Difference between revisions of "Non-malignant skin disease"

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==Palmar fibromatosis==
==Palmar fibromatosis==
{{Main|Fibromatosis}}
*[[AKA]] ''Dupuytren's contracture''.
*[[AKA]] ''Dupuytren's contracture''.
*[[AKA]] ''Dupuytren disease''.
*[[AKA]] ''Dupuytren disease''.
===General===
{{Main|Palmar fibromatosis}}
Clinical:<ref>URL: [http://www.humpath.com/palmar-fibromatosis http://www.humpath.com/palmar-fibromatosis]. Accessed on: 6 January 2011.</ref>
*Usually older - 60s or 70s (years old).
*Male > female.
*Associated with:
**[[Alcohol abuse]].
*May be familial.
 
===Gross===
*Ring finger - classic location.{{fact}}
*Nodular.
*Poorly demarcated.
 
Image:
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Morbus_dupuytren_fcm.jpg Palmar fibromatosis (WC)].
 
===Microscopic===
Features:<ref>URL: [http://surgpathcriteria.stanford.edu/softfib/plantar_fibromatosis/printable.html http://surgpathcriteria.stanford.edu/softfib/plantar_fibromatosis/printable.html]. Accessed on: 6 January 2011.</ref><ref name=standford_pf_ddx>URL: [http://surgpathcriteria.stanford.edu/softfib/palmar_fibromatosis/differentialdiagnosis.html http://surgpathcriteria.stanford.edu/softfib/palmar_fibromatosis/differentialdiagnosis.html]. Accessed on: 9 November 2012.</ref>
*Poorly demarcated, usu. multiple lesions/multiple nodules.
*Composed of bland spindle cells in dense collagen.
**Pale grey cytoplasm (moderate quantity).
**Pale ovoid nuclei with small round nucleoli.
*Giant cells - rare.
 
Note:
*No nuclear atypia.
*Mitotic figures - rarely present, none atypical.
*May see Pacinian corpuscle ([[AKA]] lamellar corpuscle) as an incidental finding.
 
DDx:<ref name=standford_pf_ddx>URL: [http://surgpathcriteria.stanford.edu/softfib/palmar_fibromatosis/differentialdiagnosis.html http://surgpathcriteria.stanford.edu/softfib/palmar_fibromatosis/differentialdiagnosis.html]. Accessed on: 9 November 2012.</ref>
*[[Calcifying aponeurotic fibroma]] - calcification, chondroid differentiation, usu. < 20 years old.
*Extra-abdominal desmoid [[fibromatosis]] - extremely rare on hands and feet, muscle infiltrative.
*Inclusion body [[fibromatosis]].   
*[[Fibrosarcoma]] - atypia, necrosis, herring-bone pattern.
*[[Synovial sarcoma]] - one mass.
*[[Epithelioid sarcoma]] - necrosis, atypia.
*[[metastasis|Metastatic]] metaplastic carcinoma, e.g. [[metaplastic breast carcinoma]] - extremely uncommon.
 
Images:
*[http://www.biomedsearch.com/attachments/display/00/16/69/68/16696857/1479-5876-4-21-2.jpg Palmer fibromatosis (biomedsearch.com)].<ref name=pmid16696857>{{cite journal |author=Wang L, Zhu H |title=Clonal analysis of palmar fibromatosis: a study whether palmar fibromatosis is a real tumor |journal=J Transl Med |volume=4 |issue= |pages=21 |year=2006 |pmid=16696857 |pmc=1488873 |doi=10.1186/1479-5876-4-21 |url=http://www.biomedsearch.com/nih/Clonal-analysis-palmar-fibromatosis-study/16696857.html}}</ref>
*[http://alf3.urz.unibas.ch/pathopic/e/getpic-fra.cfm?id=8235 Palmar fibromatosis (unibas.ch)].
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:WVSOM_Pacinian_Corpuscle.JPG Pacinian corpuscle (WC)].
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tendon_-_intermed_mag.jpg Tendon without fibromatosis - intermed. mag. (WC)].
 
