Difference between revisions of "Fibroblastic/myofibroblastic tumours"

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This article covers '''fibroblastic/myofibroblastic tumours'''.  These tumours fit into the larger category of [[soft tissue lesions]].
This article covers '''fibroblastic/myofibroblastic tumours'''.  These tumours fit into the larger category of [[soft tissue lesions]].


==Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour==
=List of tumours=
*[[AKA]] inflammatory pseudotumour, AKA inflammatory fibrosarcoma.<ref name=Ref_WMSP610>{{Ref WMSP|610}}</ref>
 
===Benign===
WHO classification:<ref name=Ref_WMSP601>{{Ref WMSP|601}}</ref>
*[[Nodular fasciitis]].
*[[Proliferative fasciitis]].
*[[Proliferative myositis]].
*[[Myositis ossificans]].
*Ischemic fasciitis.
*[[Elastofibroma]].
*[[Myofibroma]].
*Fibromatosis colli. <!-- NOT 'coli' -->
*Inclusion body fibromatosis.
*Fibroma of tendon sheath.
*Calcifying aponeurotic fibroma.
*[[Angiomyofibroblastoma]].
*[[Cellular angiofibroma]].
*Nuchal-type fibroma.
*Gardner fibroma.
*[[Calcifying fibrous tumour]].
*Giant cell angiofibroma.
 
*Fibrous hamartoma of infancy.
*Juvenile hyaline fibromatosis.
*[[Desmoplastic fibroblastoma]].
*Mammary-type myofibroblastoma.
 
===Locally aggressive===
WHO classification:<ref name=Ref_WMSP601>{{Ref WMSP|601}}</ref>
*Superfical fibromatosis.
*[[Desmoid-type fibromatosis]].
*[[Lipofibromatosis]].
 
===Occasionally metastasizing===
WHO classification:<ref name=Ref_WMSP602>{{Ref WMSP|602}}</ref>
*[[Solitary fibrous tumour]].
*[[Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour]].
*[[Low-grade myofibroblastic sarcoma]].
*Myxoinflammatory fibroblastic sarcoma.
*[[Infantile fibrosarcoma]].
 
===Malignant===
WHO classification:<ref name=Ref_WMSP602>{{Ref WMSP|602}}</ref>
*[[Adult fibrosarcoma]].
*[[Myxofibrosarcoma]].
*[[Low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma]] (hyalinizing spindle cell tumour).
*Sclerosing epithelioid fibrosarcoma.
 
=Non-malignant=
==Proliferative fasciitis==
===General===
===General===
*Mostly benign.
*Benign.
*Children & young adults.
*May mimic a sarcoma.<ref name=pmid1058047>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Chung | first1 = EB. | last2 = Enzinger | first2 = FM. | title = Proliferative fasciitis. | journal = Cancer | volume = 36 | issue = 4 | pages = 1450-8 | month = Oct | year = 1975 | doi =  | PMID = 1058047 }}</ref>
*Classically located in mesentery of ileocolic region or small bowel.<ref name=Ref_WMSP610>{{Ref WMSP|610}}</ref>
 
Clinical:
*Solid subcutaneous nodule.
*Rapid growth.
*May be painful.
 
===Gross===
*Classically upper and lower extremities.<ref name=pmid1058047/>
*Poorly demarcated.


===Microscopic===
===Microscopic===
Features:<ref name=Ref_WMSP610>{{Ref WMSP|610}}</ref>
Features:<ref name=pmid1566969>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Meis | first1 = JM. | last2 = Enzinger | first2 = FM. | title = Proliferative fasciitis and myositis of childhood. | journal = Am J Surg Pathol | volume = 16 | issue = 4 | pages = 364-72 | month = Apr | year = 1992 | doi =  | PMID = 1566969 }}</ref>
*Inflammation:
*Large polygonal (ganglion-like) and/or spindled cells with:
**Plasma cells.
**[[Vesicular nuclei|Vesicular (clear) nuclei]].
**Lymphocytes.
**Prominent nucleoli.
**Eosinophils.
*+/-Binucleation.
*Spindle cells without atypia.
*Loose myxoid stroma.
*+/-Fasciular architecture.
*Frequent typical mitoses.
*Mitoses -- though none atypical.
**'''No''' atypical mitoses.
*+/-Necrosis.
*+/-Hemorrhage.
*Calcifications.


DDx:
DDx:
*Calcifying fibrous pseudotumour (has psammomatous calcifications).
*[[Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour]].<ref name=pmid17938159>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Gleason | first1 = BC. | last2 = Hornick | first2 = JL. | title = Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumours: where are we now? | journal = J Clin Pathol | volume = 61 | issue = 4 | pages = 428-37 | month = Apr | year = 2008 | doi = 10.1136/jcp.2007.049387 | PMID = 17938159 }}</ref>
*Inflammatory fibroid tumour.
*Nodular fasciitis.


Notes:
Images:
*Some consider this a wastebasket diagnosis... for benign appearing spindle cell lesions.<ref>URL: [http://www.pathconsultddx.com/pathCon/diagnosis?pii=S1559-8675%2806%2970283-2 http://www.pathconsultddx.com/pathCon/diagnosis?pii=S1559-8675%2806%2970283-2]. Accessed on: 10 May 2011.</ref>
*[http://www.medicine.virginia.edu/clinical/departments/pathology/Case%20Studies/known-pathology-cases/95_4-page Proliferative fasciitis - several images (virginia.edu)].
*[http://www.surgicalpathologyatlas.com/glfusion/mediagallery/media.php?f=0&sort=0&s=20090721114221299 Proliferative fasciitis (surgicalpathologyatlas.com)].
 
==Proliferative myositis==
===General===
*Benign.
*Possible arise from pericytes.<ref name=pmid2058761/>
 
===Microscopic===
Features:<ref name=pmid2058761>{{Cite journal  | last1 = el-Jabbour | first1 = JN. | last2 = Bennett | first2 = MH. | last3 = Burke | first3 = MM. | last4 = Lessells | first4 = A. | last5 = O'Halloran | first5 = A. | title = Proliferative myositis. An immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study. | journal = Am J Surg Pathol | volume = 15 | issue = 7 | pages = 654-9 | month = Jul | year = 1991 | doi =  | PMID = 2058761 }}</ref><ref name=pmid1586481>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Lundgren | first1 = L. | last2 = Kindblom | first2 = LG. | last3 = Willems | first3 = J. | last4 = Falkmer | first4 = U. | last5 = Angervall | first5 = L. | title = Proliferative myositis and fasciitis. A light and electron microscopic, cytologic, DNA-cytometric and immunohistochemical study. | journal = APMIS | volume = 100 | issue = 5 | pages = 437-48 | month = May | year = 1992 | doi =  | PMID = 1586481 }}</ref>
*Large ganglion-like cells.
**Cells have single prominent nucleolus.
*Spindle cells.
*+/-Binucleation.
*Mitotic activity.
**No atypical mitoses.
 
