Difference between revisions of "Microorganisms"

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=Microorganisms=
=Microorganisms=
==Fungi==
==Fungi==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|-
! Name (disease)
! Name (disease)
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| ? Immunosuppression
| ? Immunosuppression
| <ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref>
| <ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref>
| [http://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Pulmonary_aspergillosis.jpg Aspergillus (WC)], [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pulmonary_aspergillosis_cytology.jpg Aspergillus cytology (WC)]
| [[Image:Pulmonary_aspergillosis.jpg|thumb|center|150px| Aspergillus. (WC)]]
|-
|-
| Zygomycota ([[zygomycosis]]);<br>''more specific''<br>Mucorales ([[mucormycosis]])
| Zygomycota ([[zygomycosis]]);<br>''more specific''<br>Mucorales (mucormycosis)
| Fungi
| Fungi
| ?
| ?
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| Diabetes, immunodeficient
| Diabetes, immunodeficient
| <ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref>
| <ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref>
| [http://granuloma.homestead.com/ZygoHE_02.jpg Mucormycosis (homestead.com)], [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Zygomycosis.jpg Zygomycosis (WC)]
| [[Image:Zygomycosis.jpg |thumb|center|150px| Zygomycosis. (WC)]]
|-
|-
| Coccidioides, usually C. immitis<br>([[coccidioidomycosis]])
| Coccidioides, usually C. immitis<br>(coccidioidomycosis)
| Fungi
| Fungi
| '''Large''' - 20-60 micrometers,<br> endospores 1-5 micrometers
| '''Large''' - 20-60 micrometers,<br> endospores 1-5 micrometers
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| Immunodeficient
| Immunodeficient
| <ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref>
| <ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref>
| [http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mycology/cocc3.jpg Coccidioidomycosis (med.sc.edu)] [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Coccidioides_immitis_on_Sabouraud%27s_medium.jpg C. immitis (WC)] [http://www.webpathology.com/image.asp?case=374&n=3 (webpathology.com)]
| [http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mycology/cocc3.jpg Coccidioidomycosis (med.sc.edu)] [[Image:Coccidioides_immitis_on_Sabouraud%27s_medium.jpg |thumb|center|150px|C. immitis (WC)]]  
|-
|-
| Histoplasma ([[histoplasmosis]])
| Histoplasma ([[histoplasmosis]])
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| Source: soil with bird droppings
| Source: soil with bird droppings
| <ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref>
| <ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref>
| [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Histoplasma_pas-d.jpg Histoplasmosis (WC)]
| [[Image:Histoplasma_pas-d.jpg|thumb|center|150px| Histoplasmosis. (WC)]]
|-
|-
| Blastomyces ([[blastomycosis]])
| Blastomyces ([[blastomycosis]])
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| Habitat: Northeast America, Africa
| Habitat: Northeast America, Africa
| <ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref><ref>[http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mycology/mycology-6.htm http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mycology/mycology-6.htm]</ref>
| <ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref><ref>[http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mycology/mycology-6.htm http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mycology/mycology-6.htm]</ref>
| [http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mycology/blast1.jpg Blastomyces]
| [[Image:Blastomycosis_cropped.JPG | thumb|center|150px|Blastomyces. (WC)]]
|-
|-
| Paracoccidioides ([[paracoccidioidomycosis]])
| Paracoccidioides ([[paracoccidioidomycosis]])
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| Clinical???
| Clinical???
| <ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref>
| <ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref>
| [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Paracoccidioides_brasiliensis_01.jpg P. brasiliensis (WC)].
| [[Image:Paracoccidioides_brasiliensis_01.jpg |thumb|center|150px|P. brasiliensis (WC)]]
|-
|-
| Pneumocystis jirovecii ([[pneumocystis pneumonia]]; abbrev. PCP)
| Pneumocystis jirovecii ([[pneumocystis carinii pneumonia]]; abbrev. PCP)
| Fungi (previously thought to be a protozoan)
| Fungi (previously thought to be a protozoan)
| 7-8 micrometres
| 7-8 micrometres
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| [[HIV]]/AIDS associated
| [[HIV]]/AIDS associated
| <ref name=Ref_APBR684>{{Ref APBR|684}}</ref>
| <ref name=Ref_APBR684>{{Ref APBR|684}}</ref>
| [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pneumocystosis_carinii_of_lung_in_AIDS_959_lores.jpg PCP (WC)]
| [[Image:Pneumocystosis_carinii_of_lung_in_AIDS_959_lores.jpg|thumb|center|150px| PCP. (WC)]]
|-
|-
| Cryptococcus ([[cryptococcosis]])  
| Cryptococcus ([[cryptococcosis]])
| Fungi  
| Fungi  
| 5-15 micrometres
| 5-15 micrometres
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| HIV/AIDS associated, most common CNS fungus
| HIV/AIDS associated, most common CNS fungus
| <ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref>
| <ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref>
| [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cryptococcosis_of_lung_in_patient_with_AIDS_Methenamine_silver_stain_963_lores.jpg Crytococcosis - methenamine silver (WC)], [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cryptococcosis_of_lung_in_patient_with_AIDS._Mucicarmine_stain_962_lores.jpg Crytococcosis - mucicarmine (WC)].
| [[Image:Cryptococcosis_of_lung_in_patient_with_AIDS._Mucicarmine_stain_962_lores.jpg |thumb|center|150px| Crytococcosis - mucicarmine (WC)]]
|}
|}
Notes:
Notes:
Line 143: Line 143:
* "Spike" approx. the size of a [[PMN]].  
* "Spike" approx. the size of a [[PMN]].  


