Difference between revisions of "Non-malignant skin disease"

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'''Non-malignant skin disease''' is relatively common.  The pathology may or may not be specific.  Some diseases require clinical information to diagnose.
'''Non-malignant skin disease''' is relatively common.  The pathology may or may not be specific.  Some diseases require clinical information to diagnose.  


An introduction to dermatopathology is in the ''[[dermatopathology]]'' article.  [[Nevi]] (moles) and other melanocytic lesions are dealt with in the article ''[[melanocytic lesions]]''.  Inflammatory skin conditions are dealt with in ''[[inflammatory skin disorders]]''.
An introduction to dermatopathology is in the ''[[dermatopathology]]'' article.  [[Nevi]] (moles) and other melanocytic lesions are dealt with in the article ''[[melanocytic lesions]]''.  Inflammatory skin conditions are dealt with in ''[[inflammatory skin disorders]]''.
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*[[Exocytosis]] - blood cell infiltrate the epidermis.
*[[Exocytosis]] - blood cell infiltrate the epidermis.


Images:
====Images====
*[[WC]]:
<gallery>
**[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dermatomycosis_-_intermed_mag.jpg Dermatomycosis - intermed. mag. (WC)].
Image:Dermatomycosis_-_intermed_mag.jpg | Dermatomycosis - intermed. mag. (WC)
**[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dermatomycosis_-_high_mag.jpg Dermatomycosis - high mag. (WC)].
Image:Dermatomycosis_-_high_mag.jpg | Dermatomycosis - high mag. (WC)
**[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dermatomycosis_-_gms_-_low_mag.jpg Dermatomycosis - GMS stain - low mag. (WC)].
Image:Dermatomycosis_-_gms_-_low_mag.jpg | Dermatomycosis - GMS stain - low mag. (WC)
**[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dermatomycosis_-_gms_-_high_mag.jpg Dermatomycosis - GMS stain - high mag. (WC)].
Image:Dermatomycosis_-_gms_-_high_mag.jpg | Dermatomycosis - GMS stain - high mag. (WC)
*www:
</gallery>
**[http://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/DermatologyGlossary/img/Dermatology%20Glossary/Glossary%20Histo%20Images/tinea_pas.jpg Dermatophytosis (ucsf.edu)].<ref>URL: [http://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/DermatologyGlossary/tinea.html http://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/DermatologyGlossary/tinea.html]. Accessed on: 25 February 2013.</ref>
www:
*[http://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/DermatologyGlossary/img/Dermatology%20Glossary/Glossary%20Histo%20Images/tinea_pas.jpg Dermatophytosis (ucsf.edu)].<ref>URL: [http://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/DermatologyGlossary/tinea.html http://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/DermatologyGlossary/tinea.html]. Accessed on: 25 February 2013.</ref>


===Stains===
===Stains===
Line 240: Line 241:


Notes:
Notes:
*It differs from verruca vulgaris... (1) orthokeratosis, (2) flat surface and base.
*It differs from [[verruca vulgaris]]... (1) orthokeratosis, (2) flat surface and base.
 
Images:
*[http://www.fujita-hu.ac.jp/~tsutsumi/case/case180.htm Verruca plana - several images (fujita-hu.ac.jp)].
*[http://bg.convdocs.org/pars_docs/refs/55/54881/54881_html_m70d4f7e5.jpg Verruca plana (convdocs.org)].<ref>URL: [http://bg.convdocs.org/docs/index-54881.html?page=10 http://bg.convdocs.org/docs/index-54881.html?page=10]. Accessed on: 9 October 2013.</ref>
*[http://www.dermatopathonline.com/verruca%20plana2.html Verruca plana - several good images (dermatopathonline.com)].