Image:
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Proliferative_myositis_%28HE%29.jpg Proliferative myositis (WC)].
 
===IHC===
Features:<ref name=pmid2058761/>
*Vimentin +ve.
*SMA +ve.
*Desmin +ve/-ve.
 
Others:<ref name=pmid2058761/>
*Factor XIIIa -ve.
*S100 -ve.
*CAM5.2 -ve.
*NSE -ve.
 
==Elastofibroma==
{{Main|Elastofibroma}}


==Nodular fasciitis==
==Nodular fasciitis==
{{Main|Nodular fasciitis}}
==Desmoid-type fibromatosis==
*[[AKA]] ''desmoid tumour''.
*[[AKA]] ''desmoid fibromatosis''.
{{Main|Desmoid-type fibromatosis}}
==Lipofibromatosis==
*[[AKA]] infantile subcutaneous fibromatosis.
===General===
===General===
*Benign.
*Childhood.
*All age groups.
*Associated with trauma.


===Microscopic===
===Microscopic===
Features:<ref name=Ref_WMSP606>{{Ref WMSP|606}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=de Feraudy S, Fletcher CD |title=Intradermal nodular fasciitis: a rare lesion analyzed in a series of 24 cases |journal=Am. J. Surg. Pathol. |volume=34 |issue=9 |pages=1377–81 |year=2010 |month=September |pmid=20716998 |doi=10.1097/PAS.0b013e3181ed7374 |url=}}</ref>
Features:<ref name=Ref_WMSP609>{{Ref WMSP|609}}</ref>
*Usu. well-circumscribed.
*Fibroblastic cells surrounding adipocytes.
*Clusters of (non-pleomorphic) spindle cells.
 
*Inflammation (lymphocytes).
Image:
*Microcysts in cellular regions - uncommon - ''discriminatory''.
*[http://cases.edinburgh-dermatopathology.org.uk/#2.0 Lipofibromatosis (edinburgh-dermatopathology.org.uk)].
*Mitoses - common.
 
*Extravasated [[RBC]]s.
===IHC===
Features:<ref name=Ref_WMSP609>{{Ref WMSP|609}}</ref>
*CD34 +ve.
*BCL2 +ve.
*S100 +ve.
*CD99 +ve.
*Actin +ve.
*EMA +ve.
 
==Desmoplastic fibroblastoma==
*AKA ''collagenous fibroma''.<ref name=pmid18271804>{{Cite journal | last1 = Watanabe | first1 = H. | last2 = Ishida | first2 = Y. | last3 = Nagashima | first3 = K. | last4 = Makino | first4 = T. | last5 = Norisugi | first5 = O. | last6 = Shimizu | first6 = T. | title = Desmoplastic fibroblastoma (collagenous fibroma). | journal = J Dermatol | volume = 35 | issue = 2 | pages = 93-7 | month = Feb | year = 2008 | doi = 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2008.00421.x | PMID = 18271804 }}</ref>
*'''Not''' to be confused with ''[[desmoplastic fibroma]]''.
===General===
*Benign lesion.
 
Epidemiology:
*May be on the lip.
*Male:female ~= 5:1.<ref name=pmid15547225/>
*Age - typically 40s & 50s.<ref name=pmid15547225/>
 
===Gross===
*Classically found in the shoulder region.


The BD feature list:<ref>BD. 26 April 2011.</ref>
DDx - shoulder region:
*Tissue culture-like/CNS-like morphology.
*[[Desmoplastic fibroblastoma]].
*Thick (keloid-like) collagen bundles - '''key feature'''.
*[[Elastofibroma]].
*Extravasated [[RBC]]s.
*Inflammation.
*+/-Giant cells.


Notes:
===Microscopic===
*No significant nuclear atypia.
Features:<ref name=pmid9670823/><ref name=Ref_Sternberg4_161>{{Ref Sternberg4|161}}</ref>
*No atypical mitoses.
*Spindle cells ''or'' stellate cells without nuclear atypia.
*May be cellular.
*Acellular stroma with abundant collagen - '''key feature'''.
*+/-Myxoid areas.
*+/-Rare mitoses.
 
DDx:<ref name=pmid9670823/>
*[[Fibromatosis]].
*[[Low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma]].


Images:
Images:
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nodular_fasciitis_%281%29.JPG NF - low mag. (WC)].
*[http://www.webpathology.com/image.asp?case=458&n=1 Desmoplastic fibroblastoma (webpathology.com)].
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nodular_fasciitis_%282%29.JPG NF - high mag. (WC)].
*[http://www.ajronline.org/content/183/6/1766/F3.expansion Desmoplastic fibroblastoma (ajronline.org)].<ref name=pmid15547225>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Walker | first1 = KR. | last2 = Bui-Mansfield | first2 = LT. | last3 = Gering | first3 = SA. | last4 = Ranlett | first4 = RD. | title = Collagenous fibroma (desmoplastic fibroblastoma) of the shoulder. | journal = AJR Am J Roentgenol | volume = 183 | issue = 6 | pages = 1766 | month = Dec | year = 2004 | doi =  | PMID = 15547225 }}</ref>


