Surgical margins

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The surgical margins, often simply referred to as margins, are the set of surfaces that were cut by the surgeon in order to remove the specimen from the body. The distance between the tumour and the margin is called the surgical clearance, a term that may be used interchangeably with the term surgical margin.[1] Margins are important as an incompletely removed disease process may lead to re-occurrence.

A positive surgical margin (ink on tumour) in urothelial carcinoma. H&E stain.
A positive surgical margin (tumour with cautery artifact) in colorectal carcinoma. H&E stain.

What defines a positive surgical margin is dependent on the tumour and its biology; the definitions for a positive margin are often dependent on (1) the anatomical site of the tumour and (2) the tumour type.

Significance

Most often, positive margins, i.e. surgical margins with disease present or "very close", are non-optimal. For example, in locally advanced rectal cancer, in one study,[2] five year survival was found to be 60%, 31% and 0% for R0 (no tumour at the margin), R1 (microscopic tumour at the margin), and R2 (macroscopic tumour at the margin) resections respectively.

Types of margins

  • En face (formally en face margin).
    • Sample the complete surface.
    • No information about the distance between the margin and lesion can be obtained at microscopy, i.e. from the glass slide.
  • On edge (formally on edge margin), AKA perpendicular margin, as the cut to prepare the tissue for microscopic examination is perpendicular to the cut from the surgeon.
    • Sample a subset of the surface.
    • The distance between the margin and lesion can be measured at microscopy, i.e. on the glass slide.

Note:

Positive margin definition

Unfortunately, there is no universal definition for positive margin.

Definitionally, there is agreement that "tumour touching the edge of the specimen" is a positive margin.[3]

It may be useful to differentiate pathologic margin (tumour touching ink) and oncologic margin (tumour sufficiently clear of margin to not affect the prognosis). Oncologists, surgeons and patients really only care about oncologic margin for relatively obvious reasons.

Perhaps confusing is that: [pathologically] clear margins may be defined as being a positive margin, i.e. tumour less than 1 mm may be a "positive margin".[4]

Adequate margin

  • What constitutes an adequate margin is dependent on the tumour type, as different tumours have different behaviours.

Adequate margins by tumour

Tumour Adequate pathologic margin Adequate clinical margin System
Colorectal carcinoma >=1 mm;[5][6][7] circumferential margin (esp. in rectal carcinoma) most important[8] 1 cm[9] Gastrointestinal pathology
Vulvar carcinoma 0.8 cm (fixed)[10] 1.0 cm (fresh)[10] Gynecologic pathology
Malignant melanoma same as clinical (interesting is that CAP says "no minimum safe distance established"[11]) Dermatopathology
Ductal carcinoma in situ ink cannot be on tumour - consensus of Society of Surgical Oncology-American Society for Radiation Oncology (for low stage tumours)[17] Breast pathology
Invasive breast carcinoma ink cannot be on tumour - consensus of Society of Surgical Oncology-American Society for Radiation Oncology (for low stage tumours)[17] Breast pathology
Sarcoma >= 1 cm[18] Sarcoma
Prostate carcinoma tumour not touching ink - "close" margins have a higher biochemical recurrence[19] Genitourinary pathology
Renal cell carcinoma tumour not touching ink; positive margins get clinical follow-up as recurrences are uncommon[20] Genitourinary pathology
Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin 4 mm, 6 mm for high risk[21] Dermatopathology
Urothelial carcinoma tumour not touching ink[22] Genitourinary pathology

Fragmented and incised specimens

There is limited advice on how to deal with a fragmented or incised specimen.

If the specimen can be "put back together", it is reasonable to assess the margin and comment on the limitation.

The College of American Pathologists synoptic for invasive breast carcinoma (version 4.3.0.1) states:[23]

If the specimen is received sectioned or fragmented, this should be noted, as this will limit the ability to evaluate the status of margins.

Microscopic

Features of the true margin:

  • Irregular/non-linear appearance.

DDx:

  • Cut at the grossing bench (by the pathologist/pathology assistant/pathology resident) post-fixation - these are usually straight.
  • Artifactal cleft/separation.

Note:

  • The surgeon's cut is irregular due to loading during extraction and fixation effects.

Images

  • True margin - surgeon's cut (left of image) - extremely low mag. (WC)

  • Pathology assistant's cut (right of image) - extremely low mag. (WC)

Sign out

Stray ink versus true positive

True positive

COMMENT: 
Ink is seen very focally on a fragment of tumour in A21-1. Inspection of 
the tissue block shows ink on the surface of the tissue fragment with the 
positive margin; this essentially excludes that what is interpreted as a 
positive margin could represent stray ink.

