Difference between revisions of "Head and neck cytopathology"

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[[Image:Pleomorphic adenoma - cytology -- high mag.jpg|right|thumb|[[Micrograph]] showing a pleomorphic adenoma. [[Pap stain]].]]
'''Head and neck cytopathology''' is a small part of cytopathology.  Non-cytopathology head & neck pathology is dealt with in the ''[[head and neck pathology]]'' article.
'''Head and neck cytopathology''' is a small part of cytopathology.  Non-cytopathology head & neck pathology is dealt with in the ''[[head and neck pathology]]'' article.


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''Salivary gland cytopathology'' and ''salivary gland cytology'' redirect to here.
''Salivary gland cytopathology'' and ''salivary gland cytology'' redirect to here.
=Proposed Milan system for reporting salivary gland cytopathology=
:''Milan system'' and ''Milan classification'' redirect here.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Category
! Typical management
! Comments
|-
| Nondiagnostic
| repeat FNA
|
|-
| Nonneoplastic
| follow-up/discharge
|
|-
| Atypia of undetermined significance (AUS)
| repeat FNA
| use should be minimized <br>- like [[FLUS]] and [[ASCUS]]
|-
| Neoplasm
| excision
| subdivided into: (a) benign (b) salivary gland neoplasm of uncertain malignant potential (SUMP)
|-
| Suspicious for malignancy
| wide excision +/-lymph nodes (?)
|
|-
| Malignant
| wide excision & lymph nodes (?)
|
|}
Notes:
*This classification is still evolving.<ref>URL: [http://www.cytopathology.org/the-milan-system-for-reporting-salivary-gland-cytopathology/ http://www.cytopathology.org/the-milan-system-for-reporting-salivary-gland-cytopathology/]. Accessed on: 31 March 2016.</ref> The preliminary version (above) was presented by Dr. William Faquin at [[USCAP]] 2016 in Seattle.<ref>URL: [http://www.uscap.org/meetings/detail/2016-annual-meeting/sessions/2334 http://www.uscap.org/meetings/detail/2016-annual-meeting/sessions/2334]. Accessed on: 13 March 2016.</ref>
*The goal is to complete the reporting system by the summer of 2017.


=Normal=
=Normal=
Line 19: Line 56:
Sticky lymphoid tissue:
Sticky lymphoid tissue:
*Irregular globs of tissue with small cells.
*Irregular globs of tissue with small cells.
[[Skeletal muscle]]:
*Round red staining globs +/-apparent striations.
*Nuclei more at edges (peripheral).
===Images===
<gallery>
Image: Skeletal muscle - FNA 1 - intermed mag.jpg | SM - intermed. mag.
Image: Skeletal muscle - FNA 1a- high mag.jpg | SM - high mag.
Image: Skeletal muscle - FNA 1a- very high mag.jpg | SM - very high mag.
Image: Skeletal muscle - FNA 1b- very high mag.jpg | SM - very high mag.
Image: Skeletal muscle - FNA 2a- high mag.jpg | SM - high mag.
Image: Skeletal muscle - FNA 2b- high mag.jpg | SM - high mag.
Image: Skeletal muscle - FNA 2a- very high mag.jpg | SM - very high mag.
Image: Skeletal muscle - FNA 2b- very high mag.jpg | SM - very high mag.
</gallery>