=Less common=
=Less common=
Line 286: Line 282:


==Clear cell acanthoma==
==Clear cell acanthoma==
===General===
{{Main|Clear cell acanthoma}}
*Benign.
*Elderly.
*Classically on the leg.<ref name=pmid18583817>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Akin | first1 = FY. | last2 = Ertam | first2 = I. | last3 = Ceylan | first3 = C. | last4 = Kazandi | first4 = A. | last5 = Ozdemir | first5 = F. | title = Clear cell acanthoma: new observations on dermatoscopy. | journal = Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol | volume = 74 | issue = 3 | pages = 285-7 | month =  | year =  | doi =  | PMID = 18583817 | URL = http://www.ijdvl.com/text.asp?2008/74/3/285/41396 }}</ref>
*Rare.
*Clinically not distinct.
**Suspected clinically in only ~3% of cases.<ref name=pmid20931670>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Morrison | first1 = LK. | last2 = Duffey | first2 = M. | last3 = Janik | first3 = M. | last4 = Shamma | first4 = HN. | title = Clear cell acanthoma: a rare clinical diagnosis prior to biopsy. | journal = Int J Dermatol | volume = 49 | issue = 9 | pages = 1008-11 | month = Sep | year = 2010 | doi =  | PMID = 20931670 }}</ref>
 
===Microscopic===
Features:<ref>URL: [http://www.drmihm.com/cases/case.cfm?CaseID=45 http://www.drmihm.com/cases/case.cfm?CaseID=45]. Accessed on: 7 February 2012.</ref>
*Psoriasiform pattern - epidermal thickening ([[acanthosis]]).
*Keratinocytes:
**Pale or light pink cytoplasm (when compared to surrounding non-lesional keratinocytes).
**Separated from one another (spongiosis).
*+/-Stratum corneum [[neutrophil]]s.
 
DDx:
*[[Psoriasis vulgaris]].
 
Images:
*[http://www.drmihm.com/cases/casefigure.cfm?figID=906&CaseID=45 CCA (drmihm.com)].
*[http://www.dermatlas.com/derm/IndexDisplay.cfm?ImageID=-327718365 CCA - low mag. (dermatlas.com)].
*[http://www.dermatlas.com/derm/IndexDisplay.cfm?ImageID=546460717 CCA - high mag. (dermatlas.com)].


==Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis==
==Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis==
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===General===
===General===
*Benign.
*Benign.
*Looks like zit.
*Looks like a zit.


===Microscopic===
===Microscopic===
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==Lichenoid keratosis==
==Lichenoid keratosis==
*[[AKA]] ''lichen planus-like keratosis''.
*[[AKA]] ''lichen planus-like keratosis''.
*[[AKA]] ''lichenoid keratosis''.
{{Main|Lichenoid keratosis}}
 
===General===
*Caucasians - middle age or older.
*May be a variant of [[seborrheic keratosis]] (with marked inflammation).<ref name=Ref_Derm346>{{Ref Derm|346}}</ref>
 
Clinical DDx:<ref name=Ref_Derm346>{{Ref Derm|346}}</ref>
*[[Basal cell carcinoma]], [[squamous cell carcinoma of the skin]], melanocytic neoplasm.
 
===Microscopic===
Features:<ref name=Ref_Derm347>{{Ref Derm|347}}</ref>
*Hyperkeratosis.
*Parakeratosis.
*Band of inflammatory cells at DE junction (lichenoid inflammation).
*Dead keratinocytes (Civatte bodies).
*Dermal melanophages.
 
DDx:
*[[Lichen planus]] - need clinical correlation (mucosal lesions).
*[[Drug reaction]].
*[[Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma]].
*Regressed melanocytic lesion, esp. [[malignant melanoma]].
*Lichenoid [[actinic keratosis]] - has atypical hyperchromatic basal cells - esp. at edge of lesion, usu. in the context of [[solar elastosis]].
 
Images:
*[http://www.dermpathexpert.com/id57.html Lichenoid keratosis (dermpathexpert.com)].
 
===Sign out===
<pre>
SKIN LESION, MID-MIDDLE BACK, PUNCH BIOPSY:
- LICHENOID KERATOSIS.
</pre>
 
====Incompletely excised====
<pre>
SKIN LESION, LEFT CHEST, PUNCH BIOPSY:
- LICHENOID KERATOSIS VERSUS ACTINIC KERATOSIS.
- NEGATIVE FOR BASAL CELL CARCINOMA.
- SEE COMMENT.
 
