Difference between revisions of "Fibroblastic/myofibroblastic tumours"

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==Elastofibroma==
==Elastofibroma==
===General===
{{Main|Elastofibroma}}
*Benign.
*Classically, subscapular in elderly women.<ref>URL: [http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1057113-overview http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1057113-overview]. Accessed on: 26 October 2011.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Ben Hassouna | first1 = J. | last2 = Hamdi | first2 = N. | last3 = Ben Bachouche | first3 = W. | last4 = Bouzid | first4 = T. | last5 = Dhiab | first5 = T. | last6 = Rahal | first6 = K. | title = Elastofibroma dorsi. | journal = Orthop Traumatol Surg Res | volume = 96 | issue = 6 | pages = 717-20 | month = Oct | year = 2010 | doi = 10.1016/j.otsr.2010.03.019 | PMID = 20708994 }}</ref>
 
===Gross===
Features:
*Yellow-white, moderate demarcation to surrounding tissue.<ref name=Ref_AoGP592>{{Ref AoGP|592}}</ref>
 
DDx - shoulder lesions:
*[[Desmoplastic fibroblastoma]].
*[[Pleomorphic lipoma]].
 
===Microscopic===
Features:
*Thick bundles of collagen.
*Elastin fibres.
 
Image:
*[http://www.surgicalpathologyatlas.com/glfusion/mediagallery/media.php?f=0&sort=0&s=20080802163630229 Elastofibroma (surgicalpathologyatlas.com)].


==Nodular fasciitis==
==Nodular fasciitis==
Line 289: Line 271:


===Molecular===
===Molecular===
Characteristic [[translocation]]:<ref>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Sheng | first1 = WQ. | last2 = Hisaoka | first2 = M. | last3 = Okamoto | first3 = S. | last4 = Tanaka | first4 = A. | last5 = Meis-Kindblom | first5 = JM. | last6 = Kindblom | first6 = LG. | last7 = Ishida | first7 = T. | last8 = Nojima | first8 = T. | last9 = Hashimoto | first9 = H. | title = Congenital-infantile fibrosarcoma. A clinicopathologic study of 10 cases and molecular detection of the ETV6-NTRK3 fusion transcripts using paraffin-embedded tissues. | journal = Am J Clin Pathol | volume = 115 | issue = 3 | pages = 348-55 | month = Mar | year = 2001 | doi = 10.1309/3H24-E7T7-V37G-AKKQ | PMID = 11242790 }}</ref>
Characteristic [[translocation]]:<ref name=pmid11242790 >{{Cite journal  | last1 = Sheng | first1 = WQ. | last2 = Hisaoka | first2 = M. | last3 = Okamoto | first3 = S. | last4 = Tanaka | first4 = A. | last5 = Meis-Kindblom | first5 = JM. | last6 = Kindblom | first6 = LG. | last7 = Ishida | first7 = T. | last8 = Nojima | first8 = T. | last9 = Hashimoto | first9 = H. | title = Congenital-infantile fibrosarcoma. A clinicopathologic study of 10 cases and molecular detection of the ETV6-NTRK3 fusion transcripts using paraffin-embedded tissues. | journal = Am J Clin Pathol | volume = 115 | issue = 3 | pages = 348-55 | month = Mar | year = 2001 | doi = 10.1309/3H24-E7T7-V37G-AKKQ | PMID = 11242790 }}</ref>
*t(12;15)(p13;q25).
*t(12;15)(p13;q25).
**Gene fusion ETV6-NTRK3.
**Gene fusion ETV6-[[NTRK3]].
***Same translocation in [[mesoblastic nephroma]].
***Same translocation in [[mesoblastic nephroma]].


Line 390: Line 372:
Feature:<ref name=Ref_WMSP611>{{Ref WMSP|611}}</ref>
Feature:<ref name=Ref_WMSP611>{{Ref WMSP|611}}</ref>
*Spindle cell lesion.
*Spindle cell lesion.
*Herring bone pattern - '''key feature'''.
*[[Herring bone pattern]] - '''key feature'''.
*Mitoses.
*Mitoses.