=Salivary gland tumours - summary=
=Salivary gland tumours - summary=
Line 100: Line 154:
*Squamous carcinoma.
*Squamous carcinoma.
*Mucoepidermoid carcinoma.
*Mucoepidermoid carcinoma.
==Crystals in salivary gland specimens==
===General===
*Uncommon in general.
**Typical location is: parotid (>85% salivary gland specimens with crystals<ref name=pmid33296146>{{cite journal |authors=Sun T, Faquin WC, Torous VF |title=Crystalloids in FNA specimens of salivary gland lesions: A retrospective study in a single large institute |journal=Cancer Cytopathol |volume=129 |issue=6 |pages=432–438 |date=June 2021 |pmid=33296146 |doi=10.1002/cncy.22395 |url=}}</ref>).
*May be seen in the context of any diagnostic category (non-diagnostic, benign, neoplastic, malignant).
**Approximately 40% of cases with crystals are benign or non-diagnositic.<ref name=pmid33296146/>
**Approximately 10% of cases with crystals are suspicious or malignant.<ref name=pmid33296146/>
DDx:
*Amylase crystalloids ~ 75%.
*Tyrosine crystalloids ~ 11%.
*Collagenous crystalloids ~ 3%.
*Undetermined type ~ 11%.
===Cytology===
Features:<ref name=pmid33296146/><ref>{{cite journal |authors=Kishore M, Kaushal M, Dogra S |title=Crystalloids in salivary gland lesion: A diagnostic clue |journal=J Lab Physicians |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=100–101 |date=2019 |pmid=30983813 |pmc=6437830 |doi=10.4103/JLP.JLP_120_18 |url=}}</ref>
*Amylase crystalloids: rhomboid (or polygonal) +/- "pointy" ends, nonbirefringent.
*Tyrosine crystalloids: floret-like structures, refractile.
*Collagenous crystalloids: needle-shaped, radially arranged.
====Images====
<gallery>
Image: Amylase crystals - parotid -- intermed mag.jpg | Amylase crystals - parotid - intermed. mag.
Image: Amylase crystals - parotid - alt -- intermed mag.jpg | Amylase crystals - parotid - intermed. mag.
Image: Amylase crystals - parotid -- high mag.jpg | Amylase crystals - parotid - high mag.
Image: Amylase crystals - parotid - alt -- high mag.jpg | Amylase crystals - parotid - high mag.
Image: Amylase crystals - parotid -- very high mag.jpg | Amylase crystals - parotid - very high mag.
Image: Amylase crystals - parotid - alt -- very high mag.jpg | Amylase crystals - parotid - very high mag.
Image: Amylase crystals - parotid - alt2 -- very high mag.jpg | Amylase crystals - parotid - very high mag.
Image: Amylase crystals - parotid -- high mag.gif | Amylase crystals - parotid - animation - high mag.
Image: Amylase crystals - parotid -- very high mag.gif | Amylase crystals - parotid - animation - very high mag.
</gallery>
===Sign out===
<pre>
Crystalloid material is present and has a rhomboid/polygonal shape with occasional "pointy" ends; this is in keeping with amylase crystals.
</pre>


==Pleomorphic adenoma==
==Pleomorphic adenoma==
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#Chondromyxoid stroma.
#Chondromyxoid stroma.
#*Whispy/fluffy groups of spindle cells that overlap (fibromyxoid tissue) - blue-ish.
#*Whispy/fluffy groups of spindle cells that overlap (fibromyxoid tissue) - blue-ish.
Image:
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pleomorphic_adenoma_-_cytology.jpg Pleomorphic adenoma (WC)].


DDx:  
DDx:  
*[[Adenoid cystic carcinoma]].
*[[Adenoid cystic carcinoma]].
**Big circular globs (cysts) - common in AdCC.
**Big circular globs (cysts) - common in AdCC.
====Images====
<gallery>
Image: Pleomorphic adenoma - cytology -- high mag.jpg | PA - high mag. (WC)
Image: Pleomorphic adenoma - cytology - alt -- high mag.jpg | PA - high mag. (WC)
Image: Pleomorphic adenoma - cytology -- very high mag.jpg | PA - very high mag. (WC)
Image: Pleomorphic adenoma - cytology - alt -- very high mag.jpg | PA - very high mag. (WC)
</gallery>
<gallery>
Image:Pleomorphic_adenoma_-_cytology.jpg | Pleomorphic adenoma. (WC)
</gallery>


==Warthin tumour==
==Warthin tumour==
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==Mucoepidermoid carcinoma==
==Mucoepidermoid carcinoma==
{{Main|Mucoepidermoid carcinoma}}
{{Main|Mucoepidermoid carcinoma}}
===General===
*A challenging FNA diagnosis.<ref name=pmid2296840>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Cohen | first1 = MB. | last2 = Fisher | first2 = PE. | last3 = Holly | first3 = EA. | last4 = Ljung | first4 = BM. | last5 = Löwhagen | first5 = T. | last6 = Bottles | first6 = K. | title = Fine needle aspiration biopsy diagnosis of mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Statistical analysis. | journal = Acta Cytol | volume = 34 | issue = 1 | pages = 43-9 | month =  | year =  | doi =  | PMID = 2296840 }}</ref>


