Difference between revisions of "Microorganisms"

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'''Microorganisms''' show-up every once in a while.  It is essential to know 'em.
'''Microorganisms''' show-up every once in a while.  It is essential to know 'em.


==Microorganisms==
=Microorganisms=
 
==Fungi==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|-
! Name (disease)
! Name (disease)
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! Image
! Image
|-
|-
| Aspergillus (aspergillosis)
| Aspergillus ([[aspergillosis]])
| Fungi
| Fungi
| ?
| ?
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| ? Immunosuppression
| ? Immunosuppression
| <ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref>
| <ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref>
| [http://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Pulmonary_aspergillosis.jpg Aspergillus (WC)], [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pulmonary_aspergillosis_cytology.jpg Aspergillus cytology (WC)]
| [[Image:Pulmonary_aspergillosis.jpg|thumb|center|150px| Aspergillus. (WC)]]
|-
|-
| Zygomycota (zygomycosis);<br>''more specific''<br>Mucorales (mucormycosis)
| Zygomycota ([[zygomycosis]]);<br>''more specific''<br>Mucorales (mucormycosis)
| Fungi
| Fungi
| ?
| ?
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| Diabetes, immunodeficient
| Diabetes, immunodeficient
| <ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref>
| <ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref>
| [http://granuloma.homestead.com/ZygoHE_02.jpg Mucormycosis (homestead.com)], [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Zygomycosis.jpg Zygomycosis (WC)]
| [[Image:Zygomycosis.jpg |thumb|center|150px| Zygomycosis. (WC)]]
|-
|-
| Coccidioides, usually C. immitis<br>(coccidioidomycosis)
| Coccidioides, usually C. immitis<br>(coccidioidomycosis)
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| Immunodeficient
| Immunodeficient
| <ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref>
| <ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref>
| [http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mycology/cocc3.jpg Coccidioidomycosis (med.sc.edu)] [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Coccidioides_immitis_on_Sabouraud%27s_medium.jpg C. immitis (WC)]
| [http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mycology/cocc3.jpg Coccidioidomycosis (med.sc.edu)] [[Image:Coccidioides_immitis_on_Sabouraud%27s_medium.jpg |thumb|center|150px|C. immitis (WC)]]  
|-
|-
| Histoplasma (histoplasmosis)
| Histoplasma ([[histoplasmosis]])
| Fungi
| Fungi
| 2-5 micrometers
| 2-5 micrometers
| Spherical
| Spherical
| GMS
| [[GMS]]
| '''Intracellular (unlike candida), granulomata'''
| '''Intracellular (unlike candida), granulomata'''
| Source: soil with bird droppings
| Source: soil with bird droppings
| <ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref>
| <ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref>
| [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Histoplasma_pas-d.jpg Histoplasmosis (WC)]
| [[Image:Histoplasma_pas-d.jpg|thumb|center|150px| Histoplasmosis. (WC)]]
|-
|-
| Blastomyces (Blastomycosis)
| Blastomyces ([[blastomycosis]])
| Fungi
| Fungi
| 5-15 micrometres
| 5-15 micrometres
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| Habitat: Northeast America, Africa
| Habitat: Northeast America, Africa
| <ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref><ref>[http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mycology/mycology-6.htm http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mycology/mycology-6.htm]</ref>
| <ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref><ref>[http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mycology/mycology-6.htm http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mycology/mycology-6.htm]</ref>
| [http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mycology/blast1.jpg Blastomyces]
| [[Image:Blastomycosis_cropped.JPG | thumb|center|150px|Blastomyces. (WC)]]
|-
|-
| Paracoccidioides (Paracoccidioidomycosis)
| Paracoccidioides ([[paracoccidioidomycosis]])
| Fungi
| Fungi
| 6-60 micrometres
| 6-60 micrometres
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| Clinical???
| Clinical???
| <ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref>
| <ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref>
| [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Paracoccidioides_brasiliensis_01.jpg P. brasiliensis (WC)].
| [[Image:Paracoccidioides_brasiliensis_01.jpg |thumb|center|150px|P. brasiliensis (WC)]]
|-
|-
| Pneumocystis jirovecii (Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia; abbrev. PCP)
| Pneumocystis jirovecii ([[pneumocystis carinii pneumonia]]; abbrev. PCP)
| Fungi (previously thought to be a protozoan)
| Fungi (previously thought to be a protozoan)
| 7-8 micrometres
| 7-8 micrometres
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| [[HIV]]/AIDS associated
| [[HIV]]/AIDS associated
| <ref name=Ref_APBR684>{{Ref APBR|684}}</ref>
| <ref name=Ref_APBR684>{{Ref APBR|684}}</ref>
| [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pneumocystosis_carinii_of_lung_in_AIDS_959_lores.jpg PCP (WC)]
| [[Image:Pneumocystosis_carinii_of_lung_in_AIDS_959_lores.jpg|thumb|center|150px| PCP. (WC)]]
|-
|-
| Cryptococcosis
| Cryptococcus ([[cryptococcosis]])
| Fungi  
| Fungi  
| 5-15 micrometres
| 5-15 micrometres
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| HIV/AIDS associated, most common CNS fungus
| HIV/AIDS associated, most common CNS fungus
| <ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref>
| <ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref>
| [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cryptococcosis_of_lung_in_patient_with_AIDS_Methenamine_silver_stain_963_lores.jpg Crytococcosis - methenamine silver (WC)], [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cryptococcosis_of_lung_in_patient_with_AIDS._Mucicarmine_stain_962_lores.jpg Crytococcosis - mucicarmine (WC)].
| [[Image:Cryptococcosis_of_lung_in_patient_with_AIDS._Mucicarmine_stain_962_lores.jpg |thumb|center|150px| Crytococcosis - mucicarmine (WC)]]
|}
|}
Notes:
Notes:
*'''Bold''' text = key features.
*'''Bold''' text = key features.