Line 416: Line 398:
*Should '''not''' be confused with ''[[low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma]]''.<ref name=pmid8650138>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Mentzel | first1 = T. | last2 = Katenkamp | first2 = D. | last3 = Fletcher | first3 = CD. | title = [Low malignancy myxofibrosarcoma versus low malignancy fibromyxoid sarcoma. Distinct entities with similar names but different clinical course]. | journal = Pathologe | volume = 17 | issue = 2 | pages = 116-21 | month = Mar | year = 1996 | doi =  | PMID = 8650138 }}</ref>
*Should '''not''' be confused with ''[[low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma]]''.<ref name=pmid8650138>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Mentzel | first1 = T. | last2 = Katenkamp | first2 = D. | last3 = Fletcher | first3 = CD. | title = [Low malignancy myxofibrosarcoma versus low malignancy fibromyxoid sarcoma. Distinct entities with similar names but different clinical course]. | journal = Pathologe | volume = 17 | issue = 2 | pages = 116-21 | month = Mar | year = 1996 | doi =  | PMID = 8650138 }}</ref>
*[[AKA]] ''myxoid malignant fibrous histiocytoma'' or ''myxoid MFH''.<ref>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Fujimura | first1 = T. | last2 = Okuyama | first2 = R. | last3 = Terui | first3 = T. | last4 = Okuno | first4 = K. | last5 = Masu | first5 = A. | last6 = Masu | first6 = T. | last7 = Chiba | first7 = S. | last8 = Kunii | first8 = T. | last9 = Tagami | first9 = H. | title = Myxofibrosarcoma (myxoid malignant fibrous histiocytoma) showing cutaneous presentation: report of two cases. | journal = J Cutan Pathol | volume = 32 | issue = 7 | pages = 512-5 | month = Aug | year = 2005 | doi = 10.1111/j.0303-6987.2005.00368.x | PMID = 16008697 }}</ref>
*[[AKA]] ''myxoid malignant fibrous histiocytoma'' or ''myxoid MFH''.<ref>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Fujimura | first1 = T. | last2 = Okuyama | first2 = R. | last3 = Terui | first3 = T. | last4 = Okuno | first4 = K. | last5 = Masu | first5 = A. | last6 = Masu | first6 = T. | last7 = Chiba | first7 = S. | last8 = Kunii | first8 = T. | last9 = Tagami | first9 = H. | title = Myxofibrosarcoma (myxoid malignant fibrous histiocytoma) showing cutaneous presentation: report of two cases. | journal = J Cutan Pathol | volume = 32 | issue = 7 | pages = 512-5 | month = Aug | year = 2005 | doi = 10.1111/j.0303-6987.2005.00368.x | PMID = 16008697 }}</ref>
===General===
{{Main|Myxofibrosarcoma}}
*Malignant.
*Usually older people, superficial (skin/dermis) and extremities (arm, legs).<ref name=Ref_WMSP612-3>{{Ref WMSP|612-3}}</ref><ref name=pmid17197925/>
*Prognosis better than [[pleomorphic undifferentiated sarcoma]].
**Metastatic potential inversely related to component/portion that is myxoid.<ref name=pmid192434>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Weiss | first1 = SW. | last2 = Enzinger | first2 = FM. | title = Myxoid variant of malignant fibrous histiocytoma. | journal = Cancer | volume = 39 | issue = 4 | pages = 1672-85 | month = Apr | year = 1977 | doi =  | PMID = 192434 }}</ref>
 
===Microscopic===
Features:<ref name=Ref_WMSP612-3>{{Ref WMSP|612-3}}</ref>
*Discontinuous fibrous septae.
*Myxoid background.
*Variable cellularity and nuclear pleomorphism.
*Spindle cells or epithelioid cells.<ref name=pmid17197925/>
*Curvilinear vessels.<ref name=pmid17197925>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Nascimento | first1 = AF. | last2 = Bertoni | first2 = F. | last3 = Fletcher | first3 = CD. | title = Epithelioid variant of myxofibrosarcoma: expanding the clinicomorphologic spectrum of myxofibrosarcoma in a series of 17 cases. | journal = Am J Surg Pathol | volume = 31 | issue = 1 | pages = 99-105 | month = Jan | year = 2007 | doi = 10.1097/01.pas.0000213379.94547.e7 | PMID = 17197925 }}</ref>
 
DDx:
*[[Liposarcoma|Myxoid liposarcoma]].
*[[Low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma]] - alternating fibrous and myxoid areas.<ref name=pmid8650138/>
*[[Myxoma]].
 
