Difference between revisions of "Non-malignant skin disease"
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==Nevus sebaceous== | ==Nevus sebaceous== | ||
*[[AKA]] ''nevus sebaceous of Jadassohn''. | *[[AKA]] ''nevus sebaceous of Jadassohn''. | ||
{{Main|Nevus sebaceous}} | |||
==Nevus lipomatosus superficialis== | ==Nevus lipomatosus superficialis== |
Revision as of 01:33, 20 June 2014
Non-malignant skin disease is relatively common. The pathology may or may not be specific. Some diseases require clinical information to diagnose.
An introduction to dermatopathology is in the dermatopathology article. Nevi (moles) and other melanocytic lesions are dealt with in the article melanocytic lesions. Inflammatory skin conditions are dealt with in inflammatory skin disorders.
Other
Lichen simplex chronicus
Prurigo nodularis
General
- Can be thought of as a localized/focal version of lichen simplex chronicus (LSC).
Gross
- Dome-shaped/raised - papular (<1 cm) or nodular (>1 cm).[2]
Microscopic
DDx:
- Lichen simplex chronicus - a more diffuse process, not a raised lesion.
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SKIN LESION, LEFT CHIN, BIOPSY: - PRURIGO NODULARIS.
Micro
The sections show a raised lesion with compact hyperkeratosis and irregular acanthosis. Spongiosis is seen focally. There is minimal hypergranulosis.
There is no thinning of the suprapapillary plate and no dilated superficial blood vessels. There is no interface activity.
Very common
Dermatomycosis
- Dermatophytosis redirects here.
General
- Fungal infection of skin.
Note:
- Dermatophytosis (ring worm) is a type of dermatomycosis.
Microscopic
Features:
- Microorganisms - key feature.
- Often hyphae (candida) - like twigs of a tree... branching.
- May be very fragmented in section ~ size of a neutrophil.
- Often hyphae (candida) - like twigs of a tree... branching.
- Perivascular inflammation, esp. neutrophils.
- Exocytosis - blood cell infiltrate the epidermis.
Images:
- WC:
- www:
Stains
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SKIN, BIOPSY: - SKIN WITH SUPERFICIAL FUNGAL ORGANISMS CONSISTENT WITH CANDIDA. - REACTIVE CHANGES OF THE EPITHELIUM.
Micro
The sections show skin with a neutrophilic infiltrate in the superficial epidermis. PAS-D staining demonstrates fungal organisms with a morphology suggestive of candida.
The epithelium has parakeratosis, acanthosis and spongiosis. No mitotic activity is appreciated. The keratinocytes are moderately enlarged and have evident nucleoli.
Cicatrix
Fibroepithelial polyp
Actinic keratosis
Actinic cheilitis
General
- Actinic keratosis of the lip.[4]
Microscopic
- See actinic keratosis.
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LESION, LOWER LIP, BIOPSY: - ACTINIC CHEILITIS. - SOLAR ELASTOSIS.
Micro
The sections show skin with moderate basal nuclear hyperchromasia and atypia, and parakeratosis. The squamous epithelium has maturation to the surface. There is no inflammation at the dermal-epidermal interface. Solar elastosis is present.
Seborrheic keratosis
Pilomatricoma
Dermatofibroma
Ezcema
General
- A nebulous thingy.
- Very common.
DDx:
- Contact allergy.
- Drug reaction.
- Food allergy.
Microscopic
Features:[5]
- Spongiosis (epidermal edema); keratinocytes spacing increased - key feature.
- +/-Interdermal vesicles.
- +/-Eosinophils (may suggest Rx reaction).
- Perivascular lymphocytes.
Acne vulgaris
General
- Extremely common - esp. among adolescents.
- Very rarely seen by pathologists.
Treatments:
- Antibiotic (minocycline).
- Isotretinoin AKA all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA).
Gross
- Papules, pustules, nodules or cysts.
- White, black or erythematous.
Images:
Microscopic
Features:[6]
- Folliculitis:[7]
- Neutrophils around hair follicle and infiltrate into it - including the follicular canal.
- Epidermal invagination or cyst at site of a hair follicle - contains:
- Sebum.
- +/-Bacteria (Propionibacterium acnes) and inflammatory cells - typically neurophils.
Subtyped into:
- Open comedones ("blackheads") - no extension to epidermal surface.
- Closed comedones ("whiteheads") - to epidermal surface have wide opening.