==Fungi==
=Fungi=
{{Main|Fungi}}
*There are lots of 'em.  Below are a few of 'em.
*There are lots of 'em.  Below are a few of 'em.


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===Tissue invasive fungi===
===Tissue invasive fungi===
Typically:<ref>CM 17 Apr 2009.</ref>
Typically:<ref>CM 17 Apr 2009.</ref>
*Mucor
*Mucor.
*Aspergillus
*Aspergillus.


==Histoplasmosis==
===List===
*''Histoplasma capulatum'' - primative fungus, typical location: lung.
*[[Histoplasmosis]].
** Often in yeast form in tissue 2-5 micrometres.<ref name=Ref_WMSP103>{{Ref WMSP|103}}</ref>
*[[Coccidioidomycosis]].
** Nice bright red on PAS-D - [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Histoplasma_pas-d.jpg histoplasmosis (wikipedia.org)].
*[[Pneumocystis pneumonia]].
*** Have a "central dot"<ref>URL: [http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/jty1/opaq/PathQuiz/A6I001-PQ01-M.htm http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/jty1/opaq/PathQuiz/A6I001-PQ01-M.htm]. Accessed on: 19 October 2010</ref> - [http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/jty1/opaq/PathQuiz/PQ-Images/A6I001-3.gif histoplasma (ouhsc.edu)].
*[[Cryptococcus]].
*[[Cryptosporidiosis]].
*[[Candidiasis]].
*[[Blastomycosis]].
*[[Mucormycosis]].


==Coccidiomycosis==
=Worms & stuff=
*''Coccidioides immitis'' - fungus, from soil, typical locations: lung, oral cavity.<ref name=Ref_WMSP3>{{Ref WMSP|3}}</ref>
** Forms spherules 60-80 micrometres in size.<ref name=Ref_WMSP103>{{Ref WMSP|103}}</ref>
** [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mature_spherule_with_endospores_of_Coccidioides_immitis_PHIL_480_lores.jpg Coccidioides (commons.wikimedia.org)].


==Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) ==
==Schistosomiasis==
*''Pneumocystis jirovecii'' (used to be called ''Pneumocystis carinii'') - fungus (that used to be considered a parasite), typical location: lung.
:''See [[Urine cytopathology]]''.
**Clinical: Opportunistic infection. May have subtle finding on chest x-ray.
**"Dented ping-pong ball" appearance;<ref name=Ref_WMSP103>{{Ref WMSP|103}}</ref> - remember '''P'''C'''P''' = '''p'''ing-'''p'''ong.
**Approximately 7-8 micrometres in size - [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pneumocystosis_carinii_of_lung_in_AIDS_959_lores.jpg PCP (WP)].  [http://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&search=Pneumocystis+carinii&go=Go Several images are here (WC)].
 
==Cryptococcus==
*Usually ''C. neoformans'', fungus - opportunistic infection, typical location: lung.
*Most common fungus seen in CSF specimens.<ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref>
 
Appearance:
*Yeast:
**Round/ovoid 5-15 micrometres (may resemble Histoplasma or Candida -- but often larger).
**Thick mucopolysacchardie capsule + refractile centre.<ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref>
**"Tear drop-shapped" budding pattern (useful to differentiate from Blastomyces, Histoplasma).<ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref>
 
Images:
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cryptococcosis_of_lung_in_patient_with_AIDS._Mucicarmine_stain_962_lores.jpg Micrograph of crytococcosis - mucicarmine stain (WC)].
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cryptococcosis_of_lung_in_patient_with_AIDS_Methenamine_silver_stain_963_lores.jpg Micrograph of crytococcosis - methenamine silver stain (WC)].
 
Notes:
*May be confused with corpora amylacea in the CNS, esp. as they (like cryptococci) stain for methenamine silver, Alcian blue, and PAS.<ref>URL: [http://flylib.com/books/en/2.953.1.17/1/ http://flylib.com/books/en/2.953.1.17/1/]. Accessed on: 15 December 2010.</ref>
 
==Cryptosporidiosis==
===General===
*Caused by cryptosporidium.
*Fecal-oral transmission.
*Usu. in immunoincompetent individuals, e.g. [[HIV|HIV/AIDS]].
 
===Microscopic===
Features:
*Uniform spherical nodules 2-4 micrometres in diameter, typical location - GI tract brush border.
**Bluish staining of brush border '''key feature''' - low power.
 