COMMENT:
No eosinophils are apparent. No melanocytic lesion is identified; however, excision of the
whole lesion to exclude a partially regressed melanocytic lesion is suggested.
</pre>


==Granuloma annulare==
==Granuloma annulare==
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Note:
Note:
*Several variants exist.<ref name=pmid18032900>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Jacyk | first1 = WK. | last2 = Rütten | first2 = A. | last3 = Requena | first3 = L. | title = Fibrous papule of the face with granular cells. | journal = Dermatology | volume = 216 | issue = 1 | pages = 56-9 | month =  | year = 2008 | doi = 10.1159/000109359 | PMID = 18032900 }}</ref>
*Several variants exist.<ref name=pmid18032900>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Jacyk | first1 = WK. | last2 = Rütten | first2 = A. | last3 = Requena | first3 = L. | title = Fibrous papule of the face with granular cells. | journal = Dermatology | volume = 216 | issue = 1 | pages = 56-9 | month =  | year = 2008 | doi = 10.1159/000109359 | PMID = 18032900 }}</ref>
===Images===
*[http://www.dermaamin.com/site/histopathology-of-the-skin/58-f/1739-fibrous-papule-angiofibroma-.html Fibrous papule (dermaamin.com)].


===Sign out===
===Sign out===
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==Angiokeratoma==
==Angiokeratoma==
===General===
{{Main|Angiokeratoma}}
*Rare.
*May be seen in the context of [[Fabry disease]].<ref name=pmid16403380/>
 
Notes:
*Shouldn't be confused with ''[[angiofibroma]]'' which is associated [[tuberous sclerosis]].
 
===Gross===
*Dark lesions.
 
Clinical DDx:
*[[Melanocytic lesions]].
====Images====
<gallery>
Image:Angiokeratoma_of_the_Scrotum_7.jpg | Angiokeratoma. (WC)
</gallery>
 
===Microscopic===
Features:<ref name=pmid16403380>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Karen | first1 = JK. | last2 = Hale | first2 = EK. | last3 = Ma | first3 = L. | title = Angiokeratoma corporis diffusum (Fabry disease). | journal = Dermatol Online J | volume = 11 | issue = 4 | pages = 8 | month =  | year = 2005 | doi =  | PMID = 16403380 }}</ref>
#Ectatic superficial dermal vessels.
#Overlying hyperkeratosis (thick stratum corneum).
*Should have "epidermal collarette".<ref name=Ref_Derm548>{{Ref Derm|548}}</ref>
**Vascular space surrounded by epidermis on three sides.
 
Others features:{{fact}}
*Irregular [[acanthosis]].
*Longer rete ridges.
 
DDx:
*[[Venous lake]].
 
====Images====
<gallery>
Image:Angiokeratoma_-_low_mag.jpg | Angiokeratoma - low mag. (WC/Nephron)
Image:Angiokeratoma_-_intermed_mag.jpg | Angiokeratoma - intermed. mag. (WC/Nephron)
</gallery>
www:
*[http://www.pathologyoutlines.com/images/skintumorangiokerat1.jpg Angiokeratoma (pathologyoutlines.com)].
 
===Sign out===
<pre>
SKIN LESION, LEFT POPITEAL FOSSA, PUNCH BIOPSY:
- ANGIOKERATOMA.
</pre>


==Inverted follicular keratosis==
==Inverted follicular keratosis==

Latest revision as of 17:59, 23 April 2024

Non-malignant skin disease is relatively common. The pathology may or may not be specific. Some diseases require clinical information to diagnose.

An introduction to dermatopathology is in the dermatopathology article. Nevi (moles) and other melanocytic lesions are dealt with in the article melanocytic lesions. Inflammatory skin conditions are dealt with in inflammatory skin disorders.

Other

Lichen simplex chronicus

Main article: Lichen simplex chronicus

Prurigo nodularis

  • Abbreviated PN.
  • AKA chronic prurigo and picker nodule.[1]

General

Gross

  • Dome-shaped/raised - papular (<1 cm) or nodular (>1 cm).[2]

Microscopic

DDx:

Sign out

SKIN LESION, LEFT CHIN, BIOPSY: 
- PRURIGO NODULARIS.

Micro

The sections show a raised lesion with compact hyperkeratosis and irregular acanthosis. Spongiosis is seen focally. There is minimal hypergranulosis.

There is no thinning of the suprapapillary plate and no dilated superficial blood vessels. There is no interface activity.

Very common

Dermatomycosis

Dermatophytosis redirects here.

General

Note:

  • Dermatophytosis (ring worm) is a type of dermatomycosis.