DDx - acneiform disorder:[7]
- Rosacea.
- Infective folliculitis.
- Perioral dermatitis.
- Acne vulgaris.
Image:
Solar elastosis
General
- Very common.
- Caused by sun exposure - specifically UV light.[9]
- Severity correlated with cumulative exposure to UV light..[10]
- Often co-localized with skin cancers - as UV light is risk factor for skin cancers.[10]
- Benign.
Microscopic
Features:
- Grey, spaghetti-like material in the superficial dermis.
DDx:
Note:
- The DDx above is things associated with sun damaged skin.
- Dermal mucin (as my be seen in lupus erythematosus) is a possible mimic - but it isn't spaghetti-like and the "background" (an interface dermatitis) is different.
Images
www:
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SKIN, RIGHT CHEEK, RE-EXCISION: - DERMAL SCAR. - EXTENSIVE SOLAR ELASTOSIS.
Prominent blood vessels
SKIN LESION, LEFT CHEEK, BIOPSY: - SKIN WITH SOLAR ELASTOSIS AND PROMINENT SMALL BLOOD VESSELS.
SUPERIOR SHOULDER, LEFT, PUNCH BIOPSY: - BENIGN SKIN WITH MODERATE SOLAR ELASTOSIS, PROMINENT SMALL BLOOD VESSELS AND SCATTERED PERIVASCULAR LYMPHOCYTES AND PLASMA CELLS. - NEGATIVE FOR BASAL CELL CARCINOMA. - NEGATIVE FOR ACTINIC KERATOSIS.
Micro
The sections show hair bearing skin with solar elastosis and numerous small dilated blood vessels. The dermis is mildly fibrotic. Compact keratin is present.
The epidermis matures to the surface. A granular layer is present. There is no basal epidermal atypia. No melanocytic nests are identified. There is no palisading of the basal cells. Rare scattered lymphocytes are in the dermis.
Very common - viral
Verruca vulgaris
Verruca plana
General
- Common.
- Usu. hands and face.[11]
Microscopic
Features:[11]
- Orthokeratosis with basketweave pattern.
- Hypergranulosis.
- Viral keratohyaline.
- Koilocytes.
- Acanthosis - yet flat surface and base.
Notes:
- It differs from verruca vulgaris... (1) orthokeratosis, (2) flat surface and base.
Images:
- Verruca plana - several images (fujita-hu.ac.jp).
- Verruca plana (convdocs.org).[12]
- Verruca plana - several good images (dermatopathonline.com).
Less common
Chronic folliculitis
- Folliculitis redirect here.
General
- Common.
- Infrequently biopsied.
Gross
- Erythema.[13]
DDx gross:
Microscopic
Features:
- Inflammation around the hair follicle - key feature.
- Lymphocytes - usu. predominant.
- +/-Chronic changes:
- Acanthosis.
- Hyperkeratosis.
- Hypergranulosis.
DDx:
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SKIN LESION, UPPER ARM, BIOPSY: - CHRONIC FOLLICULITIS WITH SECONDARY SURFACE CHANGES.
Micro
The sections show hair-bearing skin with abundant lymphocytes around and within the hair follicle wall.
The non-hair follicle epidermis has acanthosis, hypergranulosis and compact hyperkeratosis. There is no inflammatory cell infiltrate in the non-hair follicle epidermis or at the non-hair follicle interface.
There are no granulomas.
Clear cell acanthoma
General
- Benign.
- Elderly.
- Classically on the leg.[14]
- Rare.
- Clinically not distinct.
- Suspected clinically in only ~3% of cases.[15]
Microscopic
Features:[16]
- Psoriasiform pattern - epidermal thickening (acanthosis).
- Keratinocytes:
- Pale or light pink cytoplasm (when compared to surrounding non-lesional keratinocytes).
- Separated from one another (spongiosis).
- +/-Stratum corneum neutrophils.
DDx:
Images:
Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis
Cutaneous calcinosis
- AKA calcinosis cutis.
Dilated pore of Winer
General
- Benign.
- Looks like zit.
Microscopic
Features:[18]
- Dilated hair follicle with keratin.
- Acanthosis.
- Budding of epidermis (into dermis).
DDx:
Image:
Lichenoid keratosis
General
- Caucasians - middle age or older.
- May be a variant of seborrheic keratosis (with marked inflammation).[19]
Clinical DDx:[19]
- Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma of the skin, melanocytic neoplasm.