Images:
====Images====
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Schistosomiasis_haematobia.jpg Schistosomiasis haematobia (WC)].
<gallery>
Image:Schistosomiasis_haematobia.jpg | Schistosomiasis haematobia. (WC)
Image:Schistosoma japonicum (1) histopathology.JPG | Schistosoma japonicum. (WC/KGH)
Image:Schistosoma japonicum (2) histopathology.JPG | Schistosoma japonicum. (WC/KGH)
Image:Schistosoma japonicum (3) histopathology.JPG | Schistosoma japonicum. (WC/KGH)
Image:Schistosoma_-_intermed_mag.jpg | Schistosoma eggs - intermed. mag. (WC/Nephron)
Image:Schistosoma_-_very_high_mag.jpg | Schistosoma eggs - very high mag. (WC/Nephron)
</gallery>
www:
*[http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case622.html Schistosomiasis - several images (upmc.edu)].
*[http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case622.html Schistosomiasis - several images (upmc.edu)].
*[http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case622/images/fig08.jpg Comparison of Schistosome eggs (upmc.edu/Lancet)].
*[http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case622/images/fig08.jpg Comparison of Schistosome eggs (upmc.edu/Lancet)].
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*Common CNS infection.
*Common CNS infection.
**''Toxoplasma gondii'' - pathogenic; causes ''toxoplasmosis''.
**''Toxoplasma gondii'' - pathogenic; causes ''toxoplasmosis''.
*Protozoa.
*Previously classified as a ''protozoa''.
*A [[TORCH infection]].
*A [[TORCH infection]].


===Microscopic===
===Microscopic===
General:
General:
*Dependent on location in body.
*Tachyzoites (Invasive form):
**Crescent-shaped organisms that are 2-3μm wide by 4-8μm long.
*Bradyzoites:
**Are founded within the tissue cysts and are shorter than tachyzoites.
*Oocysst:
**Ovoid shape that measures 10μm to 12μm and contains four sporozoites.
 
*Histopathological features depend on location in body.


====Lymph node====
====Lymph node====
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*Granular appearing ball ~ 2x the size of resting lymphocyte.
*Granular appearing ball ~ 2x the size of resting lymphocyte.