Images:
*[http://www.co.hennepin.mn.us/portal/site/HCInternet/menuitem.3f94db53874f9b6f68ce1e10b1466498/?vgnextoid=bab360a6bb9fc010VgnVCM1000000f094689RCRD Micrograph of cryptosporidium in the gallbladder (hennepin.mn.us)].
*[http://www.tulane.edu/~wiser/protozoology/notes/images/cp_path.gif Schematic picture of cryptosporidium & bowel (tulane.edu)].
*[http://www.brown.edu/Courses/Digital_Path/systemic_path/GI/cryptosporidiosis.html Micrograph of cryptosporidiosis (brown.edu)].
*[http://www.sciencephoto.com/images/download_lo_res.html?id=670052525 Cryptosporidium - colon (sciencephoto.com)].
 
Notes:
*Cryptosporidium parvum?<ref>[http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/HTML/Cryptosporidiosis.htm http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/HTML/Cryptosporidiosis.htm]</ref>
 
==Candidiasis==
*Commonly ''Candida albicans'' - yeast (fungus), locations: oral cavity, vagina.
*''Dimorphic'' - seen in two forms:
**Pseudohyphae<ref name=Ref_WMSP3>{{Ref WMSP|3}}</ref>  - collections of many ''C. albicans'' cells in a branching pattern.
**Yeast form - single cells, 10 to 12 micrometres in diameter, gram positive.<ref>[http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mycology/mycology-3.htm http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mycology/mycology-3.htm]</ref>
*Stains: PAS, methenamine silver.
*Images:
**[http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mycology/candi4.jpg Candida (pseudohyphae) - methenamine silver (med.sc.edu)].
**[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Candida_pap_1.jpg Candida on Pap test (WC)].
 
==Blastomycosis==
*Usually ''Blastomyces dermatitidis'' - fungus.
*May be in the oral cavity.<ref name=Ref_WMSP3>{{Ref WMSP|3}}</ref>
*Histology = '''B'''road-based budding yeast -- is '''B'''lastomyces.<ref name=pmid12375640>PMID 12375640</ref>
**The interface between two separating fungi, i.e. fungi in the process of reproducing, is very large.
*Images:
**[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blastomycosis_cropped.JPG Blastomycosis (wikimedia.org)].
**[http://www.pathguy.com/lectures/blastomycosis.jpg Blastomycosis - budding (pathguy.com)].
**[http://www.lahey.org/Medical/InfectiousDiseases/ID_Blastomycosis.asp Blastomycosis - with broad budding (lahey.org)].
 
 
==Mucormycosis==
===General===
===General===
*Causative organism: Mucorales.
*Trematode, i.e. type of worm.
**Kingdom: Fungi.
**AKA ''Zygomycota'' (zygomycosis).
*Assoc. with diabetes, immunodeficiency.
 
===Histology===
Features:<ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref>
*Branching hyphae variable width.
*Granulomata associated.
 
Image:
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Zygomycosis.jpg Zygomycosis - cytology (WC)].
*[http://granuloma.homestead.com/ZygoHE_02.jpg Mucormycosis (homestead.com)].
 
==Worms & stuff==


==Schistosoma==
*Due to:
:''See [[Urine cytopathology]]''.
**''Schistosoma mansoni''.
*Associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the [[urinary bladder|bladder]].  
**''Schistosoma haematobium''.
**''Schistosoma japonicum''
*''S. haematobium'' infection associated with [[squamous cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder]].
**Classically presents with hematuria.


===Microscopic===
===Microscopic===
Features of ova:
Features of ova (''S. haematobium''):<ref>URL: [http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case622/dx.html http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case622/dx.html]. Accessed on: 26 January 2012.</ref>
* Elliptical ~80 micrometres max dimension.
* Elliptical ~140 micrometres max dimension.
* S. haematobium has a "spike" approx. the size of a PMN.  
* "Spike" approx. the size of a [[PMN]].  


Image:
====Images====
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Schistosomiasis_haematobia.jpg Schistosomiasis haematobia (WC)].
<gallery>
Image:Schistosomiasis_haematobia.jpg | Schistosomiasis haematobia. (WC)
Image:Schistosoma japonicum (1) histopathology.JPG | Schistosoma japonicum. (WC/KGH)
Image:Schistosoma japonicum (2) histopathology.JPG | Schistosoma japonicum. (WC/KGH)
Image:Schistosoma japonicum (3) histopathology.JPG | Schistosoma japonicum. (WC/KGH)
Image:Schistosoma_-_intermed_mag.jpg | Schistosoma eggs - intermed. mag. (WC/Nephron)
Image:Schistosoma_-_very_high_mag.jpg | Schistosoma eggs - very high mag. (WC/Nephron)
</gallery>
www:
*[http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case622.html Schistosomiasis - several images (upmc.edu)].
*[http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case622/images/fig08.jpg Comparison of Schistosome eggs (upmc.edu/Lancet)].