===IHC===
===IHC===
Routine spindle cell panel:
Features:<ref name=pmid9670823>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Miettinen | first1 = M. | last2 = Fetsch | first2 = JF. | title = Collagenous fibroma (desmoplastic fibroblastoma): a clinicopathologic analysis of 63 cases of a distinctive soft tissue lesion with stellate-shaped fibroblasts. | journal = Hum Pathol | volume = 29 | issue = 7 | pages = 676-82 | month = Jul | year = 1998 | doi =  | PMID = 9670823 }}</ref>
*Beta-catenin -ve.<ref name=pmid18544056>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Takahara | first1 = M. | last2 = Ichikawa | first2 = R. | last3 = Oda | first3 = Y. | last4 = Uchi | first4 = H. | last5 = Takeuchi | first5 = S. | last6 = Moroi | first6 = Y. | last7 = Kiryu | first7 = H. | last8 = Furue | first8 = M. | title = Desmoplastic fibroblastoma: a case presenting as a protruding nodule in the dermis. | journal = J Cutan Pathol | volume = 35 Suppl 1 | issue =  | pages = 70-3 | month = Oct | year = 2008 | doi = 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2007.00964.x | PMID = 18544056 }}
</ref>
**+ve in [[desmoid-type fibromatosis]].
*Desmin -ve.
*S-100 -ve.
*CD34 -ve.
*CD34 -ve.
*Desmin -ve..
*MSA +ve (focal).
*SMA -ve.
*alpha-SMA +ve (focal).
*S100 -ve.
 
*AE1/AE3 -ve.
===Molecular===
*llq12 breakpoint described as being characteristic -- possibly the ''FOSL1 gene''.<ref name=pmid22411068>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Macchia | first1 = G. | last2 = Trombetta | first2 = D. | last3 = Möller | first3 = E. | last4 = Mertens | first4 = F. | last5 = Storlazzi | first5 = CT. | last6 = Debiec-Rychter | first6 = M. | last7 = Sciot | first7 = R. | last8 = Nord | first8 = KH. | title = FOSL1 as a candidate target gene for 11q12 rearrangements in desmoplastic fibroblastoma. | journal = Lab Invest | volume = 92 | issue = 5 | pages = 735-43 | month = May | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1038/labinvest.2012.46 | PMID = 22411068 }}</ref>
 
==Calcifying fibrous tumour==
===General===
*Rare.
*Benign.


Others:
===Microscopic===
*H-caldesmon -ve.
Features:<ref name=pmid16858502>{{cite journal |author=Attila T, Chen D, Gardiner GW, Ptak TW, Marcon NE |title=Gastric calcifying fibrous tumor |journal=Can. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=20 |issue=7 |pages=487–9 |year=2006 |month=July |pmid=16858502 |pmc=2659917 |doi= |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2659917/}}</ref>
*EMA -ve.
*Submucosal circumscribed fibrocollagenous nodule.
*Vimentin +ve.
*Psammomatous calcifications.
*Focal plasma cells at the periphery.


===Molecular===
==Myofibroma==
*Evolving - case reports.
{{Main|Myofibroma}}
**t(15;15)(q13;q25).<ref name=pmid12606136>{{cite journal |author=Velagaleti GV, Tapper JK, Panova NE, Miettinen M, Gatalica Z |title=Cytogenetic findings in a case of nodular fasciitis of subclavicular region |journal=Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. |volume=141 |issue=2 |pages=160–3 |year=2003 |month=March |pmid=12606136 |doi= |url=}}</ref>


==Desmoid-type fibromatosis==
==Cellular angiofibroma==
*[[AKA]] desmoid tumour.
===General===
===General===
*Rare.
*Benign.
*Benign.
*Locally aggressive.<ref>URL: [http://www.dtrf.org/dtrf_aboutdesmoids.htm http://www.dtrf.org/dtrf_aboutdesmoids.htm]. Accessed on: 15 April 2011.</ref>
*Probably related to [[spindle cell lipoma]] and [[mammary-type myofibroblastoma]].<ref name=pmid20852591>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Flucke | first1 = U. | last2 = van Krieken | first2 = JH. | last3 = Mentzel | first3 = T. | title = Cellular angiofibroma: analysis of 25 cases emphasizing its relationship to spindle cell lipoma and mammary-type myofibroblastoma. | journal = Mod Pathol | volume = 24 | issue = 1 | pages = 82-9 | month = Jan | year = 2011 | doi = 10.1038/modpathol.2010.170 | PMID = 20852591 }}</ref>
*May be seen in the context of [[familial adenomatous polyposis]].
*Predominantly female.
 
===Gross===
Features:<ref name=pmid20852591/>
*Superficial.
*Well-circumscribed.
 
Classic location:
*Vulva.<ref name=pmid20852591/>


===Microscopic===
===Microscopic===
Features:<ref name=Ref_WMSP609>{{Ref WMSP|609}}</ref>
Features:<ref name=pmid20852591/>
*Abundant fibroblasts.
*Spindle cell lesion.
**Arranged in bundles or fascicles.
*Many small-to-medium blood vessls.
*+/-Collagen.


===IHC===
===IHC===
Features:<ref name=Ref_WMSP609>{{Ref WMSP|609}}</ref>
Features:<ref name=pmid20852591/>
*Beta-catenin +ve.
*CD34 ~50% of cases.
*SMA +ve ~50% of lesions.
*SMA ~41% of cases.
*CD99 -ve.
*EMA -ve.


==Proliferative fasciitis==
=Occasionally metastasizing=
*Need to write something here.
==Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour==
*[[AKA]] inflammatory pseudotumour, AKA inflammatory fibrosarcoma,<ref name=Ref_WMSP610>{{Ref WMSP|610}}</ref> AKA plasma cell granuloma.<ref>URL: [http://www.uptodate.com/contents/inflammatory-myofibroblastic-tumor-plasma-cell-granuloma-of-the-lung http://www.uptodate.com/contents/inflammatory-myofibroblastic-tumor-plasma-cell-granuloma-of-the-lung]. Accessed on: 27 November 2011.</ref><ref name=pmid21772725>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Manohar | first1 = B. | last2 = Bhuvaneshwari | first2 = S. | title = Plasma cell granuloma of gingiva. | journal = J Indian Soc Periodontol | volume = 15 | issue = 1 | pages = 64-6 | month = Jan | year = 2011 | doi = 10.4103/0972-124X.82275 | PMID = 21772725 }}</ref>
{{Main|Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour}}


==Solitary fibrous tumour==
==Low-grade myofibroblastic sarcoma==
===General===
===General===
*Grouped with ''hemangiopericytoma'' in the WHO classification; possibly the same tumour (?).<ref name=Ref_WMSP609>{{Ref WMSP|609}}</ref>
*Rare ~ 100 cases in the literature.
*May be benign ''or'' malignant; more commonly benign.<ref>URL: [http://www.pathconsultddx.com/pathCon/diagnosis?pii=S1559-8675%2806%2970528-9 http://www.pathconsultddx.com/pathCon/diagnosis?pii=S1559-8675%2806%2970528-9]. Accessed on: 25 June 2010.</ref><ref>URL: [http://wjso.com/content/6/1/86 http://wjso.com/content/6/1/86]. Accessed on: 25 June 2010.</ref>
*Usu. oral cavity or extremities.<ref name=pmid21868549/>  


===Microscopic===
===Microscopic===
Features:
Features:
*Well-circumscribed.
*Spindle cells in the storiform pattern<ref name=pmid21868549/> ''or'' in fasicles.
*Fibroblast-like cells (spindle cells).
*Rare mitoses.
*Hemangiopericytoma-like area (staghorn vessels) - not seen on image.
*Keloid-like collagen bundles.