===IHC===
*Beta-catenin +ve (cytoplasmic & nuclear).<ref name=pmid18958538>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Degreef | first1 = I. | last2 = De Smet | first2 = L. | last3 = Sciot | first3 = R. | last4 = Cassiman | first4 = JJ. | last5 = Tejpar | first5 = S. | title = Beta-catenin overexpression in Dupuytren's disease is unrelated to disease recurrence. | journal = Clin Orthop Relat Res | volume = 467 | issue = 3 | pages = 838-45 | month = Mar | year = 2009 | doi = 10.1007/s11999-008-0590-z | PMID = 18958538 }}</ref>
 
===Sign out===
====Left====
<pre>
PALMAR FASCIA, LEFT, FASCIECTOMY:
- PALMAR FIBROMATOSIS.
</pre>
 
====Right====
<pre>
PALMAR FASCIA, RIGHT, FASCIECTOMY:
- PALMAR FIBROMATOSIS.
</pre>
 
=====Micro=====
The sections show multiple poorly-demarcated nodules composed of bland spindle cells with moderate pale grey cytoplasm and pale ellipsoid nuclei with small round nucleoli. The poorly-demarcated nodules are completely surrounded by dense collagen. Calcification is not present. There is no nuclear atypia or necrosis. Mitotic activity is not identified. Benign fibroadipose tissue is present.
 
====Missed fibromatosis====
<pre>
PALMAR FASCIA, LEFT, FASCIECTOMY:
- PALMAR FASCIA WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS AND BENIGN FIBROADIPOSE TISSUE -- IN AN
  INDIVIDUAL WITH A CLINICAL HISTORY OF PALMAR FIBROMATOSIS.
- NEGATIVE FOR MALIGNANCY.
</pre>
 
======Micro======
The sections show dense collagen (tendon) without an apparent pathology. Calcification is not present. There is no nuclear atypia or necrosis. Mitotic activity is not identified. Benign fibroadipose tissue is present. Lamellar corpuscles are present. The tissue was submitted in toto and levels were cut.
 
=====Straight=====
<pre>
PALMAR FASCIA, RIGHT, FASCIECTOMY:
- PALMAR FASCIA WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS.
- NEGATIVE FOR FIBROMATOSIS.
 
COMMENT:
The tissue was submitted in toto and levels were cut.
</pre>
 
======Micro======
The sections show dense collagen (tendon) without an apparent pathology. Calcification is not present. There is no nuclear atypia or necrosis. Mitotic activity is not identified. Benign fibroadipose tissue is present. Lamellar corpuscles are present.


==Angiomyoma==
==Angiomyoma==

Revision as of 19:14, 14 December 2013

Non-malignant skin disease is relatively common. The pathology may or may not be specific. Some diseases require clinical information to diagnose.

An introduction to dermatopathology is in the dermatopathology article. Nevi (moles) and other melanocytic lesions are dealt with in the article melanocytic lesions. Inflammatory skin conditions are dealt with in inflammatory skin disorders.

Other

Lichen simplex chronicus

Prurigo nodularis

  • Abbreviated PN.
  • AKA chronic prurigo and picker nodule.[1]

General

Gross

  • Dome-shaped/raised - papular (<1 cm) or nodular (>1 cm).[2]

Microscopic

DDx:

Sign out

SKIN LESION, LEFT CHIN, BIOPSY: 
- PRURIGO NODULARIS.

Micro

The sections show a raised lesion with compact hyperkeratosis and irregular acanthosis. Spongiosis is seen focally. There is minimal hypergranulosis.

There is no thinning of the suprapapillary plate and no dilated superficial blood vessels. There is no interface activity.

Very common

Dermatomycosis

Dermatophytosis redirects here.

General

Note:

  • Dermatophytosis (ring worm) is a type of dermatomycosis.