==Toxoplasma==
==Toxoplasma==
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*Common CNS infection.
*Common CNS infection.
**''Toxoplasma gondii'' - pathogenic; causes ''toxoplasmosis''.
**''Toxoplasma gondii'' - pathogenic; causes ''toxoplasmosis''.
*Protozoa.
*Previously classified as a ''protozoa''.
*A [[TORCH infection]].


===Microscopic===
===Microscopic===
General:
General:
*Dependent on location in body.
*Tachyzoites (Invasive form):
**Crescent-shaped organisms that are 2-3μm wide by 4-8μm long.
*Bradyzoites:
**Are founded within the tissue cysts and are shorter than tachyzoites.
*Oocysst:
**Ovoid shape that measures 10μm to 12μm and contains four sporozoites.
 
*Histopathological features depend on location in body.


====Lymph node====
====Lymph node====
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*Granular appearing ball ~ 2x the size of resting lymphocyte.
*Granular appearing ball ~ 2x the size of resting lymphocyte.


Images (CNS):
=====Images (CNS)=====
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Toxoplasmosis_-_cropped_-_very_high_mag.jpg CNS toxoplasmosis - very high mag. (WC)].
<gallery>
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Toxoplasmosis_-_ihc_-_very_high_mag.jpg CNS toxoplasmosis - IHC - very high mag. (WC)].
Image:Toxoplasmosis_-_cropped_-_very_high_mag.jpg | CNS toxoplasmosis - very high mag. (WC)
Image:Toxoplasmosis_-_ihc_-_very_high_mag.jpg | CNS toxoplasmosis - IHC - very high mag. (WC)
</gallery>
www:
*[http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/jty1/opaq/PathQuiz/N0I001-PQ01-M.htm CNS toxoplasmosis (ouhsc.edu)].
*[http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/jty1/opaq/PathQuiz/N0I001-PQ01-M.htm CNS toxoplasmosis (ouhsc.edu)].
*[http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/jty1/Composites/FND5IE01-Toxoplasmosis-Micro.htm CNS toxoplasmosis (ouhsc.edu)].
*[http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/jty1/Composites/FND5IE01-Toxoplasmosis-Micro.htm CNS toxoplasmosis (ouhsc.edu)].
*[http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case350.html Toxoplasmosis - several images (upmc.edu)].
====Heart====
Features:
*Intramuscular organisms.
DDx:
*[[Chagas disease]]. (???)
Images (heart):
*[http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case160.html Toxoplasmosis (upmc.edu)].


===IHC===
===IHC===
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*~10-15 micrometers wide.
*~10-15 micrometers wide.


Images:
====Images====
<gallery>
Image:Strongyloides_stercoralis_larva.jpg | Strongyloides. (WC)
</gallery>
www:
*[http://www.totallyfreeimages.com/121316/This-micrograph-reveals-adult-strongyloides-nematodes-located-am Strongyloides (CDC/totallyfreeimages.com)].
*[http://www.totallyfreeimages.com/121316/This-micrograph-reveals-adult-strongyloides-nematodes-located-am Strongyloides (CDC/totallyfreeimages.com)].
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Strongyloides_stercoralis_larva.jpg Strongyloides (WC)].
*[http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/116331/enlarge Strongyloides (sciencephoto.com)].
*[http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/116331/enlarge Strongyloides (sciencephoto.com)].


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==Enterobius vermicularis==
==Enterobius vermicularis==
*AKA ''pinworm''.
*AKA ''pinworm''.
===General===
*Classically found in a [[vermiform appendix]] removed for appendicitis that does not have [[acute appendicitis]].<ref name=pmid7945067>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Dahlstrom | first1 = JE. | last2 = Macarthur | first2 = EB. | title = Enterobius vermicularis: a possible cause of symptoms resembling appendicitis. | journal = Aust N Z J Surg | volume = 64 | issue = 10 | pages = 692-4 | month = Oct | year = 1994 | doi =  | PMID = 7945067 }}</ref>
**See: ''[[Vermiform appendix#Enterobius vermicularis]]''.


Features:<ref name=Ref_APBR685>{{Ref APBR|685}}</ref>
===Gross===
*Ovoid eggs - double walled shells, one side flat.
*Peri-anal white squiggly thing ~ 2-13 mm in length.


Images:
Image:
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pinworms_in_the_Appendix_%281%29.jpg Pinworm (WC)].
*[http://www.dijitalimaj.com/alamyDetail.aspx?img={14157DA6-DBE8-4E03-BE4A-69591588E153} Pinworm (dijitalimaj.com)].
 
===Microscopic===
Features - organism:
*0.2-0.5 mm width x 2-13 mm length.
*Characteristic triangular "spikes" seen on cross section - base x height ~ 30 x 30 μm.
**''Spikes'' is in quotations, as these are really a longitudinal blade-like ridges, that run the length of the worm.
 
Features - eggs:<ref name=Ref_APBR685>{{Ref APBR|685}}</ref>
*Ovoid - double walled shells, one side flat.