Images:
Images:
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Solitary_fibrous_tumour_low_mag.jpg SFT - low mag. (WC)].
*[http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case673.html Low-grade myofibroblastic sarcoma - several images (upmc.edu)].
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Solitary_fibrous_tumour_intermed_mag.jpg SFT - intermed. mag. (WC)].
 
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Solitary_fibrous_tumour_high_mag.jpg SFT - high mag. (WC)].
DDx:
*Atypical [[leiomyoma]].
*[[GIST]].
*[[Leiomyosarcoma]].


===IHC===
===IHC===
*CD34 ~90% +ve.
*SMA +ve.
*CD99 ~70% +ve.
*CD34 -ve.
*BCL2 ~50% +ve.
*CD117 -ve.<ref name=pmid21868549/>
*H-caldesmon -ve.<ref name=pmid21868549>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Miyazawa | first1 = M. | last2 = Naritaka | first2 = Y. | last3 = Miyaki | first3 = A. | last4 = Asaka | first4 = S. | last5 = Isohata | first5 = N. | last6 = Yamaguchi | first6 = K. | last7 = Murayama | first7 = M. | last8 = Shimakawa | first8 = T. | last9 = Katsube | first9 = T. | title = A low-grade myofibroblastic sarcoma in the abdominal cavity. | journal = Anticancer Res | volume = 31 | issue = 9 | pages = 2989-94 | month = Sep | year = 2011 | doi =  | PMID =  }}</ref>
 
 
==Congenital-infantile fibrosarcoma==
:Should not be confused with ''[[adult fibrosarcoma]]''.
===General===
*Locally aggressive.
 
===Microscopic===
Features:<ref name=pmid7839472>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Corsi | first1 = A. | last2 = Boldrini | first2 = R. | last3 = Bosman | first3 = C. | title = Congenital-infantile fibrosarcoma: study of two cases and review of the literature. | journal = Tumori | volume = 80 | issue = 5 | pages = 392-400 | month = Oct | year = 1994 | doi =  | PMID = 7839472 }}</ref>
*Spindle cell lesion.
 
===Molecular===
Characteristic [[translocation]]:<ref name=pmid11242790 >{{Cite journal  | last1 = Sheng | first1 = WQ. | last2 = Hisaoka | first2 = M. | last3 = Okamoto | first3 = S. | last4 = Tanaka | first4 = A. | last5 = Meis-Kindblom | first5 = JM. | last6 = Kindblom | first6 = LG. | last7 = Ishida | first7 = T. | last8 = Nojima | first8 = T. | last9 = Hashimoto | first9 = H. | title = Congenital-infantile fibrosarcoma. A clinicopathologic study of 10 cases and molecular detection of the ETV6-NTRK3 fusion transcripts using paraffin-embedded tissues. | journal = Am J Clin Pathol | volume = 115 | issue = 3 | pages = 348-55 | month = Mar | year = 2001 | doi = 10.1309/3H24-E7T7-V37G-AKKQ | PMID = 11242790 }}</ref>
*t(12;15)(p13;q25).
**Gene fusion ETV6-[[NTRK3]].
***Same translocation in [[mesoblastic nephroma]].
 
==Solitary fibrous tumour==
{{Main|Solitary fibrous tumour}}


==Hemangiopericytoma==
==Hemangiopericytoma==
===General===
===General===
*Grouped with ''solitary fibrous tumour'' in the WHO classification; possibly the same tumour (?).<ref name=Ref_WMSP609>{{Ref WMSP|609}}</ref>
*Grouped with ''[[solitary fibrous tumour]]'' in the WHO classification; share same genetic NAB2-STAT6 fusion.<ref name=Ref_WMSP609>{{Ref WMSP|609}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Schweizer | first1 = L. | last2 = Koelsche | first2 = C. | last3 = Sahm | first3 = F. | last4 = Piro | first4 = RM. | last5 = Capper | first5 = D. | last6 = Reuss | first6 = DE. | last7 = Pusch | first7 = S. | last8 = Habel | first8 = A. | last9 = Meyer | first9 = J. | title = Meningeal hemangiopericytoma and solitary fibrous tumors carry the NAB2-STAT6 fusion and can be diagnosed by nuclear expression of STAT6 protein. | journal = Acta Neuropathol | volume = 125 | issue = 5 | pages = 651-8 | month = May | year = 2013 | doi = 10.1007/s00401-013-1117-6 | PMID = 23575898 }}</ref>
*Arises from the ''pericyte'', a connective tissue cell of small vessels that is thought to be involved in flow regulation.
 
*Hematologic spread most common - to lungs.<ref>URL: [http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1255879-overview http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1255879-overview]. Accessed on: 2 May 2010.</ref>
*Thought to arise from the ''pericyte'', a connective tissue cell of small vessels that is thought to be involved in flow regulation while others consider a fibroblastic nature.<ref>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Gengler | first1 = C. | last2 = Guillou | first2 = L. | title = Solitary fibrous tumour and haemangiopericytoma: evolution of a concept. | journal = Histopathology | volume = 48 | issue = 1 | pages = 63-74 | month = Jan | year = 2006 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2005.02290.x | PMID = 16359538 }}</ref>
*Oncogenic osteomalacia - assoc. with hemangiopericytoma.<ref>URL: [http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1255879-overview http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1255879-overview]. Accessed on: 2 May 2010.</ref>
*Hematologic spread most common - to lungs.<ref name=emed1255879ov>URL: [http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1255879-overview http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1255879-overview]. Accessed on: 2 May 2010.</ref>
*[[Oncogenic osteomalacia]] - assoc. with hemangiopericytoma.<ref name=emed1255879ov>URL: [http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1255879-overview http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1255879-overview]. Accessed on: 2 May 2010.</ref>
*WHO grade II hemangiopericytoma (ICD-O: 9150/1), WHO grade III anaplastic hemangiopericytoma (ICD-O: 9150/3)


===Presentation===
====Presentation====
*Usually painless mass, slow enlargement.
*Usually painless mass, slow enlargement.
*May profusely bleed during resection.
*May invade bone.
====Histology====
*high cellular density.
*indistinct cell borders.
*random tumor cell orientation.
*little fibrosis.
*plenty reticulin.
*vascular with slit-like channels ("staghorn-like vessels").