===Cytology===
===Cytology===
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**Cytoplasm not seen in 3-D clusters - look for single layer of cells.
**Cytoplasm not seen in 3-D clusters - look for single layer of cells.
**Cell borders are often distinct.  
**Cell borders are often distinct.  
DDx:
*[[Squamous cell carcinoma]] - extensive keratinization and squamous pearls.<ref name=Ref_FNAC25>{{Ref FNAC|25}}</ref>


===Images===
===Images===
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Image:Mucoepidermoid_carcinoma_2_-_high_mag.jpg | Mucoepidermoid carcinoma. (WC)
Image:Mucoepidermoid_carcinoma_2_-_high_mag.jpg | Mucoepidermoid carcinoma. (WC)
Image:Mucoepidermoid_carcinoma_2_-_very_high_mag.jpg | Mucoepidermoid carcinoma - very high mag. (WC)
Image:Mucoepidermoid_carcinoma_2_-_very_high_mag.jpg | Mucoepidermoid carcinoma - very high mag. (WC)
Image:Mucoepidermoid_carcinoma_-_cytology.jpg | Mucoepidermoid carcinoma - not a very good image. (WC)
</gallery>
</gallery>


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====Image====
====Image====
<gallery>
<gallery>
Image:Acinic_cell_carcinoma.jpg Acinic cell carcinoma - cytology. (WC)
Image:Acinic_cell_carcinoma.jpg | Acinic cell carcinoma - cytology. (WC)
</gallery>
</gallery>


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====Images====
====Images====
<gallery>
<gallery>
Image:Hodgkin_lymphoma_cytology_large.jpg | HL. (WC)
Image:Hodgkin_lymphoma_cytology_small.jpg | HL - higher mag. (WC)
Image:Hodgkin_lymphoma_cytology_large.jpg | HL - lower mag. (WC)
</gallery>
</gallery>
www:
www:
Line 359: Line 465:


Both:
Both:
*Epidermoid cyst.
*[[Epidermoid cyst]].
*Cystic squmaous cell carcinoma.
*Cystic [[squamous cell carcinoma]].


=See also=
=See also=

Latest revision as of 16:09, 4 November 2024

Micrograph showing a pleomorphic adenoma. Pap stain.

Head and neck cytopathology is a small part of cytopathology. Non-cytopathology head & neck pathology is dealt with in the head and neck pathology article.

Thyroid cytopathology is dealt with in the thyroid cytopathology article. An introduction to cytopathology is in the cytopathology article.

Salivary gland cytopathology and salivary gland cytology redirect to here.

Proposed Milan system for reporting salivary gland cytopathology

Milan system and Milan classification redirect here.
Category Typical management Comments
Nondiagnostic repeat FNA
Nonneoplastic follow-up/discharge
Atypia of undetermined significance (AUS) repeat FNA use should be minimized
- like FLUS and ASCUS
Neoplasm excision subdivided into: (a) benign (b) salivary gland neoplasm of uncertain malignant potential (SUMP)
Suspicious for malignancy wide excision +/-lymph nodes (?)
Malignant wide excision & lymph nodes (?)

Notes:

  • This classification is still evolving.[1] The preliminary version (above) was presented by Dr. William Faquin at USCAP 2016 in Seattle.[2]
  • The goal is to complete the reporting system by the summer of 2017.

Normal

Depends on the structure that is needled.

Parotid:[3]

  • Acini - small globoid clusters.
    • Separated by adipose tissue.
  • Granular cytoplasm.
  • Nucleus:
  • Low NC ratio cells.

Sticky lymphoid tissue:

  • Irregular globs of tissue with small cells.

Skeletal muscle:

  • Round red staining globs +/-apparent striations.
  • Nuclei more at edges (peripheral).

Images

  • SM - intermed. mag.

  • SM - high mag.

  • SM - very high mag.

  • SM - very high mag.

  • SM - high mag.

  • SM - high mag.

  • SM - very high mag.

  • SM - very high mag.

