Difference between revisions of "Urinary bladder"

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The '''urinary bladder''' stores urine until one has to go wee-wee.
The '''urinary bladder''' stores urine between urination, i.e. trips to the washroom to go pee. It gets the urine from the [[ureter]]s and exspells it via the [[urethra]].


It is commonly afflicted by cancer.
It is commonly afflicted by [[cancer]]. A well-know mimicker of cancer is ''[[malakoplakia]]''.<ref name=pmid17102055>{{cite journal |author=Wong-You-Cheong JJ, Woodward PJ, Manning MA, Davis CJ |title=From the archives of the AFIP: Inflammatory and nonneoplastic bladder masses: radiologic-pathologic correlation |journal=Radiographics |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=1847–68 |year=2006 |pmid=17102055 |doi=10.1148/rg.266065126 |url=}}</ref>


A well-know mimicker of cancer is ''[[malakoplakia]]''.<ref name=pmid17102055>{{cite journal |author=Wong-You-Cheong JJ, Woodward PJ, Manning MA, Davis CJ |title=From the archives of the AFIP: Inflammatory and nonneoplastic bladder masses: radiologic-pathologic correlation |journal=Radiographics |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=1847–68 |year=2006 |pmid=17102055 |doi=10.1148/rg.266065126 |url=}}</ref>
=Normal=
===Microscopic===
*Muscularis mucosae - thin, discontinuous.
*Fat - many be in lamina propria.
 
Note:
*On TURBT - don't ever call pT3.
 
=Grossing=
:[[AKA]] ''cut-up''.
{{Main|Partial cystectomy}}
{{Main|Radical cystectomy}}
{{Main|Cystoprostatectomy}}
 
=Urinary bladder cancer=
The most common type of cancer to affect the bladder is ''urothelial carcinoma''. This is covered in the ''[[urothelium]]'' article.
 
Risk factors for bladder cancer ''SEX LIC'':
*[[Schistosoma haematobium|'''S'''chistomsoma haematobium]] - esp. squamous cell carcinoma.<ref name=pmid17483025/>
*'''EX'''trophy of the bladder.
*'''L'''ithiasis.
*'''I'''ndwelling catheter ''or'' chronic '''I'''nflammation.<ref name=pmid17483025>{{Cite journal | last1 = Michaud | first1 = DS. | title = Chronic inflammation and bladder cancer. | journal = Urol Oncol | volume = 25 | issue = 3 | pages = 260-8 | month =  | year =  | doi = 10.1016/j.urolonc.2006.10.002 | PMID = 17483025 }}</ref>
*'''C'''yclophosphamide.
 
DDx:
*[[Urothelial carcinoma]] - most common in the Western world.
*[[Squamous cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder]] - most common in areas with ''Schistosoma''.
*Adenocarcinoma.
**[[Urachal adenocarcinoma]].
**[[Primary adenocarcinoma of the urinary bladder]].
**Metastatic adenocarcinoma - usu. [[colorectal adenocarcinoma]].
*Other tumours - rare.
**Rhabdomyosarcomatous tumour.
**[[Rhabdomyosarcoma]].<ref name=pmid21762516>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Bing | first1 = Z. | last2 = Zhang | first2 = PJ. | title = Adult urinary bladder tumors with rhabdomyosarcomatous differentiation: clinical, pathological and immunohistochemical studies. | journal = Diagn Pathol | volume = 6 | issue = | pages = 66 | month = | year = 2011 | doi = 10.1186/1746-1596-6-66 | PMID = 21762516 }}</ref>


==Urinary bladder cancer==
==Squamous cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder==
The most common type of cancer to affect the bladder is ''urothelial carcinoma'', which is covered in the ''[[urothelium]]'' article.
{{Main|Squamous cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder}}
*Rare type of bladder cancer.
*''Urothelial carcinoma with squamous differentiation'' is much more common.