Image:
*[http://www.sarcomaimages.com/sub.php?v=sample-case&p=myxofibrosarcoma-myxoid-mfh Myxofibrosarcoma (sarcomaimages.com)].
 
===IHC===
*Vimentin +ve -- otherwise non-distinctive.<ref name=Ref_WMSP612-3>{{Ref WMSP|612-3}}</ref>


=See also=
=See also=

Latest revision as of 18:58, 24 March 2019

This article covers fibroblastic/myofibroblastic tumours. These tumours fit into the larger category of soft tissue lesions.

List of tumours

Benign

WHO classification:[1]

Locally aggressive

WHO classification:[1]

Occasionally metastasizing

WHO classification:[2]

Malignant

WHO classification:[2]

Non-malignant

Proliferative fasciitis

General

  • Benign.
  • May mimic a sarcoma.[3]

Clinical:

  • Solid subcutaneous nodule.
  • Rapid growth.
  • May be painful.

Gross

  • Classically upper and lower extremities.[3]
  • Poorly demarcated.

Microscopic

Features:[4]

  • Large polygonal (ganglion-like) and/or spindled cells with:
  • +/-Binucleation.
  • Loose myxoid stroma.
  • Frequent typical mitoses.
    • No atypical mitoses.

DDx:

Images:

Proliferative myositis

General

  • Benign.
  • Possible arise from pericytes.[6]

Microscopic

Features:[6][7]

  • Large ganglion-like cells.
    • Cells have single prominent nucleolus.
  • Spindle cells.
  • +/-Binucleation.
  • Mitotic activity.
    • No atypical mitoses.

Image:

IHC

Features:[6]

  • Vimentin +ve.
  • SMA +ve.
  • Desmin +ve/-ve.

Others:[6]

  • Factor XIIIa -ve.
  • S100 -ve.
  • CAM5.2 -ve.
  • NSE -ve.

Elastofibroma

Main article: Elastofibroma

Nodular fasciitis

Main article: Nodular fasciitis

Desmoid-type fibromatosis

  • AKA desmoid tumour.
  • AKA desmoid fibromatosis.
Main article: Desmoid-type fibromatosis

Lipofibromatosis

  • AKA infantile subcutaneous fibromatosis.

General

  • Childhood.

Microscopic

Features:[8]

  • Fibroblastic cells surrounding adipocytes.

Image:

IHC

Features:[8]

  • CD34 +ve.
  • BCL2 +ve.
  • S100 +ve.
  • CD99 +ve.
  • Actin +ve.
  • EMA +ve.

Desmoplastic fibroblastoma

General

  • Benign lesion.

Epidemiology:

  • May be on the lip.
  • Male:female ~= 5:1.[10]
  • Age - typically 40s & 50s.[10]

Gross

  • Classically found in the shoulder region.

DDx - shoulder region:

Microscopic

Features:[11][12]

  • Spindle cells or stellate cells without nuclear atypia.
  • Acellular stroma with abundant collagen - key feature.
  • +/-Myxoid areas.
  • +/-Rare mitoses.

DDx:[11]

Images:

IHC

Features:[11]

Molecular

  • llq12 breakpoint described as being characteristic -- possibly the FOSL1 gene.[14]

Calcifying fibrous tumour

General

  • Rare.
  • Benign.

Microscopic

Features:[15]

  • Submucosal circumscribed fibrocollagenous nodule.
  • Psammomatous calcifications.
  • Focal plasma cells at the periphery.

Myofibroma

Main article: Myofibroma

Cellular angiofibroma

General

Gross

Features:[16]

  • Superficial.
  • Well-circumscribed.

Classic location:

Microscopic

Features:[16]

  • Spindle cell lesion.
  • Many small-to-medium blood vessls.