====Images====
www:
*[http://www.brown.edu/Courses/Digital_Path/systemic_path/GI/enterobius.html Enterobius (brown.edu)].
<gallery>
Image:Enterobius_-_very_low_mag.jpg | Enterobius - very low mag. (WC)
Image:Enterobius_-_high_mag.jpg | Enterobius - high mag. (WC)
Image:Pinworms_in_the_Appendix_%281%29.jpg | Pinworm (WC)
</gallery>
==Trichinella==
==Trichinella==
===General===
===General===
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*May cause [[epilepsy]]; most common parasitic CNS infection.<ref name=pmid19208982>{{cite journal |author=Prasad KN, Prasad A, Verma A, Singh AK |title=Human cysticercosis and Indian scenario: a review |journal=J. Biosci. |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=571–82 |year=2008 |month=November |pmid=19208982 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*May cause [[epilepsy]]; most common parasitic CNS infection.<ref name=pmid19208982>{{cite journal |author=Prasad KN, Prasad A, Verma A, Singh AK |title=Human cysticercosis and Indian scenario: a review |journal=J. Biosci. |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=571–82 |year=2008 |month=November |pmid=19208982 |doi= |url=}}</ref>


==Viruses==
===Gross===
*Multiple cystic spaces.
 
Image:
*[http://reference.medscape.com/features/slideshow/neurocysticercosis Neurocysticercosis (medscape.com)].
 
===Microscopic===
Features:
*Large ovoid body with complex structures (cross-section of worm) - size: millimetres.
**+/-External eosinophilic microvilli.
**+/-Gastrointestinal tract - ovoid structure within the worm.
 
Notes:
*Histomorphology is not distinctive for the type... microbiology usually figures it out.
 
Images:
*[http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/html/imagelibrary/A-F/Cysticercosis/body_Cysticercosis_il1.htm Cysticercosis (cdc.gov)].
*[http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/116340/enlarge Cysticercosis (sciencephoto.com)].
*[http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case154.html Neurocysticercosis - case 1 (upmc.edu)].
*[http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case376.html Neurocysticercosis - case 2 (upmc.edu)].
 
==Rhinosporidiosis==
:'''''Not''' to be confused with [[rhinoscleroma]]''.
===General===
*Caused by parasite ''Rinosporidium seeberi''.
**India, Sri Lanka.
*Nasal mass.
**May present with obstruction.<ref name=pmid16945122/>
 
===Microscopic===
Features:<ref>URL: [http://www.histopathology-india.net/Rhino.htm http://www.histopathology-india.net/Rhino.htm]. Accessed on: 4 January 2012.</ref><ref name=pmid16945122/>
*Globular cysts ~ 100 micrometers with endospores:
**Hyperchromatic (blue) spherical 10-100 micrometer.
 
Images:
*[http://www.arquivosdeorl.org.br/conteudo/imagesFORL/11-02-19-fig01-ing.gif Rhinosporidiosis (arquivosdeorl.org.br)].<ref>URL: [http://www.arquivosdeorl.org.br/conteudo/acervo_eng.asp?id=428 http://www.arquivosdeorl.org.br/conteudo/acervo_eng.asp?id=428]. 4 January 2012.</ref>
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1560165/figure/F1/ Rhinosporidiosis (nih.gov)].<ref name=pmid16945122>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Morelli | first1 = L. | last2 = Polce | first2 = M. | last3 = Piscioli | first3 = F. | last4 = Del Nonno | first4 = F. | last5 = Covello | first5 = R. | last6 = Brenna | first6 = A. | last7 = Cione | first7 = A. | last8 = Licci | first8 = S. | title = Human nasal rhinosporidiosis: an Italian case report. | journal = Diagn Pathol | volume = 1 | issue =  | pages = 25 | month =  | year = 2006 | doi = 10.1186/1746-1596-1-25 | PMID = 16945122 |PMC = 1560165 | URL = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1560165/?tool=pubmed}}</ref>
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1560165/figure/F2/ Rhinosporidiosis (nih.gov)].
 
===Stains===
*[[GMS stain]] +ve organisms.
 
==Leishmaniasis==
===General===
*Caused by protozoa in the group ''Leishmania'' group.
*Transmitted to humans by the ''sand fly''.
 
May be:
*Cutaneous.<ref name=pmid20377337>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Goto | first1 = H. | last2 = Lindoso | first2 = JA. | title = Current diagnosis and treatment of cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. | journal = Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther | volume = 8 | issue = 4 | pages = 419-33 | month = Apr | year = 2010 | doi = 10.1586/eri.10.19 | PMID = 20377337 }}</ref>
*Mucocutaneous.<ref name=pmid20377337/>
*Visceral.<ref name=pmid19708817>{{Cite journal  | last1 = den Boer | first1 = ML. | last2 = Alvar | first2 = J. | last3 = Davidson | first3 = RN. | last4 = Ritmeijer | first4 = K. | last5 = Balasegaram | first5 = M. | title = Developments in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis. | journal = Expert Opin Emerg Drugs | volume = 14 | issue = 3 | pages = 395-410 | month = Sep | year = 2009 | doi = 10.1517/14728210903153862 | PMID = 19708817 }}</ref>
 
===Microscopic===
Features:
*Small ~1-2 micrometers.
 
