Hyperplastic polyp of the stomach]] - less lamina propria, foveolar hyperplasia (long tortuous glands).
-*[[Cronkhite-Canada syndrome]] - have changes in the surrounding mucosa, clinical findings (nail atrophy, skin pigment, alopecia).
-====Images====
-www:
-*[http://www.nature.com/modpathol/journal/v16/n4/fig_tab/3880773f4.html Juvenile polyp (nature.com)].
-<gallery>
-Image:Gastric_juvenile_polyp_-_very_low_mag.jpg | Juvenile polyp of the stomach - very low mag. (WC/Nephron)
-Image:Gastric_juvenile_polyp_-_2_-_very_low_mag.jpg | Juvenile polyp of the stomach - very low mag. (WC/Nephron)
-</gallery>
-===IHC===
-*Usually none.
-Notes:
-*IHC can be used if it is suspected to have dysplasia (p53, Ki-67).
-**p53 mutations in dysplastic epithelium -- negative stain (normal).
-===Sign out===
-<pre>
-RECTOSIGMOID POLYP, BIOPSY:
-- RETENTION POLYP.
-</pre>
 ==Peutz-Jeghers polyp==
-===General===
+{{Main|Peutz-Jeghers polyp}}
-====Epidemiology====
-Features:<ref name=Ref_PBoD859/><ref name=pmid12692201>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Bronner | first1 = MP. | title = Gastrointestinal inherited polyposis syndromes. | journal = Mod Pathol | volume = 16 | issue = 4 | pages = 359-65 | month = Apr | year = 2003 | doi = 10.1097/01.MP.0000062992.54036.E4 | PMID = 12692201 | url = http://www.nature.com/modpathol/journal/v16/n4/full/3880773a.html }}</ref>
-*[[Peutz-Jeghers syndrome]] is autosomal dominant.
-*Altered gene: STK11.
-====Clinical====
-Features:<ref>URL: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim/175200 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim/175200]. Accessed on: 13 July 2010.</ref>
-*Melanocytic macules.
-**Lips, buccal mucosa, and digits.
-**Multiple Peutz-Jeghers polyps.
-Increased risk of various neoplasms - primarily:
-*Breast and gastrointestinal cancer.<ref name=pmid20581245>{{cite journal |author=Beggs AD, Latchford AR, Vasen HF, ''et al.'' |title=Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: a systematic review and recommendations for management |journal=Gut |volume=59 |issue=7 |pages=975–86 |year=2010 |month=July |pmid=20581245 |doi=10.1136/gut.2009.198499 |url=}}</ref>
-*Others tumours:<ref>URL: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim/175200 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim/175200]. Accessed on: 22 December 2010.</ref>
-**[[Granulosa cell tumour]].
-**[[Sertoli cell tumour]] - esp. with calcification.
-===Microscopic===
-Features:<ref name=Ref_PBoD859/><ref name=pmid12692201>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Bronner | first1 = MP. | title = Gastrointestinal inherited polyposis syndromes. | journal = Mod Pathol | volume = 16 | issue = 4 | pages = 359-65 | month = Apr | year = 2003 | doi = 10.1097/01.MP.0000062992.54036.E4 | PMID = 12692201 | url = http://www.nature.com/modpathol/journal/v16/n4/full/3880773a.html }}</ref>
-*Frond-like polyp with all three components of mucosa:
-*# Muscosal epithelium (melanotic mucosa, goblet cells).
-*# Lamina propria.
-*# M. mucosae.
-Notes:
-*''Frond'' = leaflike expansion.<ref>URL: [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/frond http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/frond]. Accessed on: 26 July 2011.</ref>
-**The '''key''' is "thick" smooth muscle bundles - if one is lucky one sees branching.<ref>C. Streutker. 26 July 2011.</ref>
-***"Thick" ~= thickness of muscularis mucosae.
-====Images====
-<gallery>
-Image:Peutz-Jeghers_syndrome_polyp.jpg | Peutz-Jeghers polyp - intestine (WC/Nephron)
-Image:Gastric_Peutz-Jeghers_polyp_-_very_low_mag.jpg | Peutz-Jeghers polyp - stomach (WC/Nephron)
-</gallery>
-www:
-*[http://www.nature.com/modpathol/journal/v16/n4/fig_tab/3880773f3.html Peutz-Jeghers polyp (nature.com)].
-===Sign out===
-====Duodenum====
-<pre>
-POLYPS, DUODENUM, EXCISION:
-- PEUTZ-JEGHERS POLYPS (x2) WITH BRUNNER'S GLANDS.
-- NEGATIVE FOR DYSPLASIA AND NEGATIVE FOR MALIGNANCY.
-</pre>
-====Colon====
-<pre>
- POLYP, COLON (40 CM), EXCISION:
-- PEUTZ-JEGHERS POLYP.
-- NEGATIVE FOR DYSPLASIA AND NEGATIVE FOR MALIGNANCY.
-</pre>
 ==Cowden disease==
@@ Line 1,014: / Line 549: @@
 ==Cronkhite-Canada syndrome==
 *Abbreviated ''CCS''.
+{{Main|Cronkhite-Canada syndrome}}
-===General===
-Clinical features:<ref>{{Ref PBoD|858-9}}</ref>
-*Hamartomatous polyps.
-*Ectodermal abnormalities (nail atrophy, skin pigment, alopecia).
-===Microscopic===
-Features:
-*Polyps have same morphology as [[juvenile polyp]]s/retension polyps.
-*Crypt dilation and edema in non-polypoid mucosa<ref>{{Ref PCPBoD8|430}}</ref> - '''key feature'''.
-DDx:
-*[[Juvenile polyp]].
-Images:
-*[http://www.surgicalpathologyatlas.com/glfusion/mediagallery/media.php?f=0&sort=0&s=20090508151729401 CCS (surgicalpathologyatlas.com)].
 ==Ganglioneuroma==
@@ Line 1,039: / Line 559: @@
 *Ganglion cells - '''key feature'''.
 **Large cells with a round nucleus and a prominent nucleolus.
+DDx:
+*[[Hyperplastic polyp with perineuromatous stroma]].
 ====Images====
@@ Line 1,046: / Line 569: @@
 Image:Ganglioneuroma_-_very_high_mag.jpg | Ganglioneuroma - very high mag. (WC/Nephron)
 </gallery>
 ==Inflammatory myoglandular polyp==
 ===General===
@@ Line 1,064: / Line 588: @@
 *Polypoid prolaping mucosal fold in [[diverticular disease]].
 *[[Inflammatory cloacogenic polyp]].
-*Inflammatory cap polyp.
+*[[Inflammatory cap polyp]].
 Image:
 *[http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-230X/10/10/figure/F3 IMP (biomedcentral.com)].<ref name=pmid20102635/>
+==Leiomyoma==
+{{Main|Colonic leiomyoma}}
+{{Main|Leiomyoma}}
+*May present as a polyp in the colon.<ref name=pmid21915840>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Kemp | first1 = CD. | last2 = Arnold | first2 = CA. | last3 = Torbenson | first3 = MS. | last4 = Stein | first4 = EM. | title = An unusual polyp: a pedunculated leiomyoma of the sigmoid colon. | journal = Endoscopy | volume = 43 Suppl 2 UCTN | issue =  | pages = E306-7 | month =  | year = 2011 | doi = 10.1055/s-0030-1256640 | PMID = 21915840 }}</ref>
+==Colonic polyp with reactive subepithelial cells==
+===Microscopic===
+Features:
+*Surface epithelium with a reduced quantity of cytoplasm and less goblets (regenerative appearance).
+*Mildly atypical subepithelial cells with pale moderate-to-abundant cytoplasm and nuclear enlargement +/-nuclear hyperchromasia.
+===Sign out===
+<pre>
+POLYP, ASCENDING COLON, POLYPECTOMY:
+- POLYPOID FRAGMENT OF COLONIC-TYPE MUCOSA WITH REACTIVE SUBEPITHELIAL
+  CELLS, SEE COMMENT.
+- NEGATIVE FOR DYSPLASIA.
+COMMENT:
+A pankeratin and CK7 immunostains are non-concerning. A CD68 immunostain
+highlights lamina propria macrophages.
+</pre>
 =See also=
@@ Line 1,074: / Line 621: @@
 *[[Small bowel]].
 *[[Colon]].
+*[[Polypectomy]].
 =References=