Salivary gland tumours - summary

Benign

Diagnosis Architecture Cytoplasm Nucleus Main DDx Used to diff. from main DDx Image
Pleomorphic adenoma Fluffy fibromyxoid material & cells and single (plasmacytoid-like) myoepithelial cells ? Myoepithelial cells - plasmacytoid appearance DDx (?) ?
Pleomorphic adenoma. (WC)
Warthin tumour (papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum) Sheets of uniformly spaced oncocytes, lymphocytes, necrotic debris Oncocytes (abundant, granular, eosinophilic tinge), well-defined cell borders Oncocytes have nucleolus Acinic cell carcinoma (AcCC), oncocytoma AcCC: irregular spaced cells, lack well-defined cell borders
Warthin tumour - high mag. (WC)

Malignant

Diagnosis Architecture Cytoplasm Nucleus Main DDx Used to diff. from main DDx Image
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma Clumps of cells Abundant whispy cytoplasm Small oval nucleus, +/-distinct nucleolus Mucocele ? Nuclear atypia
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma. (WC)
Adenoid cystic carcinoma (AdCC) Circular islands of abundant very small cells Scant cytoplasm Small nucleus - may have carrot shape AcCC Basement membrane material - PAS-D+ve[4]
Adenoid cystic carcinoma. (WC)
Acinic cell carcinoma (AcCC) 3-D clusters of small cells Abundant orangeophilic granular cytoplasm Stippled chromatin Warthin tumour AcCC missing lymphocytic background; irreg. spacing of cells
Acinic cell carcinoma. (WC)

Salivary gland

Main article: Salivary gland

Sialoadenitis

Main article: Chronic sialadenitis

Cytology

Features:

  • Inflammatory cells - lymphocytes, plasma cells - key features.
  • +/-Squamous metaplasia.
  • +/-Necrotic debris.
  • Benign ductal epithelium.

DDx:

  • Squamous carcinoma.
  • Mucoepidermoid carcinoma.

Crystals in salivary gland specimens

General

  • Uncommon in general.
    • Typical location is: parotid (>85% salivary gland specimens with crystals[5]).
  • May be seen in the context of any diagnostic category (non-diagnostic, benign, neoplastic, malignant).
    • Approximately 40% of cases with crystals are benign or non-diagnositic.[5]
    • Approximately 10% of cases with crystals are suspicious or malignant.[5]

DDx:

  • Amylase crystalloids ~ 75%.
  • Tyrosine crystalloids ~ 11%.
  • Collagenous crystalloids ~ 3%.
  • Undetermined type ~ 11%.

Cytology

Features:[5][6]

  • Amylase crystalloids: rhomboid (or polygonal) +/- "pointy" ends, nonbirefringent.
  • Tyrosine crystalloids: floret-like structures, refractile.
  • Collagenous crystalloids: needle-shaped, radially arranged.

Images

  • Amylase crystals - parotid - intermed. mag.

  • Amylase crystals - parotid - intermed. mag.

  • Amylase crystals - parotid - high mag.

  • Amylase crystals - parotid - high mag.

  • Amylase crystals - parotid - very high mag.

  • Amylase crystals - parotid - very high mag.

  • Amylase crystals - parotid - very high mag.

  • Amylase crystals - parotid - animation - high mag.

  • Amylase crystals - parotid - animation - very high mag.

Sign out

Crystalloid material is present and has a rhomboid/polygonal shape with occasional "pointy" ends; this is in keeping with amylase crystals.

Pleomorphic adenoma

Main article: Pleomorphic adenoma
  • Abbreviated PA.

General

  • Common benign tumour.

Cytology

Features (MEC):[7][8]

  1. Myoepithelial cells.
    • Plasmacytoid-like cells.
      • Single cells (very common) or small clumps - oval shape.
  2. Epithelial cells.
  3. Chondromyxoid stroma.
    • Whispy/fluffy groups of spindle cells that overlap (fibromyxoid tissue) - blue-ish.

DDx:

Images

  • PA - high mag. (WC)

  • PA - high mag. (WC)

  • PA - very high mag. (WC)

  • PA - very high mag. (WC)

  • Pleomorphic adenoma. (WC)

Warthin tumour

  • AKA papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum.

General

  • Usual smokers.
  • May be bilateral.

Cytology

Features:[9]

  • Oncocytes.
      • Well-defined cell border.
      • Granular cytoplasm.
      • Nucleoli.
    • Oncocytes are often associated with mast cells, i.e. on "top of" oncocytes.
      • Mast cells: very granular dark staining cytoplasm (on smears).
  • Lymphocytes.
  • Necrotic material (cyst contents).