====Images====
<gallery>
Image:Leishmania_donovani_01.png | Leishmania - smear. (WC)
Image:Leishmania_2009-04-14_smear.JPG | Leishmania - bone marrow. (WC)
Image:Cutaneous_Leishmaniasis_x100 | Leishmania - cutaneous. (WC)
</gallery>
www:
*[http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/leishmaniasis/index.html Leishmania and sand fly (cdc.gov)].
 
===Stains===
*[[Giemsa stain]] - highlights organisms.
 
=Viruses=
{{Main|Viruses}}
{{Main|Viruses}}
This is a fairly big topic.  There are about half a dozen viral inclusions (e.g. [[CMV]], [[HSV]], [[VZV]], [[adenovirus]]) a decent pathologist ought to be able to identify.  The ''virus'' article covers 'em.
This is a fairly big topic.  There are about half a dozen viral inclusions (e.g. [[CMV]], [[HSV]], [[VZV]], [[adenovirus]]) a decent pathologist ought to be able to identify.  The ''virus'' article covers 'em.


==See also==
=Bacteria=
{{Main|Bacteria}}
This is a small topic when considered from the perspective of an anatomical pathologist.  Most stuff is sorted-out by microbiology.
 
=Protozoa=
A historical category of organisms. Lifeforms previously categorized as ''protozoa'' are in several different ''kingdoms''.
{{Main|Amebiasis}}
{{Main|Leishmaniasis}}
{{Main|Pneumocystis jirovecii}}
{{Main|Toxoplasma}}
 
=Microorganisms and cancer=
==Viruses and cancer==
A number of microorganisms are associated with the development of cancer:<ref>{{Ref PCPBoD8|168}}</ref>
*[[Human papillomavirus]] (HPV) - cancer of cervix, vulva, vagina, penis, anus, head & neck.
*[[Epstein-Barr virus]] - [[Burkitt lymphoma]], [[Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder]], classical [[Hodgkin lymphoma]] (all but ''[[Nodular sclerosis Hodgkin lymphoma|nodular sclerosis HL]]''), [[nasopharyngeal carcinoma]].
*[[Hepatitis B]] - [[HCC]].
*[[Hepatitis C]] - [[HCC]].
*[[Lymphoma#Adult_T-cell_leukemia.2Flymphoma|Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I]] (HTLV-1) - [[Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma]].
*[[Human herpesvirus-8]] (HHV-8) - [[Kaposi sarcoma]], [[primary effusion lymphoma]], body cavity lymphoma.
*[[Merkel cell carcinoma|Merkel cell polyomavirus]] - [[Merkel cell carcinoma]].
 
==Bacteria and cancer==
*[[Helicobacter pylori]] - [[MALT lymphoma]], [[gastric carcinoma]].
 
==Parasites and cancer==
*[[Schistosoma haematobium]] - [[squamous cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder]].
*Clonorchis sinensis (AKA Opisthorchis sinensis) - [[cholangiocarcinoma]].
*Opisthorchis viverrini - [[cholangiocarcinoma]].
 
=See also=
*[[Staining]].
*[[Staining]].
*[[Immunohistochemistry]].
*[[Immunohistochemistry]].
*[[Viruses]].
*[[Viruses]].


==References==
=References=
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}


=External links=
*[http://www.fujita-hu.ac.jp/~tsutsumi/index.html Pathology of Infectious Diseases (fujita-hu.ac.jp)].


[[Category:Basics]]
[[Category:Basics]]
[[Category:Microorganisms]]
[[Category:Microorganisms]]

Latest revision as of 15:43, 4 December 2023

Microorganisms show-up every once in a while. It is essential to know 'em.

Microorganisms

Fungi

Name (disease) Kingdom Size Shape Stains Other (microscopic) Clinical References Image
Aspergillus (aspergillosis) Fungi ? Hyphae that branching
with 45 degrees angle
PAS-D Fruiting heads when aerobic ? Immunosuppression [1]
Aspergillus. (WC)
Zygomycota (zygomycosis);
more specific
Mucorales (mucormycosis)
Fungi ? Branching hyphae with variable width ? Granulomata assoc. Diabetes, immunodeficient [1]
Zygomycosis. (WC)
Coccidioides, usually C. immitis
(coccidioidomycosis)
Fungi Large - 20-60 micrometers,
endospores 1-5 micrometers
Spherules Stains? Other? Immunodeficient [1] Coccidioidomycosis (med.sc.edu)
C. immitis (WC)
Histoplasma (histoplasmosis) Fungi 2-5 micrometers Spherical GMS Intracellular (unlike candida), granulomata Source: soil with bird droppings [1]
Histoplasmosis. (WC)
Blastomyces (blastomycosis) Fungi 5-15 micrometres Spherical (yeast) Stains? Granulomas, broad-based budding yeast Habitat: Northeast America, Africa [1][2]
Blastomyces. (WC)
Paracoccidioides (paracoccidioidomycosis) Fungi 6-60 micrometres Spherical (yeast) Stains? Multiple budding "steering wheel" appearance Clinical??? [1]
P. brasiliensis (WC)
Pneumocystis jirovecii (pneumocystis carinii pneumonia; abbrev. PCP) Fungi (previously thought to be a protozoan) 7-8 micrometres "Dented ping-pong ball" GMS Usually in clusters of alveolar casts with a honeycomb appearance HIV/AIDS associated [3]
PCP. (WC)
Cryptococcus (cryptococcosis) Fungi 5-15 micrometres Yeast GMS Prominent (i.e. thick polysaccharide) capsule HIV/AIDS associated, most common CNS fungus [1]
Crytococcosis - mucicarmine (WC)

Notes:

  • Bold text = key features.

