Difference between revisions of "Adenocarcinoma of the lung"

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{{ Infobox diagnosis
{{ Infobox diagnosis
| Name      = {{PAGENAME}}
| Name      = {{PAGENAME}}
| Image      = Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, mucinous type.jpg
| Image      = Acinar pattern adenocarcinoma of lung -- low mag.jpg
| Width      =
| Width      =
| Caption    = Lung adenocarcinoma, mucinous. [[H&E stain]].
| Caption    = Invasive adenocarcinoma, acinar pattern (right of image) and benign lung (left of image). [[H&E stain]].
| Synonyms  =
| Synonyms  =
| Micro      = nuclear atypia, eccentrically placed nuclei, usu. abundant cytoplasm (classically with mucin vacuoles), often conspicuous [[nucleoli]], +/-[[nuclear pseudoinclusions]]
| Micro      = +/-nuclear atypia (may be absent in mucinous tumours), eccentrically placed nuclei, usu. abundant cytoplasm (classically with mucin vacuoles), often conspicuous [[nucleoli]], +/-[[nuclear pseudoinclusions]]
| Subtypes  =
| Subtypes  =
| LMDDx      =
| LMDDx      = [[atypical adenomatous hyperplasia of the lung]], adenocarcinoma in situ, [[squamous cell carcinoma of the lung]], [[small cell carcinoma of the lung]], [[non-small cell lung carcinoma]], [[malignant mesothelioma]], [[Metastasis|metastatic]] [[adenocarcinoma]] (esp. [[colorectal adenocarcinoma]], breast adenocarcinoma ([[invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast]], [[invasive lobular carcinoma]]))
| Stains    =
| Stains    =
| IHC        = CK7 +ve, TTF-1 +ve, CK20 -ve, p40 -ve, p63 -ve (usually)
| IHC        = [[CK7]] +ve, [[TTF-1]] +ve, CK20 -ve, [[p40]] -ve, p63 -ve (usually)
| EM        =
| EM        =
| Molecular  = +/-EGFR mutations, +/-ALK [[chromosomal translocation]] (inv(2)(p21p23) -- EML4-ALK fusion)
| Molecular  = +/-KRAS mutations, +/-EGFR mutations, +/-ALK [[chromosomal translocation]] (inv(2)(p21p23) -- EML4-ALK fusion), +/-ROS1 rearrangements, +/-RET rearrangements
| IF        =
| IF        =
| Gross      =  
| Gross      =  
| Grossing  =
| Grossing  =
| Staging    = [[lung cancer staging]]
| Site      = [[lung]] - see ''[[lung tumours]]''
| Site      = [[lung]] - see ''[[lung tumours]]''
| Assdx      =
| Assdx      =
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| Rads      = lung mass - typically peripheral lesion (distant from large airways), may be multifocal
| Rads      = lung mass - typically peripheral lesion (distant from large airways), may be multifocal
| Endoscopy  =
| Endoscopy  =
| Prognosis  = moderate
| Prognosis  = dependent on stage (minimally invasive and noninvasive: very good; invasive: moderate)
| Other      =
| Other      =
| ClinDDx    = other [[lung tumours]] - primary and metastatic
| ClinDDx    = other [[lung tumours]] - primary and metastatic
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*Adenocarcinoma is the most common (primary lung cancer).<ref name=pmid19118313>{{cite journal |author=Lutschg JH |title=Lung cancer |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=360 |issue=1 |pages=87-8; author reply 88 |year=2009 |month=January |pmid=19118313 |doi=10.1056/NEJMc082208 |url=}}</ref>
*Adenocarcinoma is the most common (primary lung cancer).<ref name=pmid19118313>{{cite journal |author=Lutschg JH |title=Lung cancer |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=360 |issue=1 |pages=87-8; author reply 88 |year=2009 |month=January |pmid=19118313 |doi=10.1056/NEJMc082208 |url=}}</ref>
*Adenocarcinoma is the non-smoker tumour - [[small cell carcinoma of the lung|SCLC]] and [[squamous cell carcinoma of the lung|squamous]] are more strongly associated with [[smoking]].
*Adenocarcinoma is the non-smoker tumour - [[small cell carcinoma of the lung|SCLC]] and [[squamous cell carcinoma of the lung|squamous]] are more strongly associated with [[smoking]].
*Lung adenocarcinoma is the most common brain metastasis.<ref name=pmid22012633>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Nayak | first1 = L. | last2 = Lee | first2 = EQ. | last3 = Wen | first3 = PY. | title = Epidemiology of brain metastases. | journal = Curr Oncol Rep | volume = 14 | issue = 1 | pages = 48-54 | month = Feb | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1007/s11912-011-0203-y | PMID = 22012633 }}</ref>