Images (CNS):
=====Images (CNS)=====
*[[WC]]:
<gallery>
**[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Toxoplasmosis_-_cropped_-_very_high_mag.jpg CNS toxoplasmosis - very high mag. (WC)].
Image:Toxoplasmosis_-_cropped_-_very_high_mag.jpg | CNS toxoplasmosis - very high mag. (WC)
**[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Toxoplasmosis_-_ihc_-_very_high_mag.jpg CNS toxoplasmosis - IHC - very high mag. (WC)].
Image:Toxoplasmosis_-_ihc_-_very_high_mag.jpg | CNS toxoplasmosis - IHC - very high mag. (WC)
*www:
</gallery>
**[http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/jty1/opaq/PathQuiz/N0I001-PQ01-M.htm CNS toxoplasmosis (ouhsc.edu)].
www:
**[http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/jty1/Composites/FND5IE01-Toxoplasmosis-Micro.htm CNS toxoplasmosis (ouhsc.edu)].
*[http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/jty1/opaq/PathQuiz/N0I001-PQ01-M.htm CNS toxoplasmosis (ouhsc.edu)].
**[http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case350.html Toxoplasmosis - several images (upmc.edu)].
*[http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/jty1/Composites/FND5IE01-Toxoplasmosis-Micro.htm CNS toxoplasmosis (ouhsc.edu)].
*[http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case350.html Toxoplasmosis - several images (upmc.edu)].


====Heart====
====Heart====
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*~10-15 micrometers wide.
*~10-15 micrometers wide.


Images:
====Images====
<gallery>
Image:Strongyloides_stercoralis_larva.jpg | Strongyloides. (WC)
</gallery>
www:
*[http://www.totallyfreeimages.com/121316/This-micrograph-reveals-adult-strongyloides-nematodes-located-am Strongyloides (CDC/totallyfreeimages.com)].
*[http://www.totallyfreeimages.com/121316/This-micrograph-reveals-adult-strongyloides-nematodes-located-am Strongyloides (CDC/totallyfreeimages.com)].
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Strongyloides_stercoralis_larva.jpg Strongyloides (WC)].
*[http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/116331/enlarge Strongyloides (sciencephoto.com)].
*[http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/116331/enlarge Strongyloides (sciencephoto.com)].


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*Classically found in a [[vermiform appendix]] removed for appendicitis that does not have [[acute appendicitis]].<ref name=pmid7945067>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Dahlstrom | first1 = JE. | last2 = Macarthur | first2 = EB. | title = Enterobius vermicularis: a possible cause of symptoms resembling appendicitis. | journal = Aust N Z J Surg | volume = 64 | issue = 10 | pages = 692-4 | month = Oct | year = 1994 | doi =  | PMID = 7945067 }}</ref>  
*Classically found in a [[vermiform appendix]] removed for appendicitis that does not have [[acute appendicitis]].<ref name=pmid7945067>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Dahlstrom | first1 = JE. | last2 = Macarthur | first2 = EB. | title = Enterobius vermicularis: a possible cause of symptoms resembling appendicitis. | journal = Aust N Z J Surg | volume = 64 | issue = 10 | pages = 692-4 | month = Oct | year = 1994 | doi =  | PMID = 7945067 }}</ref>  
**See: ''[[Vermiform appendix#Enterobius vermicularis]]''.
**See: ''[[Vermiform appendix#Enterobius vermicularis]]''.
===Gross===
*Peri-anal white squiggly thing ~ 2-13 mm in length.
Image:
*[http://www.dijitalimaj.com/alamyDetail.aspx?img={14157DA6-DBE8-4E03-BE4A-69591588E153} Pinworm (dijitalimaj.com)].


===Microscopic===
===Microscopic===
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*Ovoid - double walled shells, one side flat.
*Ovoid - double walled shells, one side flat.


Images:
====Images====
*www:
www:
**[http://www.brown.edu/Courses/Digital_Path/systemic_path/GI/enterobius.html Enterobius (brown.edu)].
*[http://www.brown.edu/Courses/Digital_Path/systemic_path/GI/enterobius.html Enterobius (brown.edu)].
*[[WC]]:
<gallery>
**[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Enterobius_-_very_low_mag.jpg Enterobius - very low mag. (WC)].
Image:Enterobius_-_very_low_mag.jpg | Enterobius - very low mag. (WC)
**[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Enterobius_-_high_mag.jpg Enterobius - high mag. (WC)].
Image:Enterobius_-_high_mag.jpg | Enterobius - high mag. (WC)
**[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pinworms_in_the_Appendix_%281%29.jpg Pinworm (WC)].
Image:Pinworms_in_the_Appendix_%281%29.jpg | Pinworm (WC)
 
</gallery>
==Trichinella==
==Trichinella==
===General===
===General===
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*Small ~1-2 micrometers.
*Small ~1-2 micrometers.