Microscopic

Features:

  • Microorganisms - key feature.
    • Often hyphae (candida) - like twigs of a tree... branching.
      • May be very fragmented in section ~ size of a neutrophil.
  • Perivascular inflammation, esp. neutrophils.
  • Exocytosis - blood cell infiltrate the epidermis.

Images:

Stains

Sign out

SKIN, BIOPSY:
- SKIN WITH SUPERFICIAL FUNGAL ORGANISMS CONSISTENT WITH CANDIDA.
- REACTIVE CHANGES OF THE EPITHELIUM.

Micro

The sections show skin with a neutrophilic infiltrate in the superficial epidermis. PAS-D staining demonstrates fungal organisms with a morphology suggestive of candida.

The epithelium has parakeratosis, acanthosis and spongiosis. No mitotic activity is appreciated. The keratinocytes are moderately enlarged and have evident nucleoli.

Cicatrix

Fibroepithelial polyp

Actinic keratosis

Actinic cheilitis

General

Microscopic

See actinic keratosis.

Sign out

LESION, LOWER LIP, BIOPSY: 
- ACTINIC CHEILITIS.
- SOLAR ELASTOSIS.

Micro

The sections show skin with moderate basal nuclear hyperchromasia and atypia, and parakeratosis. The squamous epithelium has maturation to the surface. There is no inflammation at the dermal-epidermal interface. Solar elastosis is present.

Seborrheic keratosis

Pilomatricoma

Dermatofibroma

Ezcema

General

  • A nebulous thingy.
  • Very common.

DDx:

Microscopic

Features:[5]

  • Spongiosis (epidermal edema); keratinocytes spacing increased - key feature.
  • +/-Interdermal vesicles.
  • +/-Eosinophils (may suggest Rx reaction).
  • Perivascular lymphocytes.

Acne vulgaris

General

  • Extremely common - esp. among adolescents.
  • Very rarely seen by pathologists.

Treatments:

  • Antibiotic (minocycline).
  • Isotretinoin AKA all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA).

Gross

  • Papules, pustules, nodules or cysts.
    • White, black or erythematous.

Images:

Microscopic

Features:[6]

  • Folliculitis:[7]
    • Neutrophils around hair follicle and infiltrate into it - including the follicular canal.
  • Epidermal invagination or cyst at site of a hair follicle - contains:
    • Sebum.
    • +/-Bacteria (Propionibacterium acnes) and inflammatory cells - typically neurophils.

Subtyped into:

  1. Open comedones ("blackheads") - no extension to epidermal surface.
  2. Closed comedones ("whiteheads") - to epidermal surface have wide opening.

DDx - acneiform disorder:[7]

  • Rosacea.
  • Infective folliculitis.
  • Perioral dermatitis.
  • Acne vulgaris.

Image:

Solar elastosis

General

  • Very common.
  • Caused by sun exposure - specifically UV light.[9]
    • Severity correlated with cumulative exposure to UV light..[10]
  • Often co-localized with skin cancers - as UV light is risk factor for skin cancers.[10]
  • Benign.

Microscopic

Features:

  • Grey, spaghetti-like material in the superficial dermis.

DDx:

Note:

  • The DDx above is things associated with sun damaged skin.
  • Dermal mucin (as my be seen in lupus erythematosus) is a possible mimic - but it isn't spaghetti-like and the "background" (an interface dermatitis) is different.

Images

www:

Sign out

SKIN, RIGHT CHEEK, RE-EXCISION:
- DERMAL SCAR.
- EXTENSIVE SOLAR ELASTOSIS.
Prominent blood vessels
SKIN LESION, LEFT CHEEK, BIOPSY:
- SKIN WITH SOLAR ELASTOSIS AND PROMINENT SMALL BLOOD VESSELS.
SUPERIOR SHOULDER, LEFT, PUNCH BIOPSY:
- BENIGN SKIN WITH MODERATE SOLAR ELASTOSIS, PROMINENT SMALL BLOOD VESSELS AND
  SCATTERED PERIVASCULAR LYMPHOCYTES AND PLASMA CELLS.
- NEGATIVE FOR BASAL CELL CARCINOMA.
- NEGATIVE FOR ACTINIC KERATOSIS.