Treatment:
Treatment:
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===Image===
===Image===
<gallery>
<gallery>  
Image:Adenocarcinoma (3950819000).jpg | Lung adenocarcinoma. (WC/Rosen)
Image:Adenocarcinoma (3950819000).jpg | Lung adenocarcinoma. (WC/Rosen)
</gallery>
</gallery>
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==Microscopic==
==Microscopic==
Features:
Features:
*Nuclear atypia.
*+/-Nuclear atypia - '''important'''.
**May be absent in mucinous tumours - may look similar to foveolar epithelium.
*Eccentrically placed nuclei.
*Eccentrically placed nuclei.
*Abundant cytoplasm - classically with mucin vacuoles.
*Abundant cytoplasm - classically with mucin vacuoles.
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Patterns:<ref name=pmid21252716>{{cite journal |author=Travis WD, Brambilla E, Noguchi M, ''et al.'' |title=International association for the study of lung cancer/american thoracic society/european respiratory society international multidisciplinary classification of lung adenocarcinoma |journal=J Thorac Oncol |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=244–85 |year=2011 |month=February |pmid=21252716 |doi=10.1097/JTO.0b013e318206a221 |url=}}</ref>
Patterns:<ref name=pmid21252716>{{cite journal |author=Travis WD, Brambilla E, Noguchi M, ''et al.'' |title=International association for the study of lung cancer/american thoracic society/european respiratory society international multidisciplinary classification of lung adenocarcinoma |journal=J Thorac Oncol |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=244–85 |year=2011 |month=February |pmid=21252716 |doi=10.1097/JTO.0b013e318206a221 |url=}}</ref>
*Lepidic - tumour grows long the alveolar wall; means ''scaly covering''.<ref>URL: [http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/lepidic http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/lepidic]. Accessed on: 8 August 2013.</ref>
*Lepidic - tumour grows long the alveolar wall; means ''scaly covering''.<ref>URL: [http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/lepidic http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/lepidic]. Accessed on: 8 August 2013.</ref> At lower power, the shapes should still resemble lung acini.
*Acinar - berry-shaped glands.  
*Acinar - berry-shaped glands, smaller than lung acini.  
*Papillary - fibrovascular cores.
*Papillary - fibrovascular cores.
*Micropapillary - nipple shaped projections without fibrovascular cores.
*Micropapillary - nipple shaped projections without fibrovascular cores.
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DDx:
DDx:
*[[Atypical adenomatous hyperplasia of the lung]] - spaced [[hobnail]] cells, mild-to-moderate nuclear atypia, small lesion (must be <5 mm).
*Adenocarcinoma in situ.
*[[Papillary thyroid carcinoma|Papillary carcinoma of thyroid]].
*[[Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung]].
*[[Small cell carcinoma of the lung]].
*[[Adenoid cystic carcinoma]].
*[[Non-small cell lung carcinoma]] - diagnosis should be avoided if possible.
*[[Malignant mesothelioma]].
*[[Metastasis|Metastatic]] adenocarcinoma.
*[[Metastasis|Metastatic]] adenocarcinoma.
**[[Colorectal adenocarcinoma]].
**[[Colorectal adenocarcinoma]].
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***[[Invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast]].
***[[Invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast]].
***[[Invasive lobular carcinoma]].
***[[Invasive lobular carcinoma]].
*[[Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung]].
***[[Bronchiolar metaplasia]].
*[[Non-small cell lung carcinoma]] - diagnosis should be avoid if possible.
**Other carcinomas.
*[[Malignant mesothelioma]].
*Carcinomas of the bronchial glands, e.g. [[adenoid cystic carcinoma]].
*[[Small cell carcinoma of the lung]].
*Adenocarcinoma in situ.


===Images===
===Images===
=====Acinar adenocarcinoma=====
<gallery>
Image: Acinar pattern adenocarcinoma of lung -- low mag.jpg | Acinar LA - low mag.
Image: Acinar pattern adenocarcinoma of lung -- intermed mag.jpg | Acinar LA - intermed. mag.
Image: Acinar pattern adenocarcinoma of lung -- high mag.jpg | Acinar LA - high mag.
Image: Acinar pattern adenocarcinoma of lung -- very high mag.jpg | Acinar LA - very high mag.
Image: Acinar pattern adenocarcinoma of lung - alt -- very high mag.jpg | Acinar LA - very high mag.
</gallery>
<gallery>
Image:Adenocarcinoma, acinar subtype (3923397562).jpg | Acinar adenocarcinoma. (WC/Yale Rosen)
Image:Adenocarcinoma,_acinar_subtype_(4420421886).jpg | Acinar adenocarcinoma. (WC/Yale Rosen)
</gallery>
=====Mucinous adenocarcinoma=====
<gallery>
Image: Mucinous adenocarcinoma of the lung -- low mag.jpg | MAL - low mag.
Image: Mucinous adenocarcinoma of the lung -- intermed mag.jpg | MAL - intermed. mag.
Image: Mucinous adenocarcinoma of the lung -- high mag.jpg | MAL - high mag.
Image: Mucinous adenocarcinoma of the lung -- very high mag.jpg | MAL - very high mag.
</gallery>
<gallery>
<gallery>
Image: Mucinous lung adenocarcinoma -- low mag.jpg | MAL - low mag.
Image: Mucinous lung adenocarcinoma -- intermed mag.jpg | MAL - intermed. mag.
Image: Mucinous lung adenocarcinoma -- high mag.jpg | MAL - high mag.
Image: Mucinous lung adenocarcinoma and airway -- intermed mag.jpg | MAL - intermed. mag.
Image: Mucinous lung adenocarcinoma and airway -- high mag.jpg | MAL - high mag.
Image: Mucinous lung adenocarcinoma and airway - alt -- high mag.jpg | MAL - high mag.
</gallery>
<gallery>
Image:Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, mucinous type 2.jpg |BAC - mucinous type - low mag. (WC/Yale Rosen)
Image:Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, mucinous type 2.jpg |BAC - mucinous type - low mag. (WC/Yale Rosen)
Image:Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, mucinous type.jpg | BAC - mucinous type - high mag. (WC/Yale Rosen)
Image:Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, mucinous type.jpg | BAC - mucinous type - high mag. (WC/Yale Rosen)
Image:Adenocarcinoma, acinar subtype (3923397562).jpg | Acinar adenocarcinoma. (WC/Yale Rosen)
</gallery>
</gallery>
www:
 