Microscopic
Features:[20]
- Hyperkeratosis.
- Parakeratosis.
- Band of inflammatory cells at DE junction (lichenoid inflammation).
- Dead keratinocytes (Civatte bodies).
- Dermal melanophages.
DDx:
- Lichen planus - need clinical correlation (mucosal lesions).
- Drug reaction.
- Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.
- Regressed melanocytic lesion, esp. malignant melanoma.
- Lichenoid actinic keratosis - has atypical hyperchromatic basal cells - esp. at edge of lesion, usu. in the context of solar elastosis.
Images:
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SKIN LESION, MID-MIDDLE BACK, PUNCH BIOPSY: - LICHENOID KERATOSIS.
Incompletely excised
SKIN LESION, LEFT CHEST, PUNCH BIOPSY: - LICHENOID KERATOSIS VERSUS ACTINIC KERATOSIS. - NEGATIVE FOR BASAL CELL CARCINOMA. - SEE COMMENT. COMMENT: No eosinophils are apparent. No melanocytic lesion is identified; however, excision of the whole lesion to exclude a partially regressed melanocytic lesion is suggested.
Granuloma annulare
Necrobiosis lipoidica
Keloid
Angiofibroma
- See also: nasopharyngeal angiofibroma.
- Should not be confused with angiokeratoma.
Benign fibrous papule
- AKA fibrous papule.
General
- An angiofibroma on the face that is solitary.[21][22]
Gross
Microscopic
Features:[23]
- Dome-shaped.
- Fibrotic dermis.
- Enlarged fibroblasts.
- Dilated small vessels.
- +/-Multinucleated stromal cells.[24]
- +/-Stellate cells.[24]
DDx:
- Angiofibroma - not solitary or not on the nose.
Note:
- Several variants exist.[22]
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SKIN LESION, CHIN, BIOPSY: - BENIGN FIBROUS PAPULE.
Molluscum contagiosum
Superficial dermal infiltrates
Discussed in detail by Alsaad and Ghazarian.[25]
Dermal perivascular lymphoeosinophilic infiltration
- Abbreviated DPLI.
Microscopic appearance is just what it is called:
- Lymphocytes and eosinophils around the vessels in the superficial dermis.
DDx:[25]
- Insect bite - classically wedge-shaped.[26]
- Drug reaction.
- Urticarial reaction.
- Prevesicular early stage of bullous pemphigoid.
- HIV related dermatoses.
Notes:
- May superficially resemble cutaneous lymphoma.[26]
Images:
Congenital dermal melanocytosis
- AKA Mongolian spots.
- Classically seen in asian children.
Gross:
- Brown or blue-grey patch in the lumbosacral area.
Mastocytosis
Ichthyosis
General
- Comes in different flavours.
- Usu. inherited... thus a pediatric condition.
Gross
- Fish scale-like appearance.
Image:
Microscopic
Features:[27]
- Thick stratum corneum without basket-weave pattern.
Palmar fibromatosis
Angiomyoma
- Do not confuse with angiomyxoma.
General
- Benign.
- Female > male.[28]
Microscopic
Features:
- Well-circumscribed lesion with fascicular architecture.
- Spindle cells/epithelioid cell with moderate eosinophilic (pink) cytoplasm.
- Thick-walled blood vessels. (???)
Images:
Angiokeratoma
General
- Rare.
- May be seen in the context of Fabry disease.[29]
Notes:
- Shouldn't be confused with angiofibroma which is associated tuberous sclerosis.
Gross
- Dark lesions.
Clinical DDx:
Images
Microscopic
Features:[29]
- Ectatic superficial dermal vessels.
- Overlying hyperkeratosis (thick stratum corneum).
- Should have "epidermal collarette".[30]
- Vascular space surrounded by epidermis on three sides.
Others features:[citation needed]
- Irregular acanthosis.
- Longer rete ridges.
DDx:
Images
www:
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SKIN LESION, LEFT POPITEAL FOSSA, PUNCH BIOPSY: - ANGIOKERATOMA.
Inverted follicular keratosis
- Abbreviated IFK.[31]
General
- Benign skin lesion.
- Central face - middle age.[32]
- Uncommon.
- May be considered a variant of seborrheic keratosis that is predominantly endophytic.[33]
Microscopic
Features:[32]
- Keratinocyte of cytologically benign proliferation.
- "Squamous eddies" (whorls of keratin).
- Coarse keratohyaline granules.