IHC

Features:[16]

  • CD34 ~50% of cases.
  • SMA ~41% of cases.
  • CD99 -ve.
  • EMA -ve.

Occasionally metastasizing

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour

  • AKA inflammatory pseudotumour, AKA inflammatory fibrosarcoma,[17] AKA plasma cell granuloma.[18][19]
Main article: Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour

Low-grade myofibroblastic sarcoma

General

  • Rare ~ 100 cases in the literature.
  • Usu. oral cavity or extremities.[20]

Microscopic

Features:

  • Spindle cells in the storiform pattern[20] or in fasicles.
  • Rare mitoses.

Images:

DDx:

IHC

  • SMA +ve.
  • CD34 -ve.
  • CD117 -ve.[20]
  • H-caldesmon -ve.[20]


Congenital-infantile fibrosarcoma

Should not be confused with adult fibrosarcoma.

General

  • Locally aggressive.

Microscopic

Features:[21]

  • Spindle cell lesion.

Molecular

Characteristic translocation:[22]

Solitary fibrous tumour

Main article: Solitary fibrous tumour

Hemangiopericytoma

General

  • Thought to arise from the pericyte, a connective tissue cell of small vessels that is thought to be involved in flow regulation while others consider a fibroblastic nature.[24]
  • Hematologic spread most common - to lungs.[25]
  • Oncogenic osteomalacia - assoc. with hemangiopericytoma.[25]
  • WHO grade II hemangiopericytoma (ICD-O: 9150/1), WHO grade III anaplastic hemangiopericytoma (ICD-O: 9150/3)

Presentation

  • Usually painless mass, slow enlargement.
  • May profusely bleed during resection.
  • May invade bone.

Histology

  • high cellular density.
  • indistinct cell borders.
  • random tumor cell orientation.
  • little fibrosis.
  • plenty reticulin.
  • vascular with slit-like channels ("staghorn-like vessels").

IHC

  • Vimentin +ve.
  • CD34 +ve (often patchy, used to differentiate from SFT).
  • STAT6 nuclear +ve.
  • EMA +/-ve.

Radiology

  • Intramedullary lytic mass.
  • May be well-circumscribed.
  • +/-Periosteal reaction.
  • +/-Sclerotic border.

May be worked-up with angiography to distinguish from a vascular malformation.[26]

Location

  • Usually extremities - femur or proximal tibial.[25]

Microscopic

Features:[26]

  • Hypervascular lesion - key diagnostic feature.[27]
    • Abundant thin-walled branching small vessels of variable size.
      • May be described as "staghorn vessels" or "antler-like" vasculature.
      • Cells may "onion-skin" around thin blood vessels.
  • Spindle or ovoid shaped cells in nests or sheets.

DDx:

IHC

Features:[8][27]

  • Vimentin +ve (usually).
  • Desmin -ve (typical).
  • Factor VIII -ve (marks endothelium).
  • CD34 +ve.
    • CD34 usu. -ve in synovial sarcoma.
  • CD31 -ve (marks benign endothelium).
  • vWF (von Willebrand factor) -ve.

May be in the DDx for meningioma:[28]

  • EMA -ve.
  • S100 -ve.

Images

  • Anaplastic hemangiopericytoma, low mag. (WC/jensflorian)

  • Anaplastic hemangiopericytoma, intermed mag. (WC/jensflorian)

  • Anaplastic hemangiopericytoma, high mag. (WC/jensflorian)

  • Anaplastic hemangiopericytoma, STAT6 immunostaining. (WC/jensflorian)

Malignant

Low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma

  • AKA hyalinizing spindle cell tumour.
  • Should not be confused with myxofibrosarcoma.
  • Abbreviated LGFMS.
Main article: Low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma

Adult fibrosarcoma

General

  • Malignant.
  • Older adults.
  • Locations: head & neck, extremities.

Microscopic

Feature:[29]

DDx (herring bone):

  • MPNST.
  • Synovial sarcoma.
  • Fibrosarcoma.

DDx:

Images:

IHC

Features:[29]

  • Vimentin.
  • SMA.