=====Papillary adenocarcinoma=====
<gallery>
Image: Papillary adenocarcinoma of the lung -- very low mag.jpg | PAL - very low mag. (WC/Nephron)
Image: Papillary adenocarcinoma of the lung -- low mag.jpg | PAL - low mag. (WC/Nephron)
Image: Papillary adenocarcinoma of the lung -- intermed mag.jpg | PAL - intermed. mag. (WC/Nephron)
Image: Papillary adenocarcinoma of the lung -- high mag.jpg | PAL - high mag. (WC/Nephron)
</gallery>
 
====Fetal adenocarcinoma====
<gallery>
Image: Fetal adenocarcinoma of the lung -- very low mag.jpg | FAL - very low mag. (WC)
Image: Fetal adenocarcinoma of the lung - alt2 -- very low mag.jpg | FAL - very low mag. (WC)
Image: Fetal adenocarcinoma of the lung -- low mag.jpg | FAL - low mag. (WC)
Image: Fetal adenocarcinoma of the lung -- intermed mag.jpg | FAL - intermed. mag. (WC)
Image: Fetal adenocarcinoma of the lung -- high mag.jpg | FAL - high mag. (WC)
</gallery>
 
====www====
*[http://www.pathpedia.com/education/eatlas/histopathology/lung_and_bronchi/bronchioloalveolar_carcinoma_mucinous.aspx BAC mucinous type adjacent to benign (pathpedia.com)].
*[http://www.pathpedia.com/education/eatlas/histopathology/lung_and_bronchi/bronchioloalveolar_carcinoma_mucinous.aspx BAC mucinous type adjacent to benign (pathpedia.com)].
*[http://cancergrace.org/wp-content/uploads/2007/05/mucinous-vs-nonmucinous-bac-histology.jpg BAC mucinous and nonmucinous (cancergrace.org)].<ref>URL: [http://cancergrace.org/lung/2007/05/14/bac-mucinous-and-non-mucinous/ http://cancergrace.org/lung/2007/05/14/bac-mucinous-and-non-mucinous/]. Accessed on: 8 August 2013.</ref>
*[http://cancergrace.org/wp-content/uploads/2007/05/mucinous-vs-nonmucinous-bac-histology.jpg BAC mucinous and nonmucinous (cancergrace.org)].<ref>URL: [http://cancergrace.org/lung/2007/05/14/bac-mucinous-and-non-mucinous/ http://cancergrace.org/lung/2007/05/14/bac-mucinous-and-non-mucinous/]. Accessed on: 8 August 2013.</ref>
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/pulmonary_pathology/7589291672/ Lepidic adenocarcinoma with invasive (flickr.com/Yale Rosen)].
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/pulmonary_pathology/7589292214/in/photostream/ Lepidic adenocarcinoma (flickr.com/Yale Rosen)].
*[http://www.rosaicollection.org/searchresults.cfm/ Lepidic adenocarcinoma (rosaicollection.org/index.cfm)].
*[http://pathlabmed.typepad.com/surgical_pathology_and_la/2010/09/digital-case-challenge-non-mucinous-bronchioloalveolar-adenocarcinoma.html Mucinous adenocarcinoma (pathlabmed.typepad.com)].
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/pulmonary_pathology/7589292780/in/photostream/ Non-mucinous adenocarcinoma in situ (flickr.com/Yale Rosen)].
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/pulmonary_pathology/7589292496/in/photostream/ Non-mucinous adenocarcinoma in situ (flickr.com/Yale Rosen)].
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/pulmonary_pathology/7589290010/in/photostream/ Acinar adenocarcinoma (flickr.com/Yale Rosen)].
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/pulmonary_pathology/7589289274/in/photostream/ Acinar adenocarcinoma (flickr.com/Yale Rosen)].


===Classification===
===Classification===
Classification based on extent:<ref name=pmid21252716>{{cite journal |author=Travis WD, Brambilla E, Noguchi M, ''et al.'' |title=International association for the study of lung cancer/american thoracic society/european respiratory society international multidisciplinary classification of lung adenocarcinoma |journal=J Thorac Oncol |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=244–85 |year=2011 |month=February |pmid=21252716 |doi=10.1097/JTO.0b013e318206a221 |url=}}</ref>
Classification based on extent:<ref name=pmid21252716>{{cite journal |author=Travis WD, Brambilla E, Noguchi M, ''et al.'' |title=International association for the study of lung cancer/american thoracic society/european respiratory society international multidisciplinary classification of lung adenocarcinoma |journal=J Thorac Oncol |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=244–85 |year=2011 |month=February |pmid=21252716 |doi=10.1097/JTO.0b013e318206a221 |url=}}</ref>
#Adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) - previously known as [[BAC]].
#Adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) - previously known as ''bronchioloalveolar carcinoma'' (abbreviated [[BAC]]).
#*Subtypes: nonmucinous, mucinous, mixed mucinous/nonmucinous.
#*Subtypes: nonmucinous, mucinous, mixed mucinous/nonmucinous.
#*Definition: lack of invasion into the stroma, vascular spaces and pleura.
#*Must have a lepidic growth pattern.<ref name=pmid22214965>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Borczuk | first1 = AC. | title = Assessment of invasion in lung adenocarcinoma classification, including adenocarcinoma in situ and minimally invasive adenocarcinoma. | journal = Mod Pathol | volume = 25 Suppl 1 | issue =  | pages = S1-10 | month = Jan | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1038/modpathol.2011.151 | PMID = 22214965 }}</ref>
#Minimally invasive adenocarcinoma (MIA).  
#Minimally invasive adenocarcinoma (MIA).  
#*Lepidic growth with up to 5 mm of invasion.
#*Lepidic growth with up to 5 mm of invasion.
#*Subtypes: nonmucinous (most common), mucinous, mixed mucinous/nonmucinous.
#*Subtypes: nonmucinous (most common), mucinous (uncommon), mixed (mucinous/nonmucinous).
#*Should not have [[lymphovascular invasion]].{{fact}}
#Invasive adenocarcinoma:
#Invasive adenocarcinoma:
#*Subtypes: micropapillary, mucinous (previously ''mucinous BAC''), colloid, fetal, enteric.
#*Subtypes: micropapillary, mucinous (previously ''mucinous BAC''), colloid, fetal, enteric.
====Grading====
Graded G1-G4 - as per CAP protocol (version 3.4.0.0):<ref name=cap_protocol>CAP Lung protocol. Version: 3.4.0.0. URL: [http://www.cap.org/ShowProperty?nodePath=/UCMCon/Contribution%20Folders/WebContent/pdf/cp-lung-16protocol-3400.pdf http://www.cap.org/ShowProperty?nodePath=/UCMCon/Contribution%20Folders/WebContent/pdf/cp-lung-16protocol-3400.pdf]. Accessed on: March 23, 2016.</ref>
*G1 = lepidic.
*G2 = acinar, papillary, cribriform.
*G3 = micropapillary, solid, mucinous, colloid.
*G4 = undifferentiated - '''not''' used for lung adenocarcinoma; it used for small cell carcinoma and large cell carcinoma.
Note:
*There is no consensus currently on grading - as per the international consensus guidelines of 2011.<ref name=pmid21252716>{{cite journal |author=Travis WD, Brambilla E, Noguchi M, ''et al.'' |title=International association for the study of lung cancer/american thoracic society/european respiratory society international multidisciplinary classification of lung adenocarcinoma |journal=J Thorac Oncol |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=244–85 |year=2011 |month=February |pmid=21252716 |doi=10.1097/JTO.0b013e318206a221 |url=}}</ref>
==Special stains==
*[[Mucicarmine]] +ve, cytoplasmic.
*[[PAS-diastase]] +ve, cytoplasmic.