Stray ink

COMMENT:
The margin assessment is suboptimal as the specimen was cut prior to 
inking. Ink on tumour in this context may represent stray ink on tumour 
or a true positive margin. 

Ink is focally present on tumour in this case and it is favoured to 
represent stray ink, as the quantity of ink is minimal; however, margin 
positivity cannot be completely excluded.

A re-excised (previously) positive margin is negative for tumour

It occasionally happens that a re-excised margin specimen is negative for tumour. 

The lack of tumour in Part B may be explained by either of the following:
(1) There was minimal clearance (<1 mm) in Part A that was not sampled. 
(2) The sampling of Part B missed minimal tumour involvement.

Note:

  • One should review the positive margin call to ensure it isn't an overall.

Tumour in tip - flipped block

Lesion, Right Upper Lid, Excision:
     - BASAL CELL CARCINOMA, favour clear margin (see comment).

Comment:
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is present in the block 3 tip, on the initial cut. The tissue was re-embedded and BCC is seen on the recut. BCC is clear of the inked margin. Thus, the margin is favoured to be clear; however, out-of-plane margin involvement cannot be excluded.

Alternate

Lesion, Right Lower Eyelid, Excision:
     - BASAL CELL CARCINOMA (BCC), cannot exclude positive margin, see comment.

Comment:
BCC was found in block 1 (one of the tips) on the initial cut.