Images:
====Images====
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Leishmania_donovani_01.png Leishmania - smear (WC)].
<gallery>
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Leishmania_2009-04-14_smear.JPG Leishmania - bone marrow (WC)].
Image:Leishmania_donovani_01.png | Leishmania - smear. (WC)
Image:Leishmania_2009-04-14_smear.JPG | Leishmania - bone marrow. (WC)
Image:Cutaneous_Leishmaniasis_x100 | Leishmania - cutaneous. (WC)
</gallery>
www:
*[http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/leishmaniasis/index.html Leishmania and sand fly (cdc.gov)].
*[http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/leishmaniasis/index.html Leishmania and sand fly (cdc.gov)].


===Stains===
===Stains===
*[[Giemsa stain]] - highlights organisms.
*[[Giemsa stain]] - highlights organisms.
==Microsporidiosis==
===General===
*Extremely small intracellular microorganisms.
**Human pathogenic organisms in this group include: ''Enterocytozoon bieneusi'', ''Encephalitozoon hellem'', and ''Encephalitozoon intestinalis''.<ref name=pmid21844802/>
*Important in the context of [[HIV]]/AIDS.<ref name=pmid12775504>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Orenstein | first1 = JM. | title = Diagnostic pathology of microsporidiosis. | journal = Ultrastruct Pathol | volume = 27 | issue = 3 | pages = 141-9 | month =  | year =  | doi =  | PMID = 12775504 }}</ref>
*May be seen in immune competent individuals.<ref name=pmid21844802>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Didier | first1 = ES. | last2 = Weiss | first2 = LM. | title = Microsporidiosis: not just in AIDS patients. | journal = Curr Opin Infect Dis | volume = 24 | issue = 5 | pages = 490-5 | month = Oct | year = 2011 | doi = 10.1097/QCO.0b013e32834aa152 | PMID = 21844802 }}</ref>
Clinical:<ref name=pmid21844802/>
*Diarrhea.
*Wasting.
===Microscopic===
Features:
*Non-specific changes on light microscopy.
**Blunting of intestinal villi.
Image:
*[http://images.wellcome.ac.uk/indexplus/result.html?_IXMAXHITS_=1&_IXACTION_=query&_IXFIRST_=5&_IXemailreal=true&_IXbox=50007&_IXSPFX_=templates%2Ft&_IXFPFX_=templates%2Ft Microsporidiosis (wellcome.ac.uk)].


=Viruses=
=Viruses=
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{{Main|Bacteria}}
{{Main|Bacteria}}
This is a small topic when considered from the perspective of an anatomical pathologist.  Most stuff is sorted-out by microbiology.
This is a small topic when considered from the perspective of an anatomical pathologist.  Most stuff is sorted-out by microbiology.
=Protozoa=
A historical category of organisms. Lifeforms previously categorized as ''protozoa'' are in several different ''kingdoms''.
{{Main|Amebiasis}}
{{Main|Leishmaniasis}}
{{Main|Pneumocystis jirovecii}}
{{Main|Toxoplasma}}


=Microorganisms and cancer=
=Microorganisms and cancer=
Line 375: Line 392:
*[[Hepatitis C]] - [[HCC]].
*[[Hepatitis C]] - [[HCC]].
*[[Lymphoma#Adult_T-cell_leukemia.2Flymphoma|Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I]] (HTLV-1) - [[Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma]].
*[[Lymphoma#Adult_T-cell_leukemia.2Flymphoma|Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I]] (HTLV-1) - [[Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma]].
*[[Human herpesvirus-8]] (HHV-8) - [[Kaposi sarcoma]], primary effusion lymphoma, body cavity lymphoma.  
*[[Human herpesvirus-8]] (HHV-8) - [[Kaposi sarcoma]], [[primary effusion lymphoma]], body cavity lymphoma.  
*[[Merkel cell carcinoma|Merkel cell polyomavirus]] - [[Merkel cell carcinoma]].
*[[Merkel cell carcinoma|Merkel cell polyomavirus]] - [[Merkel cell carcinoma]].