==IHC==
==IHC==
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Panel for adenocarcinoma versus SCC:
Panel for adenocarcinoma versus SCC:
*TTF-1 +ve.
*TTF-1 +ve.
*Napsin A +ve.
*[[Napsin]] A +ve.
*p40 -ve.<ref name=pmid22056955>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Bishop | first1 = JA. | last2 = Teruya-Feldstein | first2 = J. | last3 = Westra | first3 = WH. | last4 = Pelosi | first4 = G. | last5 = Travis | first5 = WD. | last6 = Rekhtman | first6 = N. | title = p40 (ΔNp63) is superior to p63 for the diagnosis of pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma. | journal = Mod Pathol | volume = 25 | issue = 3 | pages = 405-15 | month = Mar | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1038/modpathol.2011.173 | PMID = 22056955 }}</ref>
*[[p40]] -ve.<ref name=pmid22056955>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Bishop | first1 = JA. | last2 = Teruya-Feldstein | first2 = J. | last3 = Westra | first3 = WH. | last4 = Pelosi | first4 = G. | last5 = Travis | first5 = WD. | last6 = Rekhtman | first6 = N. | title = p40 (ΔNp63) is superior to p63 for the diagnosis of pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma. | journal = Mod Pathol | volume = 25 | issue = 3 | pages = 405-15 | month = Mar | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1038/modpathol.2011.173 | PMID = 22056955 }}</ref>
*CK5/6 -ve.
*CK5/6 -ve.


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*Vimentin -ve/+ve (+ve relatively common).
*Vimentin -ve/+ve (+ve relatively common).
**Poor prognosticator.<ref>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Dauphin | first1 = M. | last2 = Barbe | first2 = C. | last3 = Lemaire | first3 = S. | last4 = Nawrocki-Raby | first4 = B. | last5 = Lagonotte | first5 = E. | last6 = Delepine | first6 = G. | last7 = Birembaut | first7 = P. | last8 = Gilles | first8 = C. | last9 = Polette | first9 = M. | title = Vimentin expression predicts the occurrence of metastases in non small cell lung carcinomas. | journal = Lung Cancer | volume = 81 | issue = 1 | pages = 117-22 | month = Jul | year = 2013 | doi = 10.1016/j.lungcan.2013.03.011 | PMID = 23562674 }}</ref>
**Poor prognosticator.<ref>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Dauphin | first1 = M. | last2 = Barbe | first2 = C. | last3 = Lemaire | first3 = S. | last4 = Nawrocki-Raby | first4 = B. | last5 = Lagonotte | first5 = E. | last6 = Delepine | first6 = G. | last7 = Birembaut | first7 = P. | last8 = Gilles | first8 = C. | last9 = Polette | first9 = M. | title = Vimentin expression predicts the occurrence of metastases in non small cell lung carcinomas. | journal = Lung Cancer | volume = 81 | issue = 1 | pages = 117-22 | month = Jul | year = 2013 | doi = 10.1016/j.lungcan.2013.03.011 | PMID = 23562674 }}</ref>
Note:
*In mucinous adenocarcinoma of the lung TTF-1 is usu. -ve (46% +ve) and napsin is usu. -ve (36% +ve).
**Positive staining is unusual but useful if present, as metastatic disease is uniformily negative for both.<ref name=pmid24651909>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Rossi | first1 = G. | last2 = Cavazza | first2 = A. | last3 = Righi | first3 = L. | last4 = Sartori | first4 = G. | last5 = Bisagni | first5 = A. | last6 = Longo | first6 = L. | last7 = Pelosi | first7 = G. | last8 = Papotti | first8 = M. | title = Napsin-A, TTF-1, EGFR, and ALK Status Determination in Lung Primary and Metastatic Mucin-Producing Adenocarcinomas. | journal = Int J Surg Pathol | volume = 22 | issue = 5 | pages = 401-7 | month = Aug | year = 2014 | doi = 10.1177/1066896914527609 | PMID = 24651909 }}
</ref>