Fungi

  • There are lots of 'em. Below are a few of 'em.

Terminology:[4]

  • Hyphae = microscopic filamentous growth (of fungi) -- single cell.
  • Mycelial = filamentous network of hyphae.
  • Septae/septation = hyphae may be subdivided by septae -- if they aren't they are one mass of protoplasm. (?)
  • Dimorphism = exist in two forms; e.g. single cell (yeast) and mycelial growth.
  • Pseudohyphae = looks like hyphae --but branching pattern is created by separate cells.[5]

Tissue invasive fungi

Typically:[6]

  • Mucor.
  • Aspergillus.

List

Worms & stuff

Schistosomiasis

See Urine cytopathology.

General

  • Trematode, i.e. type of worm.

Microscopic

Features of ova (S. haematobium):[7]

  • Elliptical ~140 micrometres max dimension.
  • "Spike" approx. the size of a PMN.

Images

www:

Toxoplasma

General

  • Common CNS infection.
    • Toxoplasma gondii - pathogenic; causes toxoplasmosis.
  • Previously classified as a protozoa.
  • A TORCH infection.

Microscopic

General:

  • Tachyzoites (Invasive form):
    • Crescent-shaped organisms that are 2-3μm wide by 4-8μm long.
  • Bradyzoites:
    • Are founded within the tissue cysts and are shorter than tachyzoites.
  • Oocysst:
    • Ovoid shape that measures 10μm to 12μm and contains four sporozoites.
  • Histopathological features depend on location in body.

Lymph node

LN features:[8]

  • Reactive germinal centers (pale areas - larger than usual).
    • Often poorly demarcated - due to loose epithelioid cell clusters at germinal center edge - key feature.
  • Epithelioid cells - perifollicular & intrafollicular.
    • Loose aggregates of histiocytes (do not form round granulomas):
      • Abundant pale cytoplasm.
      • Nucleoli.
  • Monocytoid cells (monocyte-like cells) - in cortex & paracortex.
    • Large cells in islands/sheets key feature with:
      • Abundant pale cytoplasm - important.
      • Well-defined cell border - important.
      • Singular nucleus.
    • Cell clusters usually have interspersed neutrophils.

Images (lymph node):

CNS

CNS features:[9]

  • Granular appearing ball ~ 2x the size of resting lymphocyte.
Images (CNS)

www:

Heart

Features:

  • Intramuscular organisms.

DDx:

Images (heart):

IHC

  • IHC for toxoplasma.[10]

Strongyloidiasis

General

  • Causes by worm Strongyloides stercoralis.
  • High case mortality rate ~ 70%.[11]
  • May present after years of latency due to immune suppression.[12]

Location:

  • Lung. (???)

Microscopic

Features:

  • Long worms.
  • ~10-15 micrometers wide.

Images

www:

Echinococcus

Microscopic

Features:

  • Laminated wall +/- calcification.[13]
  • Organisms:
    • Hooklets.
    • Scoleces - knoblike anterior end of a tapeworm.[14]

Enterobius vermicularis

  • AKA pinworm.

General

Gross

  • Peri-anal white squiggly thing ~ 2-13 mm in length.

Image:

Microscopic

Features - organism:

  • 0.2-0.5 mm width x 2-13 mm length.
  • Characteristic triangular "spikes" seen on cross section - base x height ~ 30 x 30 μm.
    • Spikes is in quotations, as these are really a longitudinal blade-like ridges, that run the length of the worm.

Features - eggs:[16]

  • Ovoid - double walled shells, one side flat.

Images

www:

Trichinella

General

  • Causes Trichinosis.
    • Classically associated with uncooked pork.[17]
  • Several types; most due to T. spiralis.[17]

Microscopic

Features:

  • Worm.

Image:

Cysticercosis

General

  • Caused by Taenia solium; pork tapeworm.
  • May cause epilepsy; most common parasitic CNS infection.[19]

Gross

  • Multiple cystic spaces.

Image:

Microscopic

Features:

  • Large ovoid body with complex structures (cross-section of worm) - size: millimetres.
    • +/-External eosinophilic microvilli.
    • +/-Gastrointestinal tract - ovoid structure within the worm.

Notes:

  • Histomorphology is not distinctive for the type... microbiology usually figures it out.

Images:

Rhinosporidiosis

Not to be confused with rhinoscleroma.

General

  • Caused by parasite Rinosporidium seeberi.
    • India, Sri Lanka.
  • Nasal mass.
    • May present with obstruction.[20]

Microscopic

Features:[21][20]

  • Globular cysts ~ 100 micrometers with endospores:
    • Hyperchromatic (blue) spherical 10-100 micrometer.