Difference between revisions of "Gastrointestinal tract polyps"

Latest revision as of 23:51, 18 March 2018

Basic approach

A set of decision trees for GI polyps

Tabular comparison of colonic polyps

Overview in two tables

Common colonic polyps

Less common

Common problems

Submucosal invasion

Pseudoinvasion

Early invasion

Adenomatous vs. hyperplastic

Normal

Normal colorectal mucosa

General

Microscopic

Images

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Normal

Block letters

Polypoid fragments

Mucosa and submucosa

Lymphoid nodule present

Submucosa present

Suspected missed lesion

Micro - suspected IBD

Rare PMNs - no cryptitis

Fecal material

Hyperplastic polyp

Inflammatory pseudopolyp

Adenomatous polyps

Overview

Management of (adenomatous colonic) polyps

Pseudoinvasion in colorectal adenomatous polyps

High-risk features in (colorectal) adenomatous polyps with carcinoma

Traditional adenoma

Traditional serrated adenoma

Sessile serrated adenoma

Malignant polyps

Colorectal adenocarcinoma

General

Clinical

Microscopic

Image

Sign out

Micro

Suspicious

Hamartomatous polyps

Overview

Juvenile polyp

Peutz-Jeghers polyp

Cowden disease

General

Microscopic

Weird stuff

Cronkhite-Canada syndrome

Ganglioneuroma

General

Microscopic

Images

Inflammatory myoglandular polyp

General

Microscopic

Leiomyoma

Colonic polyp with reactive subepithelial cells

Microscopic

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See also

References

External links

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