Line 394: Line 411:
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}


=External links=
*[http://www.fujita-hu.ac.jp/~tsutsumi/index.html Pathology of Infectious Diseases (fujita-hu.ac.jp)].


[[Category:Basics]]
[[Category:Basics]]
[[Category:Microorganisms]]
[[Category:Microorganisms]]

Latest revision as of 15:43, 4 December 2023

Microorganisms show-up every once in a while. It is essential to know 'em.

Microorganisms

Fungi

Name (disease) Kingdom Size Shape Stains Other (microscopic) Clinical References Image
Aspergillus (aspergillosis) Fungi ? Hyphae that branching
with 45 degrees angle
PAS-D Fruiting heads when aerobic ? Immunosuppression [1]
Aspergillus. (WC)
Zygomycota (zygomycosis);
more specific
Mucorales (mucormycosis)
Fungi ? Branching hyphae with variable width ? Granulomata assoc. Diabetes, immunodeficient [1]
Zygomycosis. (WC)
Coccidioides, usually C. immitis
(coccidioidomycosis)
Fungi Large - 20-60 micrometers,
endospores 1-5 micrometers
Spherules Stains? Other? Immunodeficient [1] Coccidioidomycosis (med.sc.edu)
C. immitis (WC)
Histoplasma (histoplasmosis) Fungi 2-5 micrometers Spherical GMS Intracellular (unlike candida), granulomata Source: soil with bird droppings [1]
Histoplasmosis. (WC)
Blastomyces (blastomycosis) Fungi 5-15 micrometres Spherical (yeast) Stains? Granulomas, broad-based budding yeast Habitat: Northeast America, Africa [1][2]
Blastomyces. (WC)
Paracoccidioides (paracoccidioidomycosis) Fungi 6-60 micrometres Spherical (yeast) Stains? Multiple budding "steering wheel" appearance Clinical??? [1]
P. brasiliensis (WC)
Pneumocystis jirovecii (pneumocystis carinii pneumonia; abbrev. PCP) Fungi (previously thought to be a protozoan) 7-8 micrometres "Dented ping-pong ball" GMS Usually in clusters of alveolar casts with a honeycomb appearance HIV/AIDS associated [3]
PCP. (WC)
Cryptococcus (cryptococcosis) Fungi 5-15 micrometres Yeast GMS Prominent (i.e. thick polysaccharide) capsule HIV/AIDS associated, most common CNS fungus [1]
Crytococcosis - mucicarmine (WC)

Notes:

  • Bold text = key features.

Fungi

  • There are lots of 'em. Below are a few of 'em.

Terminology:[4]

  • Hyphae = microscopic filamentous growth (of fungi) -- single cell.
  • Mycelial = filamentous network of hyphae.
  • Septae/septation = hyphae may be subdivided by septae -- if they aren't they are one mass of protoplasm. (?)
  • Dimorphism = exist in two forms; e.g. single cell (yeast) and mycelial growth.
  • Pseudohyphae = looks like hyphae --but branching pattern is created by separate cells.[5]

Tissue invasive fungi

Typically:[6]

  • Mucor.
  • Aspergillus.

List

Worms & stuff

Schistosomiasis

See Urine cytopathology.

General

  • Trematode, i.e. type of worm.

Microscopic

Features of ova (S. haematobium):[7]

  • Elliptical ~140 micrometres max dimension.
  • "Spike" approx. the size of a PMN.

Images

www:

Toxoplasma

General

  • Common CNS infection.
    • Toxoplasma gondii - pathogenic; causes toxoplasmosis.
  • Previously classified as a protozoa.
  • A TORCH infection.

Microscopic

General:

  • Tachyzoites (Invasive form):
    • Crescent-shaped organisms that are 2-3μm wide by 4-8μm long.
  • Bradyzoites:
    • Are founded within the tissue cysts and are shorter than tachyzoites.
  • Oocysst:
    • Ovoid shape that measures 10μm to 12μm and contains four sporozoites.
  • Histopathological features depend on location in body.