DDx:
- Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin.
- Trichilemmoma.
- Seborrheic keratosis - has an exophytic component.
Images:
- Inverted follicular keratosis - low mag. (flickr.com).
- Inverted follicular keratosis - high mag. (flickr.com).
- Inverted follicular keratosis - several images (mckeedermpath.com).
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SKIN LESION, FACE, BIOPSY: - INVERTED FOLLICULAR KERATOSIS.
Micro
The sections show skin with acanthosis, pseudohorn cysts, and focal basal epidermal pigmentation. There is no basal nuclear atypia, no mitoses and there are no melanocytic nests. There is minimal dermal inflammation. There is no apparent solar elastosis.
Focal cutaneous mucinosis
General
- Benign.
- May be associated with systemic disease.[35]
Microscopic
Features:
- Light blue whispy material in the dermis - key feature.
DDx:
- Dermal edema.
- Digital mucous cyst.
Panniculitis
This is dealt with in the panniculitis article.
DDx for panniculitis:
- Erythema nodosum.
- Erythema induratum.
- Self-inflicted trauma.
- Systemic lupus erythematosus.
- Weird stuff.
Rare
Necrotizing fasciitis
- Not to be confused with nodular fasciitis.
- AKA flesh-eating disease.
Porokeratosis
Nevus sebaceous
- AKA nevus sebaceous of Jadassohn.
Nevus lipomatosus superficialis
- Abbreviated NLS.
- AKA nevus lipomatosus cutaneous superficialis, abbreviated NLCS.
- AKA nevus lipomatosus.[36]
Bullous disease
Cysts
See also
References
- ↑ Busam, Klaus J. (2009). Dermatopathology: A Volume in the Foundations in Diagnostic Pathology Series (1st ed.). Saunders. pp. 26. ISBN 978-0443066542.
- ↑ URL: http://www.pediatrics.wisc.edu/education/derm/text.html. Accessed on: 23 August 2012.
- ↑ URL: http://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/DermatologyGlossary/tinea.html. Accessed on: 25 February 2013.
- ↑ Picascia, DD.; Robinson, JK. (Aug 1987). "Actinic cheilitis: a review of the etiology, differential diagnosis, and treatment.". J Am Acad Dermatol 17 (2 Pt 1): 255-64. PMID 3305604.
- ↑ Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson; Aster, Jon (2009). Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease (8th ed.). Elsevier Saunders. pp. 1188. ISBN 978-1416031215.
- ↑ Busam, Klaus J. (2009). Dermatopathology: A Volume in the Foundations in Diagnostic Pathology Series (1st ed.). Saunders. pp. 76. ISBN 978-0443066542.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Busam, Klaus J. (2009). Dermatopathology: A Volume in the Foundations in Diagnostic Pathology Series (1st ed.). Saunders. pp. 77. ISBN 978-0443066542.
- ↑ URL: http://www.dermnetnz.org/dermal-infiltrative/solar-elastosis.html. Accessed on: 27 March 2013.
- ↑ Thomas, NE.; Kricker, A.; From, L.; Busam, K.; Millikan, RC.; Ritchey, ME.; Armstrong, BK.; Lee-Taylor, J. et al. (Nov 2010). "Associations of cumulative sun exposure and phenotypic characteristics with histologic solar elastosis.". Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 19 (11): 2932-41. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-10-0686. PMID 20802019.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Karagas, MR.; Zens, MS.; Nelson, HH.; Mabuchi, K.; Perry, AE.; Stukel, TA.; Mott, LA.; Andrew, AS. et al. (Mar 2007). "Measures of cumulative exposure from a standardized sun exposure history questionnaire: a comparison with histologic assessment of solar skin damage.". Am J Epidemiol 165 (6): 719-26. doi:10.1093/aje/kwk055. PMID 17204514.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Humphrey, Peter A; Dehner, Louis P; Pfeifer, John D (2008). The Washington Manual of Surgical Pathology (1st ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 480. ISBN 978-0781765275.
- ↑ URL: http://bg.convdocs.org/docs/index-54881.html?page=10. Accessed on: 9 October 2013.
- ↑ URL: http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/tc/folliculitis-topic-overview. Accessed on: 7 November 2012.
- ↑ Akin, FY.; Ertam, I.; Ceylan, C.; Kazandi, A.; Ozdemir, F.. "Clear cell acanthoma: new observations on dermatoscopy.". Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 74 (3): 285-7. PMID 18583817.