Micro

The sections show hair bearing skin with solar elastosis and numerous small dilated blood vessels. The dermis is mildly fibrotic. Compact keratin is present.

The epidermis matures to the surface. A granular layer is present. There is no basal epidermal atypia. No melanocytic nests are identified. There is no palisading of the basal cells. Rare scattered lymphocytes are in the dermis.

Very common - viral

Verruca vulgaris

Verruca plana

General

  • Common.
  • Usu. hands and face.[11]

Microscopic

Features:[11]

  • Orthokeratosis with basketweave pattern.
  • Hypergranulosis.
  • Viral keratohyaline.
  • Koilocytes.
  • Acanthosis - yet flat surface and base.

Notes:

  • It differs from verruca vulgaris... (1) orthokeratosis, (2) flat surface and base.

Images:

Less common

Chronic folliculitis

Folliculitis redirect here.

General

  • Common.
  • Infrequently biopsied.

Gross

DDx gross:

Microscopic

Features:

  • Inflammation around the hair follicle - key feature.
    • Lymphocytes - usu. predominant.
  • +/-Chronic changes:

DDx:

Sign out

SKIN LESION, UPPER ARM, BIOPSY:
- CHRONIC FOLLICULITIS WITH SECONDARY SURFACE CHANGES.

Micro

The sections show hair-bearing skin with abundant lymphocytes around and within the hair follicle wall.

The non-hair follicle epidermis has acanthosis, hypergranulosis and compact hyperkeratosis. There is no inflammatory cell infiltrate in the non-hair follicle epidermis or at the non-hair follicle interface.

There are no granulomas.

Clear cell acanthoma

General

  • Benign.
  • Elderly.
  • Classically on the leg.[14]
  • Rare.
  • Clinically not distinct.
    • Suspected clinically in only ~3% of cases.[15]

Microscopic

Features:[16]

  • Psoriasiform pattern - epidermal thickening (acanthosis).
  • Keratinocytes:
    • Pale or light pink cytoplasm (when compared to surrounding non-lesional keratinocytes).
    • Separated from one another (spongiosis).
  • +/-Stratum corneum neutrophils.

DDx:

Images:

Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis

  • AKA chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis.
  • Abbreviated CNCH.

General

  • Tender/painful - key clinical feature.
  • Typically right ear - people more often sleep on this one.[17]
  • Usually >40 years old.

Etiology:

  • Trauma/mechanical.

Gross

  • Papule on ear.
  • +/-Erythematous.
  • +/-Crust.

Clinical DDx:[17]

Images:

Microscopic

Features:[17]

  • Dermal inflammation.
  • Epithelial hyperlasia.
  • Fibrosis.
  • Cartilaginous pathology:
    • Perichondrial inflammation - key feature.
    • Perichondrial disruption.
    • +/-Necrosis.
    • +/-Hemorrhage.

Images:

Sign out

Superficial biopsy

SKIN LESION, LEFT ANTIHELIX OF EAR, BIOPSY:
- SUPERFICIAL SKIN WITH ACANTHOSIS, HYPERKERATOSIS, MODERATE SOLAR ELASTOSIS, 
  HYPERGRANULOSIS AND A MILD LYMPHOCYTIC PERIVASCULAR INFILTRATE.
- NO CARTILAGE IS IDENTIFIED.
- NEGATIVE FOR DYSPLASIA AND MALIGNANCY.

COMMENT:
The findings are non-specific. Chondrodermatitis cannot be excluded.

Cutaneous calcinosis

  • AKA calcinosis cutis.

General

  • Benign in itself; underlying cause may not be benign.
  • May be a scrotal lesion - known as scrotal calcinosis.[18]

Subtypes:[19]

  1. Dystrophic - due to death of cells; may be related to a tumour.
  2. Metastatic - due to chronic renal failure; hyperkalemia; paraneoplastic phenomenon.
  3. Iatrogenic - post surgical.
  4. Idiopathic.