Myxofibrosarcoma

Main article: Myxofibrosarcoma

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Humphrey, Peter A; Dehner, Louis P; Pfeifer, John D (2008). The Washington Manual of Surgical Pathology (1st ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 601. ISBN 978-0781765275.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Humphrey, Peter A; Dehner, Louis P; Pfeifer, John D (2008). The Washington Manual of Surgical Pathology (1st ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 602. ISBN 978-0781765275.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Chung, EB.; Enzinger, FM. (Oct 1975). "Proliferative fasciitis.". Cancer 36 (4): 1450-8. PMID 1058047.
  4. ↑ Meis, JM.; Enzinger, FM. (Apr 1992). "Proliferative fasciitis and myositis of childhood.". Am J Surg Pathol 16 (4): 364-72. PMID 1566969.
  5. ↑ Gleason, BC.; Hornick, JL. (Apr 2008). "Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumours: where are we now?". J Clin Pathol 61 (4): 428-37. doi:10.1136/jcp.2007.049387. PMID 17938159.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 el-Jabbour, JN.; Bennett, MH.; Burke, MM.; Lessells, A.; O'Halloran, A. (Jul 1991). "Proliferative myositis. An immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study.". Am J Surg Pathol 15 (7): 654-9. PMID 2058761.
  7. ↑ Lundgren, L.; Kindblom, LG.; Willems, J.; Falkmer, U.; Angervall, L. (May 1992). "Proliferative myositis and fasciitis. A light and electron microscopic, cytologic, DNA-cytometric and immunohistochemical study.". APMIS 100 (5): 437-48. PMID 1586481.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Humphrey, Peter A; Dehner, Louis P; Pfeifer, John D (2008). The Washington Manual of Surgical Pathology (1st ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 609. ISBN 978-0781765275.
  9. ↑ Watanabe, H.; Ishida, Y.; Nagashima, K.; Makino, T.; Norisugi, O.; Shimizu, T. (Feb 2008). "Desmoplastic fibroblastoma (collagenous fibroma).". J Dermatol 35 (2): 93-7. doi:10.1111/j.1346-8138.2008.00421.x. PMID 18271804.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Walker, KR.; Bui-Mansfield, LT.; Gering, SA.; Ranlett, RD. (Dec 2004). "Collagenous fibroma (desmoplastic fibroblastoma) of the shoulder.". AJR Am J Roentgenol 183 (6): 1766. PMID 15547225.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Miettinen, M.; Fetsch, JF. (Jul 1998). "Collagenous fibroma (desmoplastic fibroblastoma): a clinicopathologic analysis of 63 cases of a distinctive soft tissue lesion with stellate-shaped fibroblasts.". Hum Pathol 29 (7): 676-82. PMID 9670823.
  12. ↑ Mills, Stacey E; Carter, Darryl; Greenson, Joel K; Oberman, Harold A; Reuter, Victor E (2004). Sternberg's Diagnostic Surgical Pathology (4th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 161. ISBN 978-0781740517.
  13. ↑ Takahara, M.; Ichikawa, R.; Oda, Y.; Uchi, H.; Takeuchi, S.; Moroi, Y.; Kiryu, H.; Furue, M. (Oct 2008). "Desmoplastic fibroblastoma: a case presenting as a protruding nodule in the dermis.". J Cutan Pathol 35 Suppl 1: 70-3. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0560.2007.00964.x. PMID 18544056.
  14. ↑ Macchia, G.; Trombetta, D.; Möller, E.; Mertens, F.; Storlazzi, CT.; Debiec-Rychter, M.; Sciot, R.; Nord, KH. (May 2012). "FOSL1 as a candidate target gene for 11q12 rearrangements in desmoplastic fibroblastoma.". Lab Invest 92 (5): 735-43. doi:10.1038/labinvest.2012.46. PMID 22411068.