In block 1, BCC is present but distant from the inked margin in the plane 
of section. The margin is not completely in the plane of section; thus, 
trimming of a negative margin cannot be entirely excluded. As BCC is seen 
on both sides of the block, a positive cannot be excluded.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Ng, IO.; Luk, IS.; Yuen, ST.; Lau, PW.; Pritchett, CJ.; Ng, M.; Poon, GP.; Ho, J. (Mar 1993). "Surgical lateral clearance in resected rectal carcinomas. A multivariate analysis of clinicopathologic features.". Cancer 71 (6): 1972-6. PMID 8443747.
  2. ↑ Larsen SG, Wiig JN, Dueland S, Giercksky KE (April 2008). "Prognostic factors after preoperative irradiation and surgery for locally advanced rectal cancer". Eur J Surg Oncol 34 (4): 410–7. doi:10.1016/j.ejso.2007.05.012. PMID 17614249.
  3. ↑ Chagpar AB, Killelea BK, Tsangaris TN, Butler M, Stavris K, Li F, Yao X, Bossuyt V, Harigopal M, Lannin DR, Pusztai L, Horowitz NR (August 2015). "A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Cavity Shave Margins in Breast Cancer". N Engl J Med 373 (6): 503–10. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1504473. PMC 5584380. PMID 26028131. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5584380/.
  4. ↑ Scopa CD, Aroukatos P, Tsamandas AC, Aletra C (2006). "Evaluation of margin status in lumpectomy specimens and residual breast carcinoma". Breast J 12 (2): 150–3. doi:10.1111/j.1075-122X.2006.00223.x. PMID 16509840.
  5. ↑ Petersen, VC.; Baxter, KJ.; Love, SB.; Shepherd, NA. (Jul 2002). "Identification of objective pathological prognostic determinants and models of prognosis in Dukes' B colon cancer.". Gut 51 (1): 65-9. PMC 1773289. PMID 12077094. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1773289/.
  6. ↑ Fitzgerald, TL.; Brinkley, J.; Zervos, EE. (Nov 2011). "Pushing the envelope beyond a centimeter in rectal cancer: oncologic implications of close, but negative margins.". J Am Coll Surg 213 (5): 589-95. doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2011.07.020. PMID 21856181.
  7. ↑ Quirke, P.; Durdey, P.; Dixon, MF.; Williams, NS. (Nov 1986). "Local recurrence of rectal adenocarcinoma due to inadequate surgical resection. Histopathological study of lateral tumour spread and surgical excision.". Lancet 2 (8514): 996-9. PMID 2430152.
  8. ↑ Adam, IJ.; Mohamdee, MO.; Martin, IG.; Scott, N.; Finan, PJ.; Johnston, D.; Dixon, MF.; Quirke, P. (Sep 1994). "Role of circumferential margin involvement in the local recurrence of rectal cancer.". Lancet 344 (8924): 707-11. PMID 7915774.
  9. ↑ Rutkowski, A.; Bujko, K.; Nowacki, MP.; Chmielik, E.; Nasierowska-Guttmejer, A.; Wojnar, A. (Nov 2008). "Distal bowel surgical margin shorter than 1 cm after preoperative radiation for rectal cancer: is it safe?". Ann Surg Oncol 15 (11): 3124-31. doi:10.1245/s10434-008-0125-6. PMID 18766404.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Palaia, I.; Bellati, F.; Calcagno, M.; Musella, A.; Perniola, G.; Panici, PB. (Aug 2011). "Invasive vulvar carcinoma and the question of the surgical margin.". Int J Gynaecol Obstet 114 (2): 120-3. doi:10.1016/j.ijgo.2011.02.012. PMID 21669423.
  11. ↑ URL: http://www.cap.org/apps/docs/committees/cancer/cancer_protocols/2012/SkinMelanoma_12protocol.pdf. Accessed on: 19 August 2012.
  12. ↑ Kunishige, JH.; Brodland, DG.; Zitelli, JA. (Mar 2012). "Surgical margins for melanoma in situ.". J Am Acad Dermatol 66 (3): 438-44. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2011.06.019. PMID 22196979.
  13. ↑ Möller, MG.; Pappas-Politis, E.; Zager, JS.; Santiago, LA.; Yu, D.; Prakash, A.; Kinal, A.; Clark, GS. et al. (Jun 2009). "Surgical management of melanoma-in-situ using a staged marginal and central excision technique.". Ann Surg Oncol 16 (6): 1526-36. doi:10.1245/s10434-008-0239-x. PMID 19050971.
  14. ↑ Cohn-Cedermark, G.; Rutqvist, LE.; Andersson, R.; Breivald, M.; Ingvar, C.; Johansson, H.; Jönsson, PE.; Krysander, L. et al. (Oct 2000). "Long term results of a randomized study by the Swedish Melanoma Study Group on 2-cm versus 5-cm resection margins for patients with cutaneous melanoma with a tumor thickness of 0.8-2.0 mm.". Cancer 89 (7): 1495-501. PMID 11013363.
  15. ↑ Veronesi, U.; Cascinelli, N. (Apr 1991). "Narrow excision (1-cm margin). A safe procedure for thin cutaneous melanoma.". Arch Surg 126 (4): 438-41. PMID 2009058.
  16. ↑ Balch, CM.; Soong, SJ.; Smith, T.; Ross, MI.; Urist, MM.; Karakousis, CP.; Temple, WJ.; Mihm, MC. et al. (Mar 2001). "Long-term results of a prospective surgical trial comparing 2 cm vs. 4 cm excision margins for 740 patients with 1-4 mm melanomas.". Ann Surg Oncol 8 (2): 101-8. PMID 11258773.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Moran, MS.; Schnitt, SJ.; Giuliano, AE.; Harris, JR.; Khan, SA.; Horton, J.; Klimberg, S.; Chavez-MacGregor, M. et al. (Mar 2014). "Society of Surgical Oncology-American Society for Radiation Oncology consensus guideline on margins for breast-conserving surgery with whole-breast irradiation in stages I and II invasive breast cancer.". Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 88 (3): 553-64. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2013.11.012. PMID 24521674.
  18. ↑ Baldini, EH.; Goldberg, J.; Jenner, C.; Manola, JB.; Demetri, GD.; Fletcher, CD.; Singer, S. (Oct 1999). "Long-term outcomes after function-sparing surgery without radiotherapy for soft tissue sarcoma of the extremities and trunk.". J Clin Oncol 17 (10): 3252-9. PMID 10506627.
  19. ↑ Lu, J.; Wirth, GJ.; Wu, S.; Chen, J.; Dahl, DM.; Olumi, AF.; Young, RH.; McDougal, WS. et al. (Jul 2012). "A close surgical margin after radical prostatectomy is an independent predictor of recurrence.". J Urol 188 (1): 91-7. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2012.02.2565. PMID 22578729.
  20. ↑ Marszalek, M.; Carini, M.; Chlosta, P.; Jeschke, K.; Kirkali, Z.; Knüchel, R.; Madersbacher, S.; Patard, JJ. et al. (Apr 2012). "Positive surgical margins after nephron-sparing surgery.". Eur Urol 61 (4): 757-63. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2011.11.028. PMID 22136987.
  21. ↑ Brodland, DG.; Zitelli, JA. (Aug 1992). "Surgical margins for excision of primary cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma.". J Am Acad Dermatol 27 (2 Pt 1): 241-8. PMID 1430364.
  22. ↑ Dotan, ZA.; Kavanagh, K.; Yossepowitch, O.; Kaag, M.; Olgac, S.; Donat, M.; Herr, HW. (Dec 2007). "Positive surgical margins in soft tissue following radical cystectomy for bladder cancer and cancer specific survival.". J Urol 178 (6): 2308-12; discussion 2313. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2007.08.023. PMID 17936804.
  23. ↑ URL: https://documents.cap.org/protocols/cp-breast-invasive-resection-19-4301.pdf. Accessed on: 2022 January 12.
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