Microscopic

Features:

  • Dermal calcification:
    • Acellular purple blobs on H&E.
      • +/-Artefactual tearing of surrounding tissue due to processing (cutting).
      • +/-Small artefactual lines ~1-2 micrometers due to processing (cutting).
      • +/-Greyish rim of paucicellular material.
    • Usu. well-circumscribed.
      • May be surrounded by a palisading granuloma & giant cells.

Images:

Sign out

SKIN AND SUBCUTANEOUS LESION, LEFT HIP, EXCISION:
- SUBCUTANEOUS CALCIFICATION SURROUNDED BY BENIGN FIBROUS TISSUE.
- DERMAL SCAR.
- NEGATIVE FOR MALIGNANCY.
SUBCUTANEOUS MASS, OVER BURSA OF ELBOW, EXCISION:
- CALCINOSIS CUTIS.

Micro

The sections show subcutaneous calcifications surrounded by macrophages and giant cells. No nuclear atypia is apparent. The overlying skin is unremarkable.

Dilated pore of Winer

General

  • Benign.
  • Looks like zit.

Microscopic

Features:[20]

  • Dilated hair follicle with keratin.
  • Acanthosis.
  • Budding of epidermis (into dermis).

DDx:

Image:

Lichenoid keratosis

  • AKA lichen planus-like keratosis.
  • AKA lichenoid keratosis.

General

Clinical DDx:[21]

Microscopic

Features:[22]

  • Hyperkeratosis.
  • Parakeratosis.
  • Band of inflammatory cells at DE junction (lichenoid inflammation).
  • Dead keratinocytes (Civatte bodies).
  • Dermal melanophages.

DDx:

Images:

Sign out

SKIN LESION, MID-MIDDLE BACK, PUNCH BIOPSY:
- LICHENOID KERATOSIS.

Incompletely excised

SKIN LESION, LEFT CHEST, PUNCH BIOPSY:
- LICHENOID KERATOSIS VERSUS ACTINIC KERATOSIS.
- NEGATIVE FOR BASAL CELL CARCINOMA.
- SEE COMMENT.

COMMENT:
No eosinophils are apparent. No melanocytic lesion is identified; however, excision of the
whole lesion to exclude a partially regressed melanocytic lesion is suggested.

Granuloma annulare

Necrobiosis lipoidica

Keloid

Angiofibroma

See also: nasopharyngeal angiofibroma.
Should not be confused with angiokeratoma.

General

Clinical:

  • Firm, dome-shaped, flesh coloured.

Microscopic

Features:[23]

  • Dome-shaped.
  • Fibrotic dermis.
    • Enlarged fibroblasts.
  • Dilated small vessels.

DDx:

Image:

Benign fibrous papule

  • AKA fibrous papule.

General

Gross

  • Solitary lesion of the face - important.[24]
    • Usually on the nose.[26]

Microscopic

Features:[23]

  • Dome-shaped.
  • Fibrotic dermis.
    • Enlarged fibroblasts.
  • Dilated small vessels.
  • +/-Multinucleated stromal cells.[27]
  • +/-Stellate cells.[27]

DDx:

Note:

  • Several variants exist.[26]

Sign out

SKIN LESION, CHIN, BIOPSY:
- BENIGN FIBROUS PAPULE.

Molluscum contagiosum

Superficial dermal infiltrates

Discussed in detail by Alsaad and Ghazarian.[28]

Dermal perivascular lymphoeosinophilic infiltration

  • Abbreviated DPLI.

Microscopic appearance is just what it is called:

  • Lymphocytes and eosinophils around the vessels in the superficial dermis.

DDx:[28]

Notes:

  • May superficially resemble cutaneous lymphoma.[29]

Images:

Congenital dermal melanocytosis

  • AKA Mongolian spots.
  • Classically seen in asian children.

Gross:

  • Brown or blue-grey patch in the lumbosacral area.