Images:

Stains

Leishmaniasis

General

  • Caused by protozoa in the group Leishmania group.
  • Transmitted to humans by the sand fly.

May be:

Microscopic

Features:

  • Small ~1-2 micrometers.

Images

www:

Stains

Viruses

This is a fairly big topic. There are about half a dozen viral inclusions (e.g. CMV, HSV, VZV, adenovirus) a decent pathologist ought to be able to identify. The virus article covers 'em.

Bacteria

This is a small topic when considered from the perspective of an anatomical pathologist. Most stuff is sorted-out by microbiology.

Protozoa

A historical category of organisms. Lifeforms previously categorized as protozoa are in several different kingdoms.

Microorganisms and cancer

Viruses and cancer

A number of microorganisms are associated with the development of cancer:[25]

Bacteria and cancer

Parasites and cancer

See also

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Lefkowitch, Jay H. (2006). Anatomic Pathology Board Review (1st ed.). Saunders. pp. 682. ISBN 978-1416025887.
  2. http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mycology/mycology-6.htm
  3. Lefkowitch, Jay H. (2006). Anatomic Pathology Board Review (1st ed.). Saunders. pp. 684. ISBN 978-1416025887.
  4. http://www.fungionline.org.uk/1intro/3growth_forms.html
  5. http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mycology/mycology-3.htm
  6. CM 17 Apr 2009.
  7. URL: http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case622/dx.html. Accessed on: 26 January 2012.
  8. Ioachim, Harry L; Medeiros, L. Jeffrey (2008). Ioachim's Lymph Node Pathology (4th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 113. ISBN 978-0781775960.
  9. URL: http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/jty1/opaq/PathQuiz/N0I001-PQ01-M.htm. Accessed on: 19 October 2010.
  10. URL: http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/jty1/opaq/PathQuiz/N0I001-PQ01-M.htm. Accessed on: 19 October 2010.
  11. Lim, S.; Katz, K.; Krajden, S.; Fuksa, M.; Keystone, JS.; Kain, KC. (Aug 2004). "Complicated and fatal Strongyloides infection in Canadians: risk factors, diagnosis and management.". CMAJ 171 (5): 479-84. doi:10.1503/cmaj.1031698. PMID 15337730.
  12. Siddiqui, AA.; Berk, SL. (Oct 2001). "Diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis infection.". Clin Infect Dis 33 (7): 1040-7. doi:10.1086/322707. PMID 11528578.
  13. Mitchell, Richard; Kumar, Vinay; Fausto, Nelson; Abbas, Abul K.; Aster, Jon (2011). Pocket Companion to Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease (8th ed.). Elsevier Saunders. pp. 448. ISBN 978-1416054542.
  14. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/scoleces. Accessed on: 10 January 2010.
  15. Dahlstrom, JE.; Macarthur, EB. (Oct 1994). "Enterobius vermicularis: a possible cause of symptoms resembling appendicitis.". Aust N Z J Surg 64 (10): 692-4. PMID 7945067.
  16. Lefkowitch, Jay H. (2006). Anatomic Pathology Board Review (1st ed.). Saunders. pp. 685. ISBN 978-1416025887.
  17. 17.0 17.1 Kaewpitoon N, Kaewpitoon SJ, Philasri C, et al. (October 2006). "Trichinosis: epidemiology in Thailand". World J. Gastroenterol. 12 (40): 6440–5. PMID 17072975. http://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/12/6440.asp.
  18. URL: http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/EXAM/IMGQUIZ/msfrm.html. Accessed on: 5 December 2010.
  19. Prasad KN, Prasad A, Verma A, Singh AK (November 2008). "Human cysticercosis and Indian scenario: a review". J. Biosci. 33 (4): 571–82. PMID 19208982.
  20. 20.0 20.1 20.2 Morelli, L.; Polce, M.; Piscioli, F.; Del Nonno, F.; Covello, R.; Brenna, A.; Cione, A.; Licci, S. (2006). "Human nasal rhinosporidiosis: an Italian case report.". Diagn Pathol 1: 25. doi:10.1186/1746-1596-1-25. PMC 1560165. PMID 16945122. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1560165/.
  21. URL: http://www.histopathology-india.net/Rhino.htm. Accessed on: 4 January 2012.
  22. URL: http://www.arquivosdeorl.org.br/conteudo/acervo_eng.asp?id=428. 4 January 2012.
  23. 23.0 23.1 Goto, H.; Lindoso, JA. (Apr 2010). "Current diagnosis and treatment of cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis.". Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 8 (4): 419-33. doi:10.1586/eri.10.19. PMID 20377337.
  24. den Boer, ML.; Alvar, J.; Davidson, RN.; Ritmeijer, K.; Balasegaram, M. (Sep 2009). "Developments in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis.". Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 14 (3): 395-410. doi:10.1517/14728210903153862. PMID 19708817.
  25. Mitchell, Richard; Kumar, Vinay; Fausto, Nelson; Abbas, Abul K.; Aster, Jon (2011). Pocket Companion to Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease (8th ed.). Elsevier Saunders. pp. 168. ISBN 978-1416054542.

External links