- ↑ Morrison, LK.; Duffey, M.; Janik, M.; Shamma, HN. (Sep 2010). "Clear cell acanthoma: a rare clinical diagnosis prior to biopsy.". Int J Dermatol 49 (9): 1008-11. PMID 20931670.
- ↑ URL: http://www.drmihm.com/cases/case.cfm?CaseID=45. Accessed on: 7 February 2012.
- ↑ URL: http://www.head-face-med.com/content/4/1/2. Accessed on: 16 January 2014.
- ↑ Humphrey, Peter A; Dehner, Louis P; Pfeifer, John D (2008). The Washington Manual of Surgical Pathology (1st ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 486. ISBN 978-0781765275.
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 Busam, Klaus J. (2009). Dermatopathology: A Volume in the Foundations in Diagnostic Pathology Series (1st ed.). Saunders. pp. 346. ISBN 978-0443066542.
- ↑ Busam, Klaus J. (2009). Dermatopathology: A Volume in the Foundations in Diagnostic Pathology Series (1st ed.). Saunders. pp. 347. ISBN 978-0443066542.
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 Busam, Klaus J. (2009). Dermatopathology: A Volume in the Foundations in Diagnostic Pathology Series (1st ed.). Saunders. pp. 505. ISBN 978-0443066542.
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Jacyk, WK.; Rütten, A.; Requena, L. (2008). "Fibrous papule of the face with granular cells.". Dermatology 216 (1): 56-9. doi:10.1159/000109359. PMID 18032900.
- ↑ Humphrey, Peter A; Dehner, Louis P; Pfeifer, John D (2008). The Washington Manual of Surgical Pathology (1st ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 492. ISBN 978-0781765275.
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 Ragaz, A.; Berezowsky, V. (1979). "Fibrous papule of the face. A study of five cases by electron microscopy.". Am J Dermatopathol 1 (4): 353-6. PMID 543528.
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 Alsaad, KO.; Ghazarian, D. (Dec 2005). "My approach to superficial inflammatory dermatoses.". J Clin Pathol 58 (12): 1233-41. doi:10.1136/jcp.2005.027151. PMID 16311340.
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 Cotran, Ramzi S.; Kumar, Vinay; Fausto, Nelson; Nelso Fausto; Robbins, Stanley L.; Abbas, Abul K. (2005). Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease (7th ed.). St. Louis, Mo: Elsevier Saunders. pp. 1269. ISBN 0-7216-0187-1.
- ↑ Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson; Aster, Jon (2009). Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease (8th ed.). Elsevier Saunders. pp. 1185. ISBN 978-1416031215.
- ↑ Katenkamp D, Kosmehl H, Langbein L (1988). "[Angiomyoma. A pathologo-anatomic analysis of 229 cases]" (in German). Zentralbl Allg Pathol 134 (4-5): 423–33. PMID 3201831.
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 Karen, JK.; Hale, EK.; Ma, L. (2005). "Angiokeratoma corporis diffusum (Fabry disease).". Dermatol Online J 11 (4): 8. PMID 16403380.
- ↑ Busam, Klaus J. (2009). Dermatopathology: A Volume in the Foundations in Diagnostic Pathology Series (1st ed.). Saunders. pp. 548. ISBN 978-0443066542.
- ↑ Shih, CC.; Yu, HS.; Tung, YC.; Tsai, KB.; Cheng, ST. (Jan 2001). "Inverted follicular keratosis.". Kaohsiung J Med Sci 17 (1): 50-4. PMID 11411260.
- ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 Busam, Klaus J. (2009). Dermatopathology: A Volume in the Foundations in Diagnostic Pathology Series (1st ed.). Saunders. pp. 387. ISBN 978-0443066542.
- ↑ Busam, Klaus J. (2009). Dermatopathology: A Volume in the Foundations in Diagnostic Pathology Series (1st ed.). Saunders. pp. 341. ISBN 978-0443066542.
- ↑ URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC475744/. Accessed on: 11 May 2010.
- ↑ Gandhi, V.; Dogra, D.; Pandhi, RK.. "Cutaneous focal mucinosis.". Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 62 (4): 260-1. PMID 20948074.
- ↑ Kaw, P.; Carlson, A.; Meyer, DR. (Jan 2005). "Nevus lipomatosus (pedunculated lipofibroma) of the eyelid.". Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 21 (1): 74-6. PMID 15677959.