Mastocytosis

General

Classification:[30]

  1. Cutaneous (only) - usually children.
    • Urticaria pigmentosa.
    • Others.
  2. Systemic - usually adults.
    • Indolent subvariant.
    • Aggressive subvariant.
    • Leukemic subvariant.

Microscopic

Features:[31]

  • Cells in the superficial/mid dermis that are:
    • Lymphocyte-like with more cytoplasm that is granular.
      • Cells may have spindled or stellate morphology.
      • Tend to be more abundant around vessels.
  • +/-Eosinophils (common).
  • +/-Edema - often prominent; gives cells a white halo.

Notes:

  • Lymphocyte vs. mast cell:
    • Lymphocytes = round; mast cells = ovoid.

Images:

Stains

IHC

  • CD117 +ve.
  • Tryptase +ve.[32]

Ichthyosis

General

  • Comes in different flavours.
  • Usu. inherited... thus a pediatric condition.

Gross

  • Fish scale-like appearance.

Image:

Microscopic

Features:[31]

  • Thick stratum corneum without basket-weave pattern.

Palmar fibromatosis

  • AKA Dupuytren's contracture.
  • AKA Dupuytren disease.

Angiomyoma

General

  • Benign.
  • Female > male.[33]

Microscopic

Features:

  • Well-circumscribed lesion with fascicular architecture.
  • Spindle cells/epithelioid cell with moderate eosinophilic (pink) cytoplasm.
  • Thick-walled blood vessels. (???)

Images:

Angiokeratoma

General

Notes:

Gross

  • Dark lesions.

Clinical DDx:

Images

Microscopic

Features:[34]

  1. Ectatic superficial dermal vessels.
  2. Overlying hyperkeratosis (thick stratum corneum).
  • Should have "epidermal collarette".[35]
    • Vascular space surrounded by epidermis on three sides.

Others features:[citation needed]

DDx:

Images

www:

Sign out

SKIN LESION, LEFT POPITEAL FOSSA, PUNCH BIOPSY:
- ANGIOKERATOMA.

Inverted follicular keratosis

  • Abbreviated IFK.[36]

General

  • Benign skin lesion.
  • Central face - middle age.[37]
  • Uncommon.
  • May be considered a variant of seborrheic keratosis that is predominantly endophytic.[38]

Clinical DDx:[37][39]

Microscopic

Features:[37]

  • Keratinocyte of cytologically benign proliferation.
  • "Squamous eddies" (whorls of keratin).
  • Coarse keratohyaline granules.

DDx:

Images:

Sign out

SKIN LESION, FACE, BIOPSY:
- INVERTED FOLLICULAR KERATOSIS.

Micro

The sections show skin with acanthosis, pseudohorn cysts, and focal basal epidermal pigmentation. There is no basal nuclear atypia, no mitoses and there are no melanocytic nests. There is minimal dermal inflammation. There is no apparent solar elastosis.

Focal cutaneous mucinosis

General

  • Benign.
  • May be associated with systemic disease.[40]

Microscopic

Features:

  • Light blue whispy material in the dermis - key feature.

DDx:

Panniculitis

This is dealt with in the panniculitis article.

DDx for panniculitis:

Rare

Necrotizing fasciitis

Not to be confused with nodular fasciitis.
  • AKA flesh-eating disease.

General

  • High mortality.
  • May be diagnosed at frozen section.[41]
  • Classically associated with Group A streptococcus.

Treatment:

  • Operative debridement.

Microscopic

Features:

  • Necrosis of fascia - key feature.[42]
    • PMNs and necrotic debris (amorphous grey or pink material).

Note:

  • Fat lobules between septae may be normal.

DDx:

Images:

Porokeratosis

General

  • Genetic.
  • Several subtypes.

Notes:

  • Not the same as punctate porokeratotic keratoderma.[43]

Microscopic

Features:

  • Cornoid lamella (pathognomonic) - key feature:
    • Compact keratosis over a hair follicle.
  • +/-Rete ridge loss.

Images:

Nevus sebaceous

  • AKA nevus sebaceous of Jadassohn.