DDx:

  • Acinic cell carcinoma.
    • Spacing of tumour in AcCC is more irregular and appear more crowded.
    • The cell borders in AcCC is less obvious.
  • Oncocytoma.
    • Oncocytoma (vis-a-vis Warthin tumour) has more cells, more cytoplasm, more granularity of cytoplasm, more complex architecture.[3]

Images

  • Warthin tumour - high mag. (WC)

  • Warthin tumour - intermed. mag. (WC)

  • Warthin tumour - surgical specimen. (WC)

Oncocytoma

Main article: Oncocytoma of the salivary gland

General

Cytology

Features:

  • Oncocytes.
      • Well-defined cell border.
      • Granular cytoplasm.
      • Nucleoli.

Vis-a-vis Warthin tumour:

  • Oncocytoma has:[3]
    • More cells,
    • More cytoplasm,
    • More granularity of cytoplasm,
    • More complex architecture.

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma

Main article: Mucoepidermoid carcinoma

General

  • A challenging FNA diagnosis.[10]

Cytology

Features:

  • Sheets of cells.
  • Cells have a small oval nucleus with nucleolus.
  • Fluffy cytoplasm with a pink tinge (on Pap stain) - key feature.
    • Cytoplasm not seen in 3-D clusters - look for single layer of cells.
    • Cell borders are often distinct.

DDx:

Images

  • Mucoepidermoid carcinoma. (WC)

  • Mucoepidermoid carcinoma - very high mag. (WC)

Acinic cell carcinoma

Main article: Acinic cell carcinoma

General

  • Uncommon.

Cytology

Features:[12]

  • Abundant granular cytoplasm.
  • Stippled chromatin.
  • +/-Nucleolus.

Notes:

  • Often accompanied by stripped nuclei; may mimic lymphocytes (may lead to confusion with Warthin tumour).
  • Lack:[3]
    • Adipocytes between acini (differentiates from normal).
    • Ductal structures (differentiates from normal).

Memory device:

  • AcCC - lots of "C"s: lots of cytoplasm, carcinoid-like (stippled chromatin, granular cytoplasm).

Image

  • Acinic cell carcinoma - cytology. (WC)

Adenoid cystic carcinoma

General

Cytology

Features:

  • Solid circular islands that are well-circumscribed.
    • Classically forms cystic structures.
  • Very cellular.
  • Small cells - key feature.
  • Nucleus - large relative to cell (high NC ratio)
    • Often oval/triangular - may be carrot-shaped.
    • +/-Nucleolus. (???)
    • Chromatin NOT stippled.
  • Scant cytoplasm - key feature.

Notes:

  • Memory device: AdCC = lotsa DNA in relation to cell.

Image

  • Adenoid cystic carcinoma - cytology. (WC)

Epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma

Main article: Epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma

Cytology

Features:

  • Single cells/stripped nuclei.
  • 3-dimensional clusters.
  • Two cell population:
    • Dark small cells.
    • Light large cells.

Common

Squamous carcinoma

Main article: Squamous cell carcinoma
  • AKA squamous cell carcinoma.

Cytopathology

Features:

  • Mix of spindle cells/epithelioid cells, present in clusters, +/-small number of single cells.
  • Keratinization:
    • Orange/red staining on Pap stain.
      • Poorly differentiated SCC = not orange/red.
    • "Intense" (blue) staining of cells on rapid Romanowsky + pyknotic (small shriveled) nucleus.[13]
  • "Dense" appearing cytoplasm.
    • +/-Laminae (layers)/lines in the cytoplasm.
  • Nuclear features of malignancy (required for diagnosis):
    1. Irregular nuclear membrane, e.g. notches, sharp discontinuities.
    2. Nuclear hyperchromasia - "jet-black" nuclei on Pap stain key feature.
    3. Increased NC ratio.
    4. Variation of nuclear size from cell-to-cell.
    5. Granular chromatin.

Notes:

  1. One should see abnormal squamous cells to call it SCC.
  2. Poorly differentiated SCC may look like adenocarcinoma.

Melanoma

Main article: Malignant melanoma

Features:

  • Usually mixed population of:
    • Spindle cells.
      • Often single/detacted cells.
    • Epithelioid cells - usually predominant.
      • Nucleus typically eccentric.
  • Brown granular cytoplasm; usually fine granularity.
  • Large red nucleoli (classic finding).
  • +/-Intranuclear inclusions.
  • +/-Binucleation.