====Radiology====
====IHC====
* Vimentin +ve.
* CD34 +ve (often patchy, used to differentiate from SFT).
* [[STAT6]] nuclear +ve.
* EMA +/-ve.
 
===Radiology===
*Intramedullary lytic mass.
*Intramedullary lytic mass.
*May be well-circumscribed.
*May be well-circumscribed.
Line 136: Line 313:
*+/-Sclerotic border.
*+/-Sclerotic border.


May be worked-up with angiography to distinguish from a [[vascular malformation]].<ref>URL: [http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1255879-diagnosis http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1255879-diagnosis]. Accessed on: 2 May 2010.</ref>
May be worked-up with angiography to distinguish from a [[vascular malformation]].<ref name=emed1255879dx>URL: [http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1255879-diagnosis http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1255879-diagnosis]. Accessed on: 2 May 2010.</ref>
===Location===
====Location====
*Usually extremities - femur or prox. tibial.<ref>URL: [http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1255879-overview http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1255879-overview]. Accessed on: 2 May 2010.</ref>
*Usually extremities - femur or proximal tibial.<ref name=emed1255879ov>URL: [http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1255879-overview http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1255879-overview]. Accessed on: 2 May 2010.</ref>


===Histology===
===Microscopic===
Features:<ref>URL: [http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1255879-diagnosis http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1255879-diagnosis]. Accessed on: 2 May 2010.</ref>
Features:<ref name=emed1255879dx>URL: [http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1255879-diagnosis http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1255879-diagnosis]. Accessed on: 2 May 2010.</ref>
*Hypervascular lesion - '''key diagnostic feature'''.<ref name=enzinger>Enzinger & Weiss's Soft Tissue Tumors. 4th Ed. PP.1007-13. ISBN 0-323-01200-0.</ref>
*Hypervascular lesion - '''key diagnostic feature'''.<ref name=enzinger>Enzinger & Weiss's Soft Tissue Tumors. 4th Ed. PP.1007-13. ISBN 0-323-01200-0.</ref>
**Abundant thin-walled branching small vessels of variable size.
**Abundant thin-walled branching small vessels of variable size.
***May be described as "staghorn vessels" or "antler-like" vasculature.
***May be described as "[[staghorn vessels]]" or "antler-like" vasculature.
***Cells may "onion-skin" around thin blood vessels.
***Cells may "onion-skin" around thin blood vessels.
*Spindle or ovoid shaped cells in nests or sheets.
*Spindle or ovoid shaped cells in nests or sheets.
DDx:
*Other [[vascular tumours]].
*[[Vascular malformations]].
*[[Synovial sarcoma]].
*[[Dermatofibroma]]. (???)


===IHC===
===IHC===
Line 162: Line 345:
*S100 -ve.
*S100 -ve.


===DDx===
===Images===
*Other vascular tumours.
<gallery>
*Vascular malformations.
Image:Neuropathology_case_VI_02.jpg | Anaplastic hemangiopericytoma, low mag. (WC/jensflorian)
*Synovial sarcoma.
Image:Neuropathology_case_VI_03.jpg | Anaplastic hemangiopericytoma, intermed mag. (WC/jensflorian)
Image:Neuropathology_case_VI_04.jpg | Anaplastic hemangiopericytoma, high mag. (WC/jensflorian)
Image:Neuropathology_case_VI_01.jpg | Anaplastic hemangiopericytoma, [[STAT6]] immunostaining. (WC/jensflorian)
</gallery>


==Desmoplastic fibroblastoma==
=Malignant=
*AKA ''collagenous fibroma''.<ref name=pmid18271804>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Watanabe | first1 = H. | last2 = Ishida | first2 = Y. | last3 = Nagashima | first3 = K. | last4 = Makino | first4 = T. | last5 = Norisugi | first5 = O. | last6 = Shimizu | first6 = T. | title = Desmoplastic fibroblastoma (collagenous fibroma). | journal = J Dermatol | volume = 35 | issue = 2 | pages = 93-7 | month = Feb | year = 2008 | doi = 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2008.00421.x | PMID = 18271804 }}</ref>
==Low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma==
*Benign lesion.
*[[AKA]] ''hyalinizing spindle cell tumour''.
*Classically found in shoulder region.
*Should '''not''' be confused with ''[[myxofibrosarcoma]]''.
*Abbreviated ''LGFMS''.
{{Main|Low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma}}


===IHC===
==Adult fibrosarcoma==
*Beta-catenin -ve.<ref name=pmid18544056>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Takahara | first1 = M. | last2 = Ichikawa | first2 = R. | last3 = Oda | first3 = Y. | last4 = Uchi | first4 = H. | last5 = Takeuchi | first5 = S. | last6 = Moroi | first6 = Y. | last7 = Kiryu | first7 = H. | last8 = Furue | first8 = M. | title = Desmoplastic fibroblastoma: a case presenting as a protruding nodule in the dermis. | journal = J Cutan Pathol | volume = 35 Suppl 1 | issue =  | pages = 70-3 | month = Oct | year = 2008 | doi = 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2007.00964.x | PMID = 18544056 }}
*[[AKA]] ''fibrosarcoma''.
</ref>
*Should '''not''' be confused with [[infantile fibrosarcoma]].
**Significance ???


==Low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma==
*[[AKA]] ''hyalinizing spindle cell tumour''.
===General===
===General===
*Deep soft tissue.
*Malignant.
*Older adults.
*Locations: head & neck, extremities.