Microscopic

Features:

  • Microorganisms - key feature.
    • Often hyphae (candida) - like twigs of a tree... branching.
      • May be very fragmented in section ~ size of a neutrophil.
  • Perivascular inflammation, esp. neutrophils.
  • Exocytosis - blood cell infiltrate the epidermis.

Images

  • Dermatomycosis - intermed. mag. (WC)

  • Dermatomycosis - high mag. (WC)

  • Dermatomycosis - GMS stain - low mag. (WC)

  • Dermatomycosis - GMS stain - high mag. (WC)

www:

Stains

Sign out

SKIN, BIOPSY:
- SKIN WITH SUPERFICIAL FUNGAL ORGANISMS CONSISTENT WITH CANDIDA.
- REACTIVE CHANGES OF THE EPITHELIUM.

Micro

The sections show skin with a neutrophilic infiltrate in the superficial epidermis. PAS-D staining demonstrates fungal organisms with a morphology suggestive of candida.

The epithelium has parakeratosis, acanthosis and spongiosis. No mitotic activity is appreciated. The keratinocytes are moderately enlarged and have evident nucleoli.

Cicatrix

Main article: Dermal scar

Fibroepithelial polyp

Main article: Fibroepithelial polyp

Actinic keratosis

Main article: Actinic keratosis

Actinic cheilitis

General

Microscopic

See actinic keratosis.

Sign out

LESION, LOWER LIP, BIOPSY: 
- ACTINIC CHEILITIS.
- SOLAR ELASTOSIS.

Micro

The sections show skin with moderate basal nuclear hyperchromasia and atypia, and parakeratosis. The squamous epithelium has maturation to the surface. There is no inflammation at the dermal-epidermal interface. Solar elastosis is present.

Seborrheic keratosis

Main article: Seborrheic keratosis

Pilomatricoma

Main article: Pilomatricoma

Dermatofibroma

Main article: Dermatofibroma

Ezcema

General

  • A nebulous thingy.
  • Very common.

DDx:

Microscopic

Features:[5]

  • Spongiosis (epidermal edema); keratinocytes spacing increased - key feature.
  • +/-Interdermal vesicles.
  • +/-Eosinophils (may suggest Rx reaction).
  • Perivascular lymphocytes.

Acne vulgaris

General

  • Extremely common - esp. among adolescents.
  • Very rarely seen by pathologists.

Treatments:

  • Antibiotic (minocycline).
  • Isotretinoin AKA all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA).

Gross

  • Papules, pustules, nodules or cysts.
    • White, black or erythematous.

Images:

Microscopic

Features:[6]

  • Folliculitis:[7]
    • Neutrophils around hair follicle and infiltrate into it - including the follicular canal.
  • Epidermal invagination or cyst at site of a hair follicle - contains:
    • Sebum.
    • +/-Bacteria (Propionibacterium acnes) and inflammatory cells - typically neurophils.

Subtyped into:

  1. Open comedones ("blackheads") - no extension to epidermal surface.
  2. Closed comedones ("whiteheads") - to epidermal surface have wide opening.

DDx - acneiform disorder:[7]

  • Rosacea.
  • Infective folliculitis.
  • Perioral dermatitis.
  • Acne vulgaris.

Image:

Solar elastosis

General

  • Very common.
  • Caused by sun exposure - specifically UV light.[9]
    • Severity correlated with cumulative exposure to UV light..[10]
  • Often co-localized with skin cancers - as UV light is risk factor for skin cancers.[10]
  • Benign.

Microscopic

Features:

  • Grey, spaghetti-like material in the superficial dermis.

DDx:

Note:

  • The DDx above is things associated with sun damaged skin.
  • Dermal mucin (as my be seen in lupus erythematosus) is a possible mimic - but it isn't spaghetti-like and the "background" (an interface dermatitis) is different.

Images

  • Solar elastosis - intermed. mag. (WC)

  • Solar elastosis - high mag. (WC)

www:

Sign out

SKIN, RIGHT CHEEK, RE-EXCISION:
- DERMAL SCAR.
- EXTENSIVE SOLAR ELASTOSIS.
Prominent blood vessels
SKIN LESION, LEFT CHEEK, BIOPSY:
- SKIN WITH SOLAR ELASTOSIS AND PROMINENT SMALL BLOOD VESSELS.