==Molecular==
==Molecular==
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**Exon 21 L858R.
**Exon 21 L858R.
***Natural history of mutation is suspected to have a better prognosis vs. wild-type.<ref>URL: [http://www.mycancergenome.org/mutation.php?dz=nsclc&gene=egfr&code=l858r http://www.mycancergenome.org/mutation.php?dz=nsclc&gene=egfr&code=l858r]. Accessed on: 27 April 2012.</ref>
***Natural history of mutation is suspected to have a better prognosis vs. wild-type.<ref>URL: [http://www.mycancergenome.org/mutation.php?dz=nsclc&gene=egfr&code=l858r http://www.mycancergenome.org/mutation.php?dz=nsclc&gene=egfr&code=l858r]. Accessed on: 27 April 2012.</ref>
**KRAS mutations are absent, i.e. ''wild-type KRAS''.<ref>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Pao | first1 = W. | last2 = Wang | first2 = TY. | last3 = Riely | first3 = GJ. | last4 = Miller | first4 = VA. | last5 = Pan | first5 = Q. | last6 = Ladanyi | first6 = M. | last7 = Zakowski | first7 = MF. | last8 = Heelan | first8 = RT. | last9 = Kris | first9 = MG. | title = KRAS mutations and primary resistance of lung adenocarcinomas to gefitinib or erlotinib. | journal = PLoS Med | volume = 2 | issue = 1 | pages = e17 | month = Jan | year = 2005 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.0020017 | PMID = 15696205 }}</ref>
**[[KRAS mutations]] are absent, i.e. ''wild-type KRAS''.<ref>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Pao | first1 = W. | last2 = Wang | first2 = TY. | last3 = Riely | first3 = GJ. | last4 = Miller | first4 = VA. | last5 = Pan | first5 = Q. | last6 = Ladanyi | first6 = M. | last7 = Zakowski | first7 = MF. | last8 = Heelan | first8 = RT. | last9 = Kris | first9 = MG. | title = KRAS mutations and primary resistance of lung adenocarcinomas to gefitinib or erlotinib. | journal = PLoS Med | volume = 2 | issue = 1 | pages = e17 | month = Jan | year = 2005 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.0020017 | PMID = 15696205 }}</ref>


*ALK [[chromosomal translocation]] (inv(2)(p21p23) -- EML4-ALK fusion).<ref name=pmid21245935>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Li | first1 = Y. | last2 = Ye | first2 = X. | last3 = Liu | first3 = J. | last4 = Zha | first4 = J. | last5 = Pei | first5 = L. | title = Evaluation of EML4-ALK fusion proteins in non-small cell lung cancer using small molecule inhibitors. | journal = Neoplasia | volume = 13 | issue = 1 | pages = 1-11 | month = Jan | year = 2011 | doi =  | PMID = 21245935 }}</ref>
*ALK [[chromosomal translocation]] (inv(2)(p21p23) -- EML4-ALK fusion).<ref name=pmid21245935>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Li | first1 = Y. | last2 = Ye | first2 = X. | last3 = Liu | first3 = J. | last4 = Zha | first4 = J. | last5 = Pei | first5 = L. | title = Evaluation of EML4-ALK fusion proteins in non-small cell lung cancer using small molecule inhibitors. | journal = Neoplasia | volume = 13 | issue = 1 | pages = 1-11 | month = Jan | year = 2011 | doi =  | PMID = 21245935 }}</ref>
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**Amenable to treatment with TKI.
**Amenable to treatment with TKI.
**See ''[[lung carcinoma with ALK rearrangement]].
**See ''[[lung carcinoma with ALK rearrangement]].
**Do ''not'' occur with EGRF mutations ''or'' KRAS mutations.<ref name=pmid23729361>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Gainor | first1 = JF. | last2 = Varghese | first2 = AM. | last3 = Ou | first3 = SH. | last4 = Kabraji | first4 = S. | last5 = Awad | first5 = MM. | last6 = Katayama | first6 = R. | last7 = Pawlak | first7 = A. | last8 = Mino-Kenudson | first8 = M. | last9 = Yeap | first9 = BY. | title = ALK rearrangements are mutually exclusive with mutations in EGFR or KRAS: an analysis of 1,683 patients with non-small cell lung cancer. | journal = Clin Cancer Res | volume = 19 | issue = 15 | pages = 4273-81 | month = Aug | year = 2013 | doi = 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-13-0318 | PMID = 23729361 }}</ref>
*ROS1 - good response to crizotinib.<ref name=pmid25264305>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Shaw | first1 = AT. | last2 = Ou | first2 = SH. | last3 = Bang | first3 = YJ. | last4 = Camidge | first4 = DR. | last5 = Solomon | first5 = BJ. | last6 = Salgia | first6 = R. | last7 = Riely | first7 = GJ. | last8 = Varella-Garcia | first8 = M. | last9 = Shapiro | first9 = GI. | title = Crizotinib in ROS1-rearranged non-small-cell lung cancer. | journal = N Engl J Med | volume = 371 | issue = 21 | pages = 1963-71 | month = Nov | year = 2014 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMoa1406766 | PMID = 25264305 }}</ref>
**Approximately 1% of NSCLC.<ref name=pmid25409376>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Gold | first1 = KA. | title = ROS1--targeting the one percent in lung cancer. | journal = N Engl J Med | volume = 371 | issue = 21 | pages = 2030-1 | month = Nov | year = 2014 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMe1411319 | PMID = 25409376 }}</ref>