Lymph node

LN features:[8]

  • Reactive germinal centers (pale areas - larger than usual).
    • Often poorly demarcated - due to loose epithelioid cell clusters at germinal center edge - key feature.
  • Epithelioid cells - perifollicular & intrafollicular.
    • Loose aggregates of histiocytes (do not form round granulomas):
      • Abundant pale cytoplasm.
      • Nucleoli.
  • Monocytoid cells (monocyte-like cells) - in cortex & paracortex.
    • Large cells in islands/sheets key feature with:
      • Abundant pale cytoplasm - important.
      • Well-defined cell border - important.
      • Singular nucleus.
    • Cell clusters usually have interspersed neutrophils.

Images (lymph node):

CNS

CNS features:[9]

  • Granular appearing ball ~ 2x the size of resting lymphocyte.
Images (CNS)

www:

Heart

Features:

  • Intramuscular organisms.

DDx:

Images (heart):

IHC

  • IHC for toxoplasma.[10]

Strongyloidiasis

General

  • Causes by worm Strongyloides stercoralis.
  • High case mortality rate ~ 70%.[11]
  • May present after years of latency due to immune suppression.[12]

Location:

  • Lung. (???)

Microscopic

Features:

  • Long worms.
  • ~10-15 micrometers wide.

Images

www:

Echinococcus

Microscopic

Features:

  • Laminated wall +/- calcification.[13]
  • Organisms:
    • Hooklets.
    • Scoleces - knoblike anterior end of a tapeworm.[14]

Enterobius vermicularis

  • AKA pinworm.

General

Gross

  • Peri-anal white squiggly thing ~ 2-13 mm in length.

Image:

Microscopic

Features - organism:

  • 0.2-0.5 mm width x 2-13 mm length.
  • Characteristic triangular "spikes" seen on cross section - base x height ~ 30 x 30 μm.
    • Spikes is in quotations, as these are really a longitudinal blade-like ridges, that run the length of the worm.

Features - eggs:[16]

  • Ovoid - double walled shells, one side flat.

Images

www:

Trichinella

General

  • Causes Trichinosis.
    • Classically associated with uncooked pork.[17]
  • Several types; most due to T. spiralis.[17]

Microscopic

Features:

  • Worm.

Image:

Cysticercosis

General

  • Caused by Taenia solium; pork tapeworm.
  • May cause epilepsy; most common parasitic CNS infection.[19]

Gross

  • Multiple cystic spaces.

Image:

Microscopic

Features:

  • Large ovoid body with complex structures (cross-section of worm) - size: millimetres.
    • +/-External eosinophilic microvilli.
    • +/-Gastrointestinal tract - ovoid structure within the worm.

Notes:

  • Histomorphology is not distinctive for the type... microbiology usually figures it out.

Images:

Rhinosporidiosis

Not to be confused with rhinoscleroma.

General

  • Caused by parasite Rinosporidium seeberi.
    • India, Sri Lanka.
  • Nasal mass.
    • May present with obstruction.[20]

Microscopic

Features:[21][20]

  • Globular cysts ~ 100 micrometers with endospores:
    • Hyperchromatic (blue) spherical 10-100 micrometer.

Images:

Stains

Leishmaniasis

General

  • Caused by protozoa in the group Leishmania group.
  • Transmitted to humans by the sand fly.

May be:

Microscopic

Features:

  • Small ~1-2 micrometers.

Images

www:

Stains

Viruses

This is a fairly big topic. There are about half a dozen viral inclusions (e.g. CMV, HSV, VZV, adenovirus) a decent pathologist ought to be able to identify. The virus article covers 'em.

Bacteria

This is a small topic when considered from the perspective of an anatomical pathologist. Most stuff is sorted-out by microbiology.

Protozoa

A historical category of organisms. Lifeforms previously categorized as protozoa are in several different kingdoms.

Microorganisms and cancer

Viruses and cancer

A number of microorganisms are associated with the development of cancer:[25]

Bacteria and cancer

Parasites and cancer

See also

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Lefkowitch, Jay H. (2006). Anatomic Pathology Board Review (1st ed.). Saunders. pp. 682. ISBN 978-1416025887.
  2. http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mycology/mycology-6.htm
  3. Lefkowitch, Jay H. (2006). Anatomic Pathology Board Review (1st ed.). Saunders. pp. 684. ISBN 978-1416025887.
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