SUPERIOR SHOULDER, LEFT, PUNCH BIOPSY:
- BENIGN SKIN WITH MODERATE SOLAR ELASTOSIS, PROMINENT SMALL BLOOD VESSELS AND
  SCATTERED PERIVASCULAR LYMPHOCYTES AND PLASMA CELLS.
- NEGATIVE FOR BASAL CELL CARCINOMA.
- NEGATIVE FOR ACTINIC KERATOSIS.

Micro

The sections show hair bearing skin with solar elastosis and numerous small dilated blood vessels. The dermis is mildly fibrotic. Compact keratin is present.

The epidermis matures to the surface. A granular layer is present. There is no basal epidermal atypia. No melanocytic nests are identified. There is no palisading of the basal cells. Rare scattered lymphocytes are in the dermis.

Very common - viral

Verruca vulgaris

Main article: Verruca vulgaris

Verruca plana

General

  • Common.
  • Usu. hands and face.[11]

Microscopic

Features:[11]

  • Orthokeratosis with basketweave pattern.
  • Hypergranulosis.
  • Viral keratohyaline.
  • Koilocytes.
  • Acanthosis - yet flat surface and base.

Notes:

  • It differs from verruca vulgaris... (1) orthokeratosis, (2) flat surface and base.

Less common

Chronic folliculitis

Folliculitis redirect here.

General

  • Common.
  • Infrequently biopsied.

Gross

DDx gross:

Microscopic

Features:

  • Inflammation around the hair follicle - key feature.
    • Lymphocytes - usu. predominant.
  • +/-Chronic changes:

DDx:

Sign out

SKIN LESION, UPPER ARM, BIOPSY:
- CHRONIC FOLLICULITIS WITH SECONDARY SURFACE CHANGES.

Micro

The sections show hair-bearing skin with abundant lymphocytes around and within the hair follicle wall.

The non-hair follicle epidermis has acanthosis, hypergranulosis and compact hyperkeratosis. There is no inflammatory cell infiltrate in the non-hair follicle epidermis or at the non-hair follicle interface.

There are no granulomas.

Clear cell acanthoma

Main article: Clear cell acanthoma

Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis

  • AKA chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis.
  • Abbreviated CNCH.
  • AKA Winkler disease.[13]
Main article: Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis

Cutaneous calcinosis

  • AKA calcinosis cutis.
Main article: Cutaneous calcinosis

Dilated pore of Winer

General

  • Benign.
  • Looks like a zit.

Microscopic

Features:[14]

  • Dilated hair follicle with keratin.
  • Acanthosis.
  • Budding of epidermis (into dermis).

DDx:

Image:

Lichenoid keratosis

  • AKA lichen planus-like keratosis.
Main article: Lichenoid keratosis

Granuloma annulare

Main article: Granuloma annulare

Necrobiosis lipoidica

Main article: Necrobiosis lipoidica

Keloid

Main article: Keloid

Angiofibroma

See also: nasopharyngeal angiofibroma.
Should not be confused with angiokeratoma.
Main article: Angiofibroma

Benign fibrous papule

  • AKA fibrous papule.

General

Gross

  • Solitary lesion of the face - important.[15]
    • Usually on the nose.[16]

Microscopic

Features:[17]

  • Dome-shaped.
  • Fibrotic dermis.
    • Enlarged fibroblasts.
  • Dilated small vessels.
  • +/-Multinucleated stromal cells.[18]
  • +/-Stellate cells.[18]

DDx:

Note:

  • Several variants exist.[16]

Images

Sign out

SKIN LESION, CHIN, BIOPSY:
- BENIGN FIBROUS PAPULE.

Molluscum contagiosum

Main article: Molluscum contagiosum

Superficial dermal infiltrates

Discussed in detail by Alsaad and Ghazarian.[19]

Dermal perivascular lymphoeosinophilic infiltration

  • Abbreviated DPLI.

Microscopic appearance is just what it is called:

  • Lymphocytes and eosinophils around the vessels in the superficial dermis.

DDx:[19]

Notes:

  • May superficially resemble cutaneous lymphoma.[20]

Images:

Congenital dermal melanocytosis

  • AKA Mongolian spots.
  • Classically seen in asian children.