==Urachal carcinoma==
==Urachal carcinoma==
{{Main|Urachal carcinoma}}
==Rhabdomyosarcoma of the urinary bladder==
{{Main|Rhabdomyosarcoma}}
===General===
===General===
*Rare.<ref name=pmid16826585>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Ashley | first1 = RA. | last2 = Inman | first2 = BA. | last3 = Sebo | first3 = TJ. | last4 = Leibovich | first4 = BC. | last5 = Blute | first5 = ML. | last6 = Kwon | first6 = ED. | last7 = Zincke | first7 = H. | title = Urachal carcinoma: clinicopathologic features and long-term outcomes of an aggressive malignancy. | journal = Cancer | volume = 107 | issue = 4 | pages = 712-20 | month = Aug | year = 2006 | doi = 10.1002/cncr.22060 | PMID = 16826585 }}</ref>
*Considered extremely rare in adults.<ref name=pmid21762516>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Bing | first1 = Z. | last2 = Zhang | first2 = PJ. | title = Adult urinary bladder tumors with rhabdomyosarcomatous differentiation: clinical, pathological and immunohistochemical studies. | journal = Diagn Pathol | volume = 6 | issue = | pages = 66 | month = | year = 2011 | doi = 10.1186/1746-1596-6-66 | PMID = 21762516 }}</ref>
*Classically - dome of bladder lesion.
*Younger <55 years-old.


===Microscopic===
===Microscopic===
====Patterns====
:See ''[[rhabdomyosarcoma]]''.
*Enteric - looks like colonic adenocarcinoma.
*Mucinous.
*Signet ring.


DDx:
DDx:
*Metastatic adenocarcinoma/adenocarcinoma extending from another structure.
*Rhabdomyosarcomatous sarcomatoid carcinoma - more common than RMS in adults.
*Adenocarcinoma arising from the urinary bladder.
**Requires the identification of a carcinoma component.
*Rhabdomyomatous tumour.<ref name=pmid21762516>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Bing | first1 = Z. | last2 = Zhang | first2 = PJ. | title = Adult urinary bladder tumors with rhabdomyosarcomatous differentiation: clinical, pathological and immunohistochemical studies. | journal = Diagn Pathol | volume = 6 | issue =  | pages = 66 | month =  | year = 2011 | doi = 10.1186/1746-1596-6-66 | PMID = 21762516 }}</ref>
**Used if no carcinomatous component is identified with extensive sampling.
*[[Small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder]].
**Should be positive for [[keratins]] and chromogranin A.
 
===IHC===
Features:<ref name=pmid21762516>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Bing | first1 = Z. | last2 = Zhang | first2 = PJ. | title = Adult urinary bladder tumors with rhabdomyosarcomatous differentiation: clinical, pathological and immunohistochemical studies. | journal = Diagn Pathol | volume = 6 | issue =  | pages = 66 | month =  | year = 2011 | doi = 10.1186/1746-1596-6-66 | PMID = 21762516 }}</ref>
*Desmin +ve.
*Myogenin +ve.
*Keratins -ve.
 
==Metastasis to the urinary bladder==
{{Main|Urinary bladder metastasis}}
 
=Other=
==Urinary bladder infarct==
{{Main|Infarction}}
===General===
*Case report rare - as the organ has many colaterals.<ref name=pmid3394185>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Nino-Murcia | first1 = M. | last2 = Friedland | first2 = GW. | title = Bladder infarct. | journal = Urol Radiol | volume = 9 | issue = 4 | pages = 234-6 | month =  | year = 1988 | doi =  | PMID = 3394185 }}</ref>
*May be seen in association with [[pseudocarcinomatous urothelial hyperplasia]].<ref name=pmid23228381>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Kryvenko | first1 = ON. | last2 = Epstein | first2 = JI. | title = Pseudocarcinomatous urothelial hyperplasia of the bladder: clinical findings and followup of 70 patients. | journal = J Urol | volume = 189 | issue = 6 | pages = 2083-6 | month = Jun | year = 2013 | doi = 10.1016/j.juro.2012.12.005 | PMID = 23228381 }}</ref>
 
===Microscopic===
Features:<ref name=pmid3394185/>
*[[Necrosis]] without liquefaction.
**Outlines of cells visible.
**No nuclei present.
 
Note:
*Liquefaction implies an infectious etiology.<ref name=pmid3394185/>
 
==Urinary bladder amyloidosis==
{{Main|Urinary bladder amyloidosis}}
 
==Tubular adenoma of the urinary bladder==
{{Main|Tubular adenoma of the urinary tract}}
 
==Keratinising squamous metaplasia of the urinary bladder==
{{Main|Keratinising squamous metaplasia of the urinary bladder}}
 
==Leiomyoma of the urinary bladder==
{{Main|Leiomyoma of the urinary bladder}}


Images:
==Cystitis==
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Urachal_carcinoma_-_low_mag.jpg UC - low mag. (WC)].
:See ''[[urothelium]]''.
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Urachal_carcinoma_-_high_mag.jpg UC - high mag. (WC)].