===Microscopic===
===Microscopic===
Features:<ref>{{cite journal |author=Vernon SE, Bejarano PA |title=Low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma: a brief review |journal=Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. |volume=130 |issue=9 |pages=1358–60 |year=2006 |month=September |pmid=16948525 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
Feature:<ref name=Ref_WMSP611>{{Ref WMSP|611}}</ref>
*Myoid stroma - '''key feature'''.
*Spindle cell lesion.
*Low cellularity.
*[[Herring bone pattern]] - '''key feature'''.
*Spindle cells.
*Mitoses.
 
DDx (herring bone):
*MPNST.
*Synovial sarcoma.
*Fibrosarcoma.
 
DDx:
*[[Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans]] (DFSP) - t(17;22) COLA1/PDGFB.
*[[Congenital-infantile fibrosarcoma]] - t(12;15) ETV6/NTRK3.
*[[Solitary fibrous tumour]].
*[[Synovial sarcoma]] - t(X;18) SYT/SSX.
*[[MPNST]].
 
Images:
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Malignant_peripheral_nerve_sheath_tumour_-_high_mag.jpg Herring bone pattern - high mag. (WC)].


Notes:
===IHC===
*Few/absent mitoses.
Features:<ref name=Ref_WMSP611>{{Ref WMSP|611}}</ref>
*Vimentin.
*SMA.


===Molecular pathology===
==Myxofibrosarcoma==
*t(7;16)(q33;p11).<ref>{{cite journal |author=Panagopoulos I, Storlazzi CT, Fletcher CD, ''et al.'' |title=The chimeric FUS/CREB3l2 gene is specific for low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma |journal=Genes Chromosomes Cancer |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=218–28 |year=2004 |month=July |pmid=15139001 |doi=10.1002/gcc.20037 |url=}}</ref>
*Should '''not''' be confused with ''[[low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma]]''.<ref name=pmid8650138>{{Cite journal | last1 = Mentzel | first1 = T. | last2 = Katenkamp | first2 = D. | last3 = Fletcher | first3 = CD. | title = [Low malignancy myxofibrosarcoma versus low malignancy fibromyxoid sarcoma. Distinct entities with similar names but different clinical course]. | journal = Pathologe | volume = 17 | issue = 2 | pages = 116-21 | month = Mar | year = 1996 | doi =  | PMID = 8650138 }}</ref>
*[[AKA]] ''myxoid malignant fibrous histiocytoma'' or ''myxoid MFH''.<ref>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Fujimura | first1 = T. | last2 = Okuyama | first2 = R. | last3 = Terui | first3 = T. | last4 = Okuno | first4 = K. | last5 = Masu | first5 = A. | last6 = Masu | first6 = T. | last7 = Chiba | first7 = S. | last8 = Kunii | first8 = T. | last9 = Tagami | first9 = H. | title = Myxofibrosarcoma (myxoid malignant fibrous histiocytoma) showing cutaneous presentation: report of two cases. | journal = J Cutan Pathol | volume = 32 | issue = 7 | pages = 512-5 | month = Aug | year = 2005 | doi = 10.1111/j.0303-6987.2005.00368.x | PMID = 16008697 }}</ref>
{{Main|Myxofibrosarcoma}}


==See also==
=See also=
*[[Soft tissue lesions]].
*[[Soft tissue lesions]].


==References==
=References=
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}


[[Category:Soft tissue lesions]]
[[Category:Soft tissue lesions]]

Latest revision as of 18:58, 24 March 2019

This article covers fibroblastic/myofibroblastic tumours. These tumours fit into the larger category of soft tissue lesions.

List of tumours

Benign

WHO classification:[1]

Locally aggressive

WHO classification:[1]

Occasionally metastasizing

WHO classification:[2]

Malignant

WHO classification:[2]

Non-malignant

Proliferative fasciitis

General

  • Benign.
  • May mimic a sarcoma.[3]

Clinical:

  • Solid subcutaneous nodule.
  • Rapid growth.
  • May be painful.

Gross

  • Classically upper and lower extremities.[3]
  • Poorly demarcated.

Microscopic

Features:[4]

  • Large polygonal (ganglion-like) and/or spindled cells with:
  • +/-Binucleation.
  • Loose myxoid stroma.
  • Frequent typical mitoses.
    • No atypical mitoses.

DDx:

Images:

Proliferative myositis

General

  • Benign.
  • Possible arise from pericytes.[6]

Microscopic

Features:[6][7]

  • Large ganglion-like cells.
    • Cells have single prominent nucleolus.
  • Spindle cells.
  • +/-Binucleation.
  • Mitotic activity.
    • No atypical mitoses.

Image:

IHC

Features:[6]

  • Vimentin +ve.
  • SMA +ve.
  • Desmin +ve/-ve.

Others:[6]

  • Factor XIIIa -ve.
  • S100 -ve.
  • CAM5.2 -ve.
  • NSE -ve.

Elastofibroma

Main article: Elastofibroma

Nodular fasciitis

Main article: Nodular fasciitis

Desmoid-type fibromatosis

  • AKA desmoid tumour.
  • AKA desmoid fibromatosis.
Main article: Desmoid-type fibromatosis

Lipofibromatosis

  • AKA infantile subcutaneous fibromatosis.

General

  • Childhood.

Microscopic

Features:[8]

  • Fibroblastic cells surrounding adipocytes.

Image:

IHC

Features:[8]

  • CD34 +ve.
  • BCL2 +ve.
  • S100 +ve.
  • CD99 +ve.
  • Actin +ve.
  • EMA +ve.

Desmoplastic fibroblastoma

General

  • Benign lesion.

Epidemiology:

  • May be on the lip.
  • Male:female ~= 5:1.[10]
  • Age - typically 40s & 50s.[10]

Gross

  • Classically found in the shoulder region.

DDx - shoulder region:

Microscopic

Features:[11][12]

  • Spindle cells or stellate cells without nuclear atypia.
  • Acellular stroma with abundant collagen - key feature.
  • +/-Myxoid areas.
  • +/-Rare mitoses.

DDx:[11]

Images:

IHC

Features:[11]

Molecular

  • llq12 breakpoint described as being characteristic -- possibly the FOSL1 gene.[14]

Calcifying fibrous tumour

General

  • Rare.
  • Benign.