==Sign out==
==Sign out==
===Biopsy===
===Biopsy===
Consensus recommendations:<ref name=pmid21252716>{{cite journal |author=Travis WD, Brambilla E, Noguchi M, ''et al.'' |title=International association for the study of lung cancer/american thoracic society/european respiratory society international multidisciplinary classification of lung adenocarcinoma |journal=J Thorac Oncol |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=244–85 |year=2011 |month=February |pmid=21252716 |doi=10.1097/JTO.0b013e318206a221 |url=}}</ref>
*''Adenocarcinoma in situ'' (AIS) and ''minimally invasive adenocarcinoma'' should '''not''' be used in the reporting of small biopsies and cytology.
**Tumours with a non-invasive pattern are referred to by their pattern, e.g. ''lepidic growth'', '''not''' as AIS.
<pre>
Lung, Right Upper Lobe, Core Biopsy:
- INVASIVE ADENOCARCINOMA, NON-MUCINOUS.
Comment:
The adenocarcinoma is positive for TTF-1 and napsin. EGFR/ALK testing was ordered.
</pre>
====Lepidic pattern on biopsy====
Important note: lesion '''''must''''' be >=5 mm ''and'' <=30 mm.
<pre>
Lung, Left Upper Lobe, Core Biopsy:
    - ADENOCARCINOMA, lepidic pattern.
Comment:
The tumour is stains as follows:
POSITIVE: TTF-1, napsin A, CK7.
NEGATIVE: p40.
The findings are in keeping with lepidic pattern adenocarcinoma; the differential diagnosis includes: (1) adenocarcinoma in situ, (2) minimally invasive adenocarcinoma, and (3) invasive adenocarcinoma.
Lung biomarkers (EGFR, ALK, PDL1, ROS1) have been ordered.
</pre>
=====Mucinous adenocarcinoma with noncontributory stains=====
<pre>
Lung, Right Upper Lobe, Core Biopsy:
- ADENOCARCINOMA, MUCINOUS, see comment.
Comment:
The adenocarcinoma is negative for both napsin and TTF-1. EGFR/ALK testing was ordered.
The findings are compatible with a primary or secondary adenocarcinoma; clinical and
radiologic correlation is required.
</pre>
====Block letters====
<pre>
<pre>
LUNG, LEFT, BIOPSY:
LUNG, LEFT, BIOPSY:
- ADENOCARCINOMA, LEPIDIC GROWTH; INVASION CANNOT BE EXCLUDED IN THIS SMALL SPECIMEN.
- ADENOCARCINOMA, LEPIDIC GROWTH; INVASION CANNOT BE EXCLUDED IN THIS SMALL SPECIMEN.
</pre>
<pre>
LUNG, RIGHT UPPER LOBE, NEEDLE BIOPSY:
- INVASIVE ADENOCARCINOMA, NON-MUCINOUS.
COMMENT:
The tumour stains as follows:
POSITIVE: TTF-1.
NEGATIVE: p40.
The immunoprofile is compatible with lung adenocarcinoma.
</pre>
<pre>
MASS, LEFT LOWER LOBE OF LUNG, BIOPSY:
- INVASIVE ADENOCARCINOMA.
COMMENT:
The tumour is positive for TTF-1.
Tissue will be sent for molecular testing and the results reported as an addendum.
</pre>
</pre>


Line 171: Line 322:
===Micro===
===Micro===
<pre>
<pre>
Adequacy: scant tissue (<0.5 cm).
Size (tissue): scant tissue (<0.5 cm).
Gland formation: focal, poorly formed.
Gland formation: focal, poorly formed.
Cell size: large.
Cell size: large.
Line 200: Line 351:
</pre>
</pre>


===Staging note===
====Mucinous====
*Two small tumours in one lobe is pT3.
The sections show cores with well-formed glands composed of foveolar-like columnar cells with a relatively bland cytomorphology. Mitotic activity is not readily apparent. A small amount of non-lesional lung parenchyma is present.
*Visceral pleural involvement upgrades small tumours.
 
===Lung cancer staging===
{{Main|Lung cancer staging}}


==See also==
==See also==
Line 208: Line 361:
*[[Adenocarcinoma]].
*[[Adenocarcinoma]].
*[[Metastasis]].
*[[Metastasis]].
*[[Lung carcinoma with ALK rearrangement]].
*[[SMARCA4-deficient adenocarcinoma of the lung]].


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
==External links==
*[http://www.cancer.org/cancer/lungcancer-non-smallcell/detailedguide/non-small-cell-lung-cancer-staging Lung cancer staging (cancer.org)].
*[http://www.nucmedresource.com/thoracic-nodal-stations.html Thoracic lymph node stations (nucmedresource.com)].


[[Category:Diagnosis]]
[[Category:Diagnosis]]
[[Category:Lung tumours]]
[[Category:Lung tumours]]

Latest revision as of 21:54, 11 January 2022

Adenocarcinoma of the lung
Diagnosis in short

Invasive adenocarcinoma, acinar pattern (right of image) and benign lung (left of image). H&E stain.
LM +/-nuclear atypia (may be absent in mucinous tumours), eccentrically placed nuclei, usu. abundant cytoplasm (classically with mucin vacuoles), often conspicuous nucleoli, +/-nuclear pseudoinclusions
LM DDx atypical adenomatous hyperplasia of the lung, adenocarcinoma in situ, squamous cell carcinoma of the lung, small cell carcinoma of the lung, non-small cell lung carcinoma, malignant mesothelioma, metastatic adenocarcinoma (esp. colorectal adenocarcinoma, breast adenocarcinoma (invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast, invasive lobular carcinoma))
IHC CK7 +ve, TTF-1 +ve, CK20 -ve, p40 -ve, p63 -ve (usually)
Molecular +/-KRAS mutations, +/-EGFR mutations, +/-ALK chromosomal translocation (inv(2)(p21p23) -- EML4-ALK fusion), +/-ROS1 rearrangements, +/-RET rearrangements
Staging lung cancer staging
Site lung - see lung tumours
Prevalence most common primary lung tumour
Radiology lung mass - typically peripheral lesion (distant from large airways), may be multifocal
Prognosis dependent on stage (minimally invasive and noninvasive: very good; invasive: moderate)
Clin. DDx other lung tumours - primary and metastatic
Treatment surgical resection if feasible

Adenocarcinoma of the lung, also lung adenocarcinoma, is common malignant lung tumour.