  15. ↑ Attila T, Chen D, Gardiner GW, Ptak TW, Marcon NE (July 2006). "Gastric calcifying fibrous tumor". Can. J. Gastroenterol. 20 (7): 487–9. PMC 2659917. PMID 16858502. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2659917/.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 Flucke, U.; van Krieken, JH.; Mentzel, T. (Jan 2011). "Cellular angiofibroma: analysis of 25 cases emphasizing its relationship to spindle cell lipoma and mammary-type myofibroblastoma.". Mod Pathol 24 (1): 82-9. doi:10.1038/modpathol.2010.170. PMID 20852591.
  17. ↑ Humphrey, Peter A; Dehner, Louis P; Pfeifer, John D (2008). The Washington Manual of Surgical Pathology (1st ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 610. ISBN 978-0781765275.
  18. ↑ URL: http://www.uptodate.com/contents/inflammatory-myofibroblastic-tumor-plasma-cell-granuloma-of-the-lung. Accessed on: 27 November 2011.
  19. ↑ Manohar, B.; Bhuvaneshwari, S. (Jan 2011). "Plasma cell granuloma of gingiva.". J Indian Soc Periodontol 15 (1): 64-6. doi:10.4103/0972-124X.82275. PMID 21772725.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 Miyazawa, M.; Naritaka, Y.; Miyaki, A.; Asaka, S.; Isohata, N.; Yamaguchi, K.; Murayama, M.; Shimakawa, T. et al. (Sep 2011). "A low-grade myofibroblastic sarcoma in the abdominal cavity.". Anticancer Res 31 (9): 2989-94.
  21. ↑ Corsi, A.; Boldrini, R.; Bosman, C. (Oct 1994). "Congenital-infantile fibrosarcoma: study of two cases and review of the literature.". Tumori 80 (5): 392-400. PMID 7839472.
  22. ↑ Sheng, WQ.; Hisaoka, M.; Okamoto, S.; Tanaka, A.; Meis-Kindblom, JM.; Kindblom, LG.; Ishida, T.; Nojima, T. et al. (Mar 2001). "Congenital-infantile fibrosarcoma. A clinicopathologic study of 10 cases and molecular detection of the ETV6-NTRK3 fusion transcripts using paraffin-embedded tissues.". Am J Clin Pathol 115 (3): 348-55. doi:10.1309/3H24-E7T7-V37G-AKKQ. PMID 11242790.
  23. ↑ Schweizer, L.; Koelsche, C.; Sahm, F.; Piro, RM.; Capper, D.; Reuss, DE.; Pusch, S.; Habel, A. et al. (May 2013). "Meningeal hemangiopericytoma and solitary fibrous tumors carry the NAB2-STAT6 fusion and can be diagnosed by nuclear expression of STAT6 protein.". Acta Neuropathol 125 (5): 651-8. doi:10.1007/s00401-013-1117-6. PMID 23575898.
  24. ↑ Gengler, C.; Guillou, L. (Jan 2006). "Solitary fibrous tumour and haemangiopericytoma: evolution of a concept.". Histopathology 48 (1): 63-74. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2559.2005.02290.x. PMID 16359538.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 URL: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1255879-overview. Accessed on: 2 May 2010.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 URL: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1255879-diagnosis. Accessed on: 2 May 2010.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Enzinger & Weiss's Soft Tissue Tumors. 4th Ed. PP.1007-13. ISBN 0-323-01200-0.
  28. ↑ Croul, SE. 8 November 2010.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Humphrey, Peter A; Dehner, Louis P; Pfeifer, John D (2008). The Washington Manual of Surgical Pathology (1st ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 611. ISBN 978-0781765275.
  30. ↑ Mentzel, T.; Katenkamp, D.; Fletcher, CD. (Mar 1996). "[Low malignancy myxofibrosarcoma versus low malignancy fibromyxoid sarcoma. Distinct entities with similar names but different clinical course].". Pathologe 17 (2): 116-21. PMID 8650138.
  31. ↑ Fujimura, T.; Okuyama, R.; Terui, T.; Okuno, K.; Masu, A.; Masu, T.; Chiba, S.; Kunii, T. et al. (Aug 2005). "Myxofibrosarcoma (myxoid malignant fibrous histiocytoma) showing cutaneous presentation: report of two cases.". J Cutan Pathol 32 (7): 512-5. doi:10.1111/j.0303-6987.2005.00368.x. PMID 16008697.
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