Gross:

  • Brown or blue-grey patch in the lumbosacral area.

Mastocytosis

Main article: Mastocytosis

Ichthyosis

General

  • Comes in different flavours.
  • Usu. inherited... thus a pediatric condition.

Gross

  • Fish scale-like appearance.

Image:

Microscopic

Features:[21]

  • Thick stratum corneum without basket-weave pattern.

Palmar fibromatosis

  • AKA Dupuytren's contracture.
  • AKA Dupuytren disease.
Main article: Palmar fibromatosis

Angiomyoma

General

  • Benign.
  • Female > male.[22]

Microscopic

Features:

  • Well-circumscribed lesion with fascicular architecture.
  • Spindle cells/epithelioid cell with moderate eosinophilic (pink) cytoplasm.
  • Thick-walled blood vessels. (???)

Images:

Angiokeratoma

Main article: Angiokeratoma

Inverted follicular keratosis

  • Abbreviated IFK.[23]

General

  • Benign skin lesion.
  • Central face - middle age.[24]
  • Uncommon.
  • May be considered a variant of seborrheic keratosis that is predominantly endophytic.[25]

Clinical DDx:[24][26]

Microscopic

Features:[24]

  • Keratinocyte of cytologically benign proliferation.
  • "Squamous eddies" (whorls of keratin).
  • Coarse keratohyaline granules.

DDx:

Images:

Sign out

SKIN LESION, FACE, BIOPSY:
- INVERTED FOLLICULAR KERATOSIS.

Micro

The sections show skin with acanthosis, pseudohorn cysts, and focal basal epidermal pigmentation. There is no basal nuclear atypia, no mitoses and there are no melanocytic nests. There is minimal dermal inflammation. There is no apparent solar elastosis.

Focal cutaneous mucinosis

General

  • Benign.
  • May be associated with systemic disease.[27]

Microscopic

Features:

  • Light blue whispy material in the dermis - key feature.

DDx:

Panniculitis

Main article: Panniculitis

This is dealt with in the panniculitis article.

DDx for panniculitis:

Rare

Necrotizing fasciitis

Not to be confused with nodular fasciitis.
  • AKA flesh-eating disease.
Main article: Necrotizing fasciitis

Porokeratosis

Main article: Porokeratosis

Nevus sebaceous

  • AKA nevus sebaceous of Jadassohn.
Main article: Nevus sebaceous

Nevus lipomatosus superficialis

  • Abbreviated NLS.
  • AKA nevus lipomatosus cutaneous superficialis, abbreviated NLCS.
  • AKA nevus lipomatosus.[28]
Main article: Nevus lipomatosus superficialis