General

  • Congenital - considered a hamartoma.[44]
  • Usually sporadic - may be transmitted autosomal dominant.[44]
  • Malignant tumours may arise within a nevus sebaceous.

Gross

Features:[44][45]

  • Head and neck plaque or papule with:
    • Well-circumscribed borders.
    • Waxy, yellow appearance.
  • Area usu. devoid of hair.[46]

DDx - gross:

Image:

Microscopic

Features:[45]

  • Abundant sebaceous glands.
  • Immature/abortive hair follicles.
    • No normal terminal hair follicles.
  • Papillomatous epidermal hyperplasia.

Images:

Nevus lipomatosus superficialis

  • Abbreviated NLS.
  • AKA nevus lipomatosus cutaneous superficialis, abbreviated NLCS.
  • AKA nevus lipomatosus.[47]

General

Clinically separated into:[50]

  • Solitary - one lesion.
  • Multiple - more than one lesion.

Gross

Features:[48]

  • Pedunculated lesion.
  • Soft.
  • Usually lower trunk or gluteal region.[51]

Image:

Microscopic

Features:[52]

DDx:

Images:

Sign out

SKIN LESION ("SKIN TAG"), LEFT HIP, EXCISION:
- NEVUS LIPOMATOSUS SUPERFICIALIS.

Bullous disease

Cysts

See also

References

  1. Busam, Klaus J. (2009). Dermatopathology: A Volume in the Foundations in Diagnostic Pathology Series (1st ed.). Saunders. pp. 26. ISBN 978-0443066542.
  2. URL: http://www.pediatrics.wisc.edu/education/derm/text.html. Accessed on: 23 August 2012.
  3. URL: http://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/DermatologyGlossary/tinea.html. Accessed on: 25 February 2013.
  4. Picascia, DD.; Robinson, JK. (Aug 1987). "Actinic cheilitis: a review of the etiology, differential diagnosis, and treatment.". J Am Acad Dermatol 17 (2 Pt 1): 255-64. PMID 3305604.
  5. Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson; Aster, Jon (2009). Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease (8th ed.). Elsevier Saunders. pp. 1188. ISBN 978-1416031215.
  6. Busam, Klaus J. (2009). Dermatopathology: A Volume in the Foundations in Diagnostic Pathology Series (1st ed.). Saunders. pp. 76. ISBN 978-0443066542.
  7. 7.0 7.1 Busam, Klaus J. (2009). Dermatopathology: A Volume in the Foundations in Diagnostic Pathology Series (1st ed.). Saunders. pp. 77. ISBN 978-0443066542.
  8. URL: http://www.dermnetnz.org/dermal-infiltrative/solar-elastosis.html. Accessed on: 27 March 2013.
  9. Thomas, NE.; Kricker, A.; From, L.; Busam, K.; Millikan, RC.; Ritchey, ME.; Armstrong, BK.; Lee-Taylor, J. et al. (Nov 2010). "Associations of cumulative sun exposure and phenotypic characteristics with histologic solar elastosis.". Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 19 (11): 2932-41. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-10-0686. PMID 20802019.
  10. 10.0 10.1 Karagas, MR.; Zens, MS.; Nelson, HH.; Mabuchi, K.; Perry, AE.; Stukel, TA.; Mott, LA.; Andrew, AS. et al. (Mar 2007). "Measures of cumulative exposure from a standardized sun exposure history questionnaire: a comparison with histologic assessment of solar skin damage.". Am J Epidemiol 165 (6): 719-26. doi:10.1093/aje/kwk055. PMID 17204514.
  11. 11.0 11.1 Humphrey, Peter A; Dehner, Louis P; Pfeifer, John D (2008). The Washington Manual of Surgical Pathology (1st ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 480. ISBN 978-0781765275.
  12. URL: http://bg.convdocs.org/docs/index-54881.html?page=10. Accessed on: 9 October 2013.
  13. URL: http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/tc/folliculitis-topic-overview. Accessed on: 7 November 2012.
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