Minimal (for morphologic diagnosis):

  1. Nuclear features of malignancy in epithelioid cells (with an eccentric nucleus) or spindle cells.
  2. Brown granular cytoplasm.

Notes:

  1. IHC stains are needed in many cases (S-100, HMB-45, Melan A).
  2. The classic appearance of melanoma without pigment is closest to adenocarcinoma (which may have red nucleoli, large cells, abundant cytoplasm, occasional binucleation).
    • Differentiating morphologic features: adenocarcinoma - 3-D clusters of cells, no spindle-shaped cells.

Lymph nodes

Normal lymph node

Cytology

  • Mixed population of lymphoid cells.
  • +/-Lymphoglandular bodies.

Image

Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

Cytology

Features:

  • Population of monomorphous lymphoid cells - usu. ~2x the size of a RBC.
  • Lymphoglandular bodies - blue-grey bodies.
    • Often about 1/2 the size of a RBC.
      • These may be seen in benign tissue.

Note:

Image

Hodgkin's lymphoma

Main article: Hodgkin lymphoma

Cytology

Features:

  • Reed-Sternberg cell (diagnostic).
    • Classically binucleated.
    • Huge cell with macronucleus.
    • Each nucleus has a huge macronucleolus.
  • Commonly seen with eosinophils.

Note:

  • RSCs are usually found at the edge of smears.[15]

Images

  • HL - higher mag. (WC)

  • HL - lower mag. (WC)

www:

Cystic lesions of the neck

General

DDx

Lateral:

Medial:

Both:

See also

References

  1. ↑ URL: http://www.cytopathology.org/the-milan-system-for-reporting-salivary-gland-cytopathology/. Accessed on: 31 March 2016.
  2. ↑ URL: http://www.uscap.org/meetings/detail/2016-annual-meeting/sessions/2334. Accessed on: 13 March 2016.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Boerner SL. Patterns and pitfalls in fine needle aspiration of salivary gland. Current Diagnostic Pathology. 9:339-354. 2003. URL (abstract only): http://www.journals.elsevierhealth.com/periodicals/ycdip/article/PIIS0968605303000711/abstract.
  4. ↑ Chen SY (November 1976). "Adenoid cystic carcinoma of minor salivary gland. Histochemical and electron microscopic studies of cystlike space". Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. 42 (5): 606–19. PMID 62333.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Sun T, Faquin WC, Torous VF (June 2021). "Crystalloids in FNA specimens of salivary gland lesions: A retrospective study in a single large institute". Cancer Cytopathol 129 (6): 432–438. doi:10.1002/cncy.22395. PMID 33296146.
  6. ↑ Kishore M, Kaushal M, Dogra S (2019). "Crystalloids in salivary gland lesion: A diagnostic clue". J Lab Physicians 11 (1): 100–101. doi:10.4103/JLP.JLP_120_18. PMC 6437830. PMID 30983813. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6437830/.
  7. ↑ Thompson, Lester D. R. (2006). Head and Neck Pathology: A Volume in Foundations in Diagnostic Pathology Series (1st ed.). Churchill Livingstone. pp. 295-319. ISBN 978-0443069604.
  8. ↑ SM. 13 January 2010.
  9. ↑ http://sciencelinks.jp/j-east/article/200123/000020012301A0753392.php
  10. ↑ Cohen, MB.; Fisher, PE.; Holly, EA.; Ljung, BM.; Löwhagen, T.; Bottles, K.. "Fine needle aspiration biopsy diagnosis of mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Statistical analysis.". Acta Cytol 34 (1): 43-9. PMID 2296840.
  11. ↑ Sidawy, Mark K.; Ali, Syed Z. (2007). Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology: A Volume in Foundations in Diagnostic Pathology (1st ed.). Churchill Livingstone. pp. 25. ISBN 978-0443067310.
  12. ↑ SB. 12 January 2010.
  13. ↑ GS. 24 February 2010.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 URL: http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/jty1/CytoLearn/CytoQuiz/CQ-021-040/CQ-024-M.htm. Accessed on: 9 April 2012.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 URL: http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/jty1/CytoLearn/CytoQuiz/CQ-021-040/CQ-026-M.htm. Accessed on: 9 April 2012.
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