General

  • Adenocarcinoma is the most common (primary lung cancer).[1]
  • Adenocarcinoma is the non-smoker tumour - SCLC and squamous are more strongly associated with smoking.
  • Lung adenocarcinoma is the most common brain metastasis.[2]

Treatment:

  • Lung adenocarcinoma may be treated with EGFR inhibitors (e.g. gefitinib (Iressa), erlotinib (Tarceva)).[3]

Patients that receive EGFR inhibitors classically are:[4]

  • Non-smokers.
  • Female.
  • Asian.
    • Caucasians also benefit.[5]

Gross

  • Classically peripheral lesions.
  • May be multifocal.

Image

  • Lung adenocarcinoma. (WC/Rosen)

Microscopic

Features:

  • +/-Nuclear atypia - important.
    • May be absent in mucinous tumours - may look similar to foveolar epithelium.
  • Eccentrically placed nuclei.
  • Abundant cytoplasm - classically with mucin vacuoles.
  • Often conspicuous nucleoli.
  • +/-Nuclear pseudoinclusions.

Negatives:

  • Lack of intercellular bridges.

Patterns:[6]

  • Lepidic - tumour grows long the alveolar wall; means scaly covering.[7] At lower power, the shapes should still resemble lung acini.
  • Acinar - berry-shaped glands, smaller than lung acini.
  • Papillary - fibrovascular cores.
  • Micropapillary - nipple shaped projections without fibrovascular cores.
  • Solid - sheet of cells.

Notes:

  • Lymphovascular invasion is common.
  • Micropapillary predominant pattern and tumours with any amount of the lepidic pattern are associated with EGFR mutations.[8]

DDx:

Images

Acinar adenocarcinoma

  • Acinar LA - low mag.

  • Acinar LA - intermed. mag.

  • Acinar LA - high mag.

  • Acinar LA - very high mag.

  • Acinar LA - very high mag.

  • Acinar adenocarcinoma. (WC/Yale Rosen)

  • Acinar adenocarcinoma. (WC/Yale Rosen)

Mucinous adenocarcinoma

  • MAL - low mag.

  • MAL - intermed. mag.

  • MAL - high mag.

  • MAL - very high mag.

  • MAL - low mag.

  • MAL - intermed. mag.

  • MAL - high mag.

  • MAL - intermed. mag.

  • MAL - high mag.

  • MAL - high mag.

  • BAC - mucinous type - low mag. (WC/Yale Rosen)

  • BAC - mucinous type - high mag. (WC/Yale Rosen)

Papillary adenocarcinoma

  • PAL - very low mag. (WC/Nephron)

  • PAL - low mag. (WC/Nephron)

  • PAL - intermed. mag. (WC/Nephron)

  • PAL - high mag. (WC/Nephron)

Fetal adenocarcinoma

  • FAL - very low mag. (WC)

  • FAL - very low mag. (WC)

  • FAL - low mag. (WC)

  • FAL - intermed. mag. (WC)

  • FAL - high mag. (WC)

www

Classification

Classification based on extent:[6]

  1. Adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) - previously known as bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (abbreviated BAC).
    • Subtypes: nonmucinous, mucinous, mixed mucinous/nonmucinous.
    • Definition: lack of invasion into the stroma, vascular spaces and pleura.
    • Must have a lepidic growth pattern.[10]
  2. Minimally invasive adenocarcinoma (MIA).
  3. Invasive adenocarcinoma:
    • Subtypes: micropapillary, mucinous (previously mucinous BAC), colloid, fetal, enteric.

Grading

Graded G1-G4 - as per CAP protocol (version 3.4.0.0):[11]

  • G1 = lepidic.
  • G2 = acinar, papillary, cribriform.
  • G3 = micropapillary, solid, mucinous, colloid.
  • G4 = undifferentiated - not used for lung adenocarcinoma; it used for small cell carcinoma and large cell carcinoma.

Note:

  • There is no consensus currently on grading - as per the international consensus guidelines of 2011.[6]

Special stains

IHC

Primary versus metastatic:

  • TTF-1 +ve.
  • CK7 +ve.
  • CK20 -ve.

Panel for adenocarcinoma versus SCC:

Others:

  • p63 -ve -- occasionally +ve.
  • Vimentin -ve/+ve (+ve relatively common).
    • Poor prognosticator.[13]

Note:

  • In mucinous adenocarcinoma of the lung TTF-1 is usu. -ve (46% +ve) and napsin is usu. -ve (36% +ve).
    • Positive staining is unusual but useful if present, as metastatic disease is uniformily negative for both.[14]

Molecular

  • EGFR mutations (typically assessed by PCR) - respond to TKIs (e.g. gefitinib, erlotinib) if:[15]
    • Exon 19 deletion.
    • Exon 21 L858R.
      • Natural history of mutation is suspected to have a better prognosis vs. wild-type.[16]
    • KRAS mutations are absent, i.e. wild-type KRAS.[17]
  • ROS1 - good response to crizotinib.[21]
    • Approximately 1% of NSCLC.[22]

Sign out

Biopsy

Consensus recommendations:[6]

  • Adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) and minimally invasive adenocarcinoma should not be used in the reporting of small biopsies and cytology.
    • Tumours with a non-invasive pattern are referred to by their pattern, e.g. lepidic growth, not as AIS.
Lung, Right Upper Lobe, Core Biopsy:
- INVASIVE ADENOCARCINOMA, NON-MUCINOUS.