Microscopic

Features:[15]

  • Submucosal circumscribed fibrocollagenous nodule.
  • Psammomatous calcifications.
  • Focal plasma cells at the periphery.

Myofibroma

Main article: Myofibroma

Cellular angiofibroma

General

Gross

Features:[16]

  • Superficial.
  • Well-circumscribed.

Classic location:

Microscopic

Features:[16]

  • Spindle cell lesion.
  • Many small-to-medium blood vessls.

IHC

Features:[16]

  • CD34 ~50% of cases.
  • SMA ~41% of cases.
  • CD99 -ve.
  • EMA -ve.

Occasionally metastasizing

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour

  • AKA inflammatory pseudotumour, AKA inflammatory fibrosarcoma,[17] AKA plasma cell granuloma.[18][19]
Main article: Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour

Low-grade myofibroblastic sarcoma

General

  • Rare ~ 100 cases in the literature.
  • Usu. oral cavity or extremities.[20]

Microscopic

Features:

  • Spindle cells in the storiform pattern[20] or in fasicles.
  • Rare mitoses.

Images:

DDx:

IHC

  • SMA +ve.
  • CD34 -ve.
  • CD117 -ve.[20]
  • H-caldesmon -ve.[20]


Congenital-infantile fibrosarcoma

Should not be confused with adult fibrosarcoma.

General

  • Locally aggressive.

Microscopic

Features:[21]

  • Spindle cell lesion.

Molecular

Characteristic translocation:[22]

Solitary fibrous tumour

Main article: Solitary fibrous tumour

Hemangiopericytoma

General

  • Thought to arise from the pericyte, a connective tissue cell of small vessels that is thought to be involved in flow regulation while others consider a fibroblastic nature.[24]
  • Hematologic spread most common - to lungs.[25]
  • Oncogenic osteomalacia - assoc. with hemangiopericytoma.[25]
  • WHO grade II hemangiopericytoma (ICD-O: 9150/1), WHO grade III anaplastic hemangiopericytoma (ICD-O: 9150/3)

Presentation

  • Usually painless mass, slow enlargement.
  • May profusely bleed during resection.
  • May invade bone.

Histology

  • high cellular density.
  • indistinct cell borders.
  • random tumor cell orientation.
  • little fibrosis.
  • plenty reticulin.
  • vascular with slit-like channels ("staghorn-like vessels").

IHC

  • Vimentin +ve.
  • CD34 +ve (often patchy, used to differentiate from SFT).
  • STAT6 nuclear +ve.
  • EMA +/-ve.

Radiology

  • Intramedullary lytic mass.
  • May be well-circumscribed.
  • +/-Periosteal reaction.
  • +/-Sclerotic border.

May be worked-up with angiography to distinguish from a vascular malformation.[26]

Location

  • Usually extremities - femur or proximal tibial.[25]

Microscopic

Features:[26]

  • Hypervascular lesion - key diagnostic feature.[27]
    • Abundant thin-walled branching small vessels of variable size.
      • May be described as "staghorn vessels" or "antler-like" vasculature.
      • Cells may "onion-skin" around thin blood vessels.
  • Spindle or ovoid shaped cells in nests or sheets.

DDx:

IHC

Features:[8][27]

  • Vimentin +ve (usually).
  • Desmin -ve (typical).
  • Factor VIII -ve (marks endothelium).
  • CD34 +ve.
    • CD34 usu. -ve in synovial sarcoma.
  • CD31 -ve (marks benign endothelium).
  • vWF (von Willebrand factor) -ve.

May be in the DDx for meningioma:[28]

  • EMA -ve.
  • S100 -ve.

Images

  • Anaplastic hemangiopericytoma, low mag. (WC/jensflorian)

  • Anaplastic hemangiopericytoma, intermed mag. (WC/jensflorian)

  • Anaplastic hemangiopericytoma, high mag. (WC/jensflorian)

  • Anaplastic hemangiopericytoma, STAT6 immunostaining. (WC/jensflorian)

Malignant

Low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma

  • AKA hyalinizing spindle cell tumour.
  • Should not be confused with myxofibrosarcoma.
  • Abbreviated LGFMS.
Main article: Low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma

Adult fibrosarcoma

General

  • Malignant.
  • Older adults.
  • Locations: head & neck, extremities.

Microscopic

Feature:[29]

DDx (herring bone):

  • MPNST.
  • Synovial sarcoma.
  • Fibrosarcoma.

DDx:

Images:

IHC

Features:[29]

  • Vimentin.
  • SMA.