==See also==
=See also=
*[[Genitourinary pathology]].
*[[Genitourinary pathology]].
*[[Urothelium]].


==References==
=References=
{{Reflist|1}}
{{Reflist|1}}


[[Category:Genitourinary pathology]]
[[Category:Genitourinary pathology]]
[[Category:Urinary bladder]]

Latest revision as of 03:23, 17 January 2017

The urinary bladder stores urine between urination, i.e. trips to the washroom to go pee. It gets the urine from the ureters and exspells it via the urethra.

It is commonly afflicted by cancer. A well-know mimicker of cancer is malakoplakia.[1]

Normal

Microscopic

  • Muscularis mucosae - thin, discontinuous.
  • Fat - many be in lamina propria.

Note:

  • On TURBT - don't ever call pT3.

Grossing

AKA cut-up.
Main article: Partial cystectomy
Main article: Radical cystectomy
Main article: Cystoprostatectomy

Urinary bladder cancer

The most common type of cancer to affect the bladder is urothelial carcinoma. This is covered in the urothelium article.

Risk factors for bladder cancer SEX LIC:

  • Schistomsoma haematobium - esp. squamous cell carcinoma.[2]
  • EXtrophy of the bladder.
  • Lithiasis.
  • Indwelling catheter or chronic Inflammation.[2]
  • Cyclophosphamide.

DDx:

Squamous cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder

Main article: Squamous cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder
  • Rare type of bladder cancer.
  • Urothelial carcinoma with squamous differentiation is much more common.

Urachal carcinoma

Main article: Urachal carcinoma

Rhabdomyosarcoma of the urinary bladder

Main article: Rhabdomyosarcoma

General

  • Considered extremely rare in adults.[3]

Microscopic

See rhabdomyosarcoma.

DDx:

  • Rhabdomyosarcomatous sarcomatoid carcinoma - more common than RMS in adults.
    • Requires the identification of a carcinoma component.
  • Rhabdomyomatous tumour.[3]
    • Used if no carcinomatous component is identified with extensive sampling.
  • Small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder.
    • Should be positive for keratins and chromogranin A.

IHC

Features:[3]

  • Desmin +ve.
  • Myogenin +ve.
  • Keratins -ve.

Metastasis to the urinary bladder

Main article: Urinary bladder metastasis

Other

Urinary bladder infarct

Main article: Infarction

General

Microscopic

Features:[4]

  • Necrosis without liquefaction.
    • Outlines of cells visible.
    • No nuclei present.

Note:

  • Liquefaction implies an infectious etiology.[4]

Urinary bladder amyloidosis

Main article: Urinary bladder amyloidosis

Tubular adenoma of the urinary bladder

Main article: Tubular adenoma of the urinary tract

Keratinising squamous metaplasia of the urinary bladder

Main article: Keratinising squamous metaplasia of the urinary bladder

Leiomyoma of the urinary bladder

Main article: Leiomyoma of the urinary bladder

Cystitis

See urothelium.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Wong-You-Cheong JJ, Woodward PJ, Manning MA, Davis CJ (2006). "From the archives of the AFIP: Inflammatory and nonneoplastic bladder masses: radiologic-pathologic correlation". Radiographics 26 (6): 1847–68. doi:10.1148/rg.266065126. PMID 17102055.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Michaud, DS.. "Chronic inflammation and bladder cancer.". Urol Oncol 25 (3): 260-8. doi:10.1016/j.urolonc.2006.10.002. PMID 17483025.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Bing, Z.; Zhang, PJ. (2011). "Adult urinary bladder tumors with rhabdomyosarcomatous differentiation: clinical, pathological and immunohistochemical studies.". Diagn Pathol 6: 66. doi:10.1186/1746-1596-6-66. PMID 21762516.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Nino-Murcia, M.; Friedland, GW. (1988). "Bladder infarct.". Urol Radiol 9 (4): 234-6. PMID 3394185.
  5. ↑ Kryvenko, ON.; Epstein, JI. (Jun 2013). "Pseudocarcinomatous urothelial hyperplasia of the bladder: clinical findings and followup of 70 patients.". J Urol 189 (6): 2083-6. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2012.12.005. PMID 23228381.
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