Bullous disease

Main article: Bullous disease

Cysts

Main article: Dermal cysts

See also

References

  1. ↑ Busam, Klaus J. (2009). Dermatopathology: A Volume in the Foundations in Diagnostic Pathology Series (1st ed.). Saunders. pp. 26. ISBN 978-0443066542.
  2. ↑ URL: http://www.pediatrics.wisc.edu/education/derm/text.html. Accessed on: 23 August 2012.
  3. ↑ URL: http://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/DermatologyGlossary/tinea.html. Accessed on: 25 February 2013.
  4. ↑ Picascia, DD.; Robinson, JK. (Aug 1987). "Actinic cheilitis: a review of the etiology, differential diagnosis, and treatment.". J Am Acad Dermatol 17 (2 Pt 1): 255-64. PMID 3305604.
  5. ↑ Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson; Aster, Jon (2009). Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease (8th ed.). Elsevier Saunders. pp. 1188. ISBN 978-1416031215.
  6. ↑ Busam, Klaus J. (2009). Dermatopathology: A Volume in the Foundations in Diagnostic Pathology Series (1st ed.). Saunders. pp. 76. ISBN 978-0443066542.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Busam, Klaus J. (2009). Dermatopathology: A Volume in the Foundations in Diagnostic Pathology Series (1st ed.). Saunders. pp. 77. ISBN 978-0443066542.
  8. ↑ URL: http://www.dermnetnz.org/dermal-infiltrative/solar-elastosis.html. Accessed on: 27 March 2013.
  9. ↑ Thomas, NE.; Kricker, A.; From, L.; Busam, K.; Millikan, RC.; Ritchey, ME.; Armstrong, BK.; Lee-Taylor, J. et al. (Nov 2010). "Associations of cumulative sun exposure and phenotypic characteristics with histologic solar elastosis.". Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 19 (11): 2932-41. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-10-0686. PMID 20802019.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Karagas, MR.; Zens, MS.; Nelson, HH.; Mabuchi, K.; Perry, AE.; Stukel, TA.; Mott, LA.; Andrew, AS. et al. (Mar 2007). "Measures of cumulative exposure from a standardized sun exposure history questionnaire: a comparison with histologic assessment of solar skin damage.". Am J Epidemiol 165 (6): 719-26. doi:10.1093/aje/kwk055. PMID 17204514.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Humphrey, Peter A; Dehner, Louis P; Pfeifer, John D (2008). The Washington Manual of Surgical Pathology (1st ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 480. ISBN 978-0781765275.
  12. ↑ URL: http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/tc/folliculitis-topic-overview. Accessed on: 7 November 2012.
  13. ↑ URL: http://www.head-face-med.com/content/4/1/2. Accessed on: 16 January 2014.
  14. ↑ Humphrey, Peter A; Dehner, Louis P; Pfeifer, John D (2008). The Washington Manual of Surgical Pathology (1st ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 486. ISBN 978-0781765275.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Busam, Klaus J. (2009). Dermatopathology: A Volume in the Foundations in Diagnostic Pathology Series (1st ed.). Saunders. pp. 505. ISBN 978-0443066542.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Jacyk, WK.; Rütten, A.; Requena, L. (2008). "Fibrous papule of the face with granular cells.". Dermatology 216 (1): 56-9. doi:10.1159/000109359. PMID 18032900.
  17. ↑ Humphrey, Peter A; Dehner, Louis P; Pfeifer, John D (2008). The Washington Manual of Surgical Pathology (1st ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 492. ISBN 978-0781765275.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Ragaz, A.; Berezowsky, V. (1979). "Fibrous papule of the face. A study of five cases by electron microscopy.". Am J Dermatopathol 1 (4): 353-6. PMID 543528.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Alsaad, KO.; Ghazarian, D. (Dec 2005). "My approach to superficial inflammatory dermatoses.". J Clin Pathol 58 (12): 1233-41. doi:10.1136/jcp.2005.027151. PMID 16311340.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Cotran, Ramzi S.; Kumar, Vinay; Fausto, Nelson; Nelso Fausto; Robbins, Stanley L.; Abbas, Abul K. (2005). Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease (7th ed.). St. Louis, Mo: Elsevier Saunders. pp. 1269. ISBN 0-7216-0187-1.
  21. ↑ Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson; Aster, Jon (2009). Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease (8th ed.). Elsevier Saunders. pp. 1185. ISBN 978-1416031215.
  22. ↑ Katenkamp D, Kosmehl H, Langbein L (1988). "[Angiomyoma. A pathologo-anatomic analysis of 229 cases]" (in German). Zentralbl Allg Pathol 134 (4-5): 423–33. PMID 3201831.
  23. ↑ Shih, CC.; Yu, HS.; Tung, YC.; Tsai, KB.; Cheng, ST. (Jan 2001). "Inverted follicular keratosis.". Kaohsiung J Med Sci 17 (1): 50-4. PMID 11411260.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Busam, Klaus J. (2009). Dermatopathology: A Volume in the Foundations in Diagnostic Pathology Series (1st ed.). Saunders. pp. 387. ISBN 978-0443066542.
  25. ↑ Busam, Klaus J. (2009). Dermatopathology: A Volume in the Foundations in Diagnostic Pathology Series (1st ed.). Saunders. pp. 341. ISBN 978-0443066542.
  26. ↑ URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC475744/. Accessed on: 11 May 2010.
  27. ↑ Gandhi, V.; Dogra, D.; Pandhi, RK.. "Cutaneous focal mucinosis.". Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 62 (4): 260-1. PMID 20948074.
  28. ↑ Kaw, P.; Carlson, A.; Meyer, DR. (Jan 2005). "Nevus lipomatosus (pedunculated lipofibroma) of the eyelid.". Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 21 (1): 74-6. PMID 15677959.
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