Myxofibrosarcoma

Main article: Myxofibrosarcoma

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Humphrey, Peter A; Dehner, Louis P; Pfeifer, John D (2008). The Washington Manual of Surgical Pathology (1st ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 601. ISBN 978-0781765275.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Humphrey, Peter A; Dehner, Louis P; Pfeifer, John D (2008). The Washington Manual of Surgical Pathology (1st ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 602. ISBN 978-0781765275.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Chung, EB.; Enzinger, FM. (Oct 1975). "Proliferative fasciitis.". Cancer 36 (4): 1450-8. PMID 1058047.
  4. ↑ Meis, JM.; Enzinger, FM. (Apr 1992). "Proliferative fasciitis and myositis of childhood.". Am J Surg Pathol 16 (4): 364-72. PMID 1566969.
  5. ↑ Gleason, BC.; Hornick, JL. (Apr 2008). "Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumours: where are we now?". J Clin Pathol 61 (4): 428-37. doi:10.1136/jcp.2007.049387. PMID 17938159.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 el-Jabbour, JN.; Bennett, MH.; Burke, MM.; Lessells, A.; O'Halloran, A. (Jul 1991). "Proliferative myositis. An immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study.". Am J Surg Pathol 15 (7): 654-9. PMID 2058761.
  7. ↑ Lundgren, L.; Kindblom, LG.; Willems, J.; Falkmer, U.; Angervall, L. (May 1992). "Proliferative myositis and fasciitis. A light and electron microscopic, cytologic, DNA-cytometric and immunohistochemical study.". APMIS 100 (5): 437-48. PMID 1586481.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Humphrey, Peter A; Dehner, Louis P; Pfeifer, John D (2008). The Washington Manual of Surgical Pathology (1st ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 609. ISBN 978-0781765275.
  9. ↑ Watanabe, H.; Ishida, Y.; Nagashima, K.; Makino, T.; Norisugi, O.; Shimizu, T. (Feb 2008). "Desmoplastic fibroblastoma (collagenous fibroma).". J Dermatol 35 (2): 93-7. doi:10.1111/j.1346-8138.2008.00421.x. PMID 18271804.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Walker, KR.; Bui-Mansfield, LT.; Gering, SA.; Ranlett, RD. (Dec 2004). "Collagenous fibroma (desmoplastic fibroblastoma) of the shoulder.". AJR Am J Roentgenol 183 (6): 1766. PMID 15547225.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Miettinen, M.; Fetsch, JF. (Jul 1998). "Collagenous fibroma (desmoplastic fibroblastoma): a clinicopathologic analysis of 63 cases of a distinctive soft tissue lesion with stellate-shaped fibroblasts.". Hum Pathol 29 (7): 676-82. PMID 9670823.
  12. ↑ Mills, Stacey E; Carter, Darryl; Greenson, Joel K; Oberman, Harold A; Reuter, Victor E (2004). Sternberg's Diagnostic Surgical Pathology (4th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 161. ISBN 978-0781740517.
  13. ↑ Takahara, M.; Ichikawa, R.; Oda, Y.; Uchi, H.; Takeuchi, S.; Moroi, Y.; Kiryu, H.; Furue, M. (Oct 2008). "Desmoplastic fibroblastoma: a case presenting as a protruding nodule in the dermis.". J Cutan Pathol 35 Suppl 1: 70-3. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0560.2007.00964.x. PMID 18544056.
  14. ↑ Macchia, G.; Trombetta, D.; Möller, E.; Mertens, F.; Storlazzi, CT.; Debiec-Rychter, M.; Sciot, R.; Nord, KH. (May 2012). "FOSL1 as a candidate target gene for 11q12 rearrangements in desmoplastic fibroblastoma.". Lab Invest 92 (5): 735-43. doi:10.1038/labinvest.2012.46. PMID 22411068.
  15. ↑ Attila T, Chen D, Gardiner GW, Ptak TW, Marcon NE (July 2006). "Gastric calcifying fibrous tumor". Can. J. Gastroenterol. 20 (7): 487–9. PMC 2659917. PMID 16858502. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2659917/.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 Flucke, U.; van Krieken, JH.; Mentzel, T. (Jan 2011). "Cellular angiofibroma: analysis of 25 cases emphasizing its relationship to spindle cell lipoma and mammary-type myofibroblastoma.". Mod Pathol 24 (1): 82-9. doi:10.1038/modpathol.2010.170. PMID 20852591.
  17. ↑ Humphrey, Peter A; Dehner, Louis P; Pfeifer, John D (2008). The Washington Manual of Surgical Pathology (1st ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 610. ISBN 978-0781765275.
  18. ↑ URL: http://www.uptodate.com/contents/inflammatory-myofibroblastic-tumor-plasma-cell-granuloma-of-the-lung. Accessed on: 27 November 2011.
  19. ↑ Manohar, B.; Bhuvaneshwari, S. (Jan 2011). "Plasma cell granuloma of gingiva.". J Indian Soc Periodontol 15 (1): 64-6. doi:10.4103/0972-124X.82275. PMID 21772725.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 Miyazawa, M.; Naritaka, Y.; Miyaki, A.; Asaka, S.; Isohata, N.; Yamaguchi, K.; Murayama, M.; Shimakawa, T. et al. (Sep 2011). "A low-grade myofibroblastic sarcoma in the abdominal cavity.". Anticancer Res 31 (9): 2989-94.
  21. ↑ Corsi, A.; Boldrini, R.; Bosman, C. (Oct 1994). "Congenital-infantile fibrosarcoma: study of two cases and review of the literature.". Tumori 80 (5): 392-400. PMID 7839472.
  22. ↑ Sheng, WQ.; Hisaoka, M.; Okamoto, S.; Tanaka, A.; Meis-Kindblom, JM.; Kindblom, LG.; Ishida, T.; Nojima, T. et al. (Mar 2001). "Congenital-infantile fibrosarcoma. A clinicopathologic study of 10 cases and molecular detection of the ETV6-NTRK3 fusion transcripts using paraffin-embedded tissues.". Am J Clin Pathol 115 (3): 348-55. doi:10.1309/3H24-E7T7-V37G-AKKQ. PMID 11242790.
  23. ↑ Schweizer, L.; Koelsche, C.; Sahm, F.; Piro, RM.; Capper, D.; Reuss, DE.; Pusch, S.; Habel, A. et al. (May 2013). "Meningeal hemangiopericytoma and solitary fibrous tumors carry the NAB2-STAT6 fusion and can be diagnosed by nuclear expression of STAT6 protein.". Acta Neuropathol 125 (5): 651-8. doi:10.1007/s00401-013-1117-6. PMID 23575898.
  24. ↑ Gengler, C.; Guillou, L. (Jan 2006). "Solitary fibrous tumour and haemangiopericytoma: evolution of a concept.". Histopathology 48 (1): 63-74. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2559.2005.02290.x. PMID 16359538.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 URL: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1255879-overview. Accessed on: 2 May 2010.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 URL: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1255879-diagnosis. Accessed on: 2 May 2010.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Enzinger & Weiss's Soft Tissue Tumors. 4th Ed. PP.1007-13. ISBN 0-323-01200-0.
  28. ↑ Croul, SE. 8 November 2010.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Humphrey, Peter A; Dehner, Louis P; Pfeifer, John D (2008). The Washington Manual of Surgical Pathology (1st ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 611. ISBN 978-0781765275.
  30. ↑ Mentzel, T.; Katenkamp, D.; Fletcher, CD. (Mar 1996). "[Low malignancy myxofibrosarcoma versus low malignancy fibromyxoid sarcoma. Distinct entities with similar names but different clinical course].". Pathologe 17 (2): 116-21. PMID 8650138.
  31. ↑ Fujimura, T.; Okuyama, R.; Terui, T.; Okuno, K.; Masu, A.; Masu, T.; Chiba, S.; Kunii, T. et al. (Aug 2005). "Myxofibrosarcoma (myxoid malignant fibrous histiocytoma) showing cutaneous presentation: report of two cases.". J Cutan Pathol 32 (7): 512-5. doi:10.1111/j.0303-6987.2005.00368.x. PMID 16008697.
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