Comment:
The adenocarcinoma is positive for TTF-1 and napsin. EGFR/ALK testing was ordered.

Lepidic pattern on biopsy

Important note: lesion must be >=5 mm and <=30 mm. 

Lung, Left Upper Lobe, Core Biopsy:
     - ADENOCARCINOMA, lepidic pattern.

Comment:
The tumour is stains as follows:
POSITIVE: TTF-1, napsin A, CK7. 
NEGATIVE: p40.

The findings are in keeping with lepidic pattern adenocarcinoma; the differential diagnosis includes: (1) adenocarcinoma in situ, (2) minimally invasive adenocarcinoma, and (3) invasive adenocarcinoma.

Lung biomarkers (EGFR, ALK, PDL1, ROS1) have been ordered.


Mucinous adenocarcinoma with noncontributory stains
Lung, Right Upper Lobe, Core Biopsy:
- ADENOCARCINOMA, MUCINOUS, see comment.

Comment:
The adenocarcinoma is negative for both napsin and TTF-1. EGFR/ALK testing was ordered.

The findings are compatible with a primary or secondary adenocarcinoma; clinical and 
radiologic correlation is required.

Block letters

LUNG, LEFT, BIOPSY:
- ADENOCARCINOMA, LEPIDIC GROWTH; INVASION CANNOT BE EXCLUDED IN THIS SMALL SPECIMEN.

LUNG, RIGHT UPPER LOBE, NEEDLE BIOPSY:
- INVASIVE ADENOCARCINOMA, NON-MUCINOUS.

COMMENT:
The tumour stains as follows:
POSITIVE: TTF-1.
NEGATIVE: p40.

The immunoprofile is compatible with lung adenocarcinoma.

MASS, LEFT LOWER LOBE OF LUNG, BIOPSY:
- INVASIVE ADENOCARCINOMA.

COMMENT:
The tumour is positive for TTF-1.

Tissue will be sent for molecular testing and the results reported as an addendum.

Resection

LUNG, LEFT UPPER LOBE, LOBECTOMY:
- ADENOCARCINOMA WITH AN ACINAR PATTERN, SOLID PATTERN, MICROPAPILLARY PATTERN 
  AND LEPIDIC PATTERN -- PATTERNS IN ORDER OF PREVALENCE.
- MARGINS NEGATIVE FOR MALIGNANCY.
- THREE LYMPH NODES NEGATIVE FOR MALIGNANCY (0 POSITIVE/3).
- PLEASE SEE TUMOUR SUMMARY.

LUNG, RIGHT UPPER LOBE, LOBECTOMY:
- MULTIPLE ADENOCARCINOMAS (x2) WITH AN ACINAR PATTERN, SOLID PATTERN, MICROPAPILLARY PATTERN 
  AND LEPIDIC PATTERN -- PATTERNS IN ORDER OF PREVALENCE.
- MARGINS NEGATIVE FOR MALIGNANCY.
- FOUR LYMPH NODES NEGATIVE FOR MALIGNANCY (0 POSITIVE/4).
- LYMPHOVASCULAR INVASION PRESENT.
- PLEASE SEE TUMOUR SUMMARY AND COMMENT.

COMMENT:
The histology of the two adenocarcinomas resemble one another and lymphovascular
invasion is present.  These findings favour that the smaller tumor is a metastasis, rather
than a synchronous primary.

Micro

Size (tissue): scant tissue (<0.5 cm).
Gland formation: focal, poorly formed.
Cell size: large.
Cytoplasm: moderate-to-abundant, grey-eosinophilic.
Nucleus location: eccentric.
Nuclear pleomorphism: moderate.
Nuclear moulding: absent.
Nucleoli: present, prominent.
Nuclear pseudoinclusions: present.

Number of cores: 3.
Length of cores (total): 2.0 cm.

Gland formation: present.
Cell size: large.
Cytoplasm: moderate, grey-eosinophilic.
Necrosis: none apparent.
Mucin: none.

Nucleus location: eccentric.
Nuclear pleomorphism: moderate.
Nuclear moulding: absent.
Nuclear pseudoinclusions: absent.
Nuclear shape/arrangment: cigar-like/pseudostratified.
Nucleoli: present.

Mucinous

The sections show cores with well-formed glands composed of foveolar-like columnar cells with a relatively bland cytomorphology. Mitotic activity is not readily apparent. A small amount of non-lesional lung parenchyma is present.

Lung cancer staging

Main article: Lung cancer staging

See also

References

  1. ↑ Lutschg JH (January 2009). "Lung cancer". N. Engl. J. Med. 360 (1): 87-8; author reply 88. doi:10.1056/NEJMc082208. PMID 19118313.
  2. ↑ Nayak, L.; Lee, EQ.; Wen, PY. (Feb 2012). "Epidemiology of brain metastases.". Curr Oncol Rep 14 (1): 48-54. doi:10.1007/s11912-011-0203-y. PMID 22012633.
  3. ↑ Sun Y, Ren Y, Fang Z, et al. (October 2010). "Lung adenocarcinoma from East Asian never-smokers is a disease largely defined by targetable oncogenic mutant kinases". J. Clin. Oncol. 28 (30): 4616–20. doi:10.1200/JCO.2010.29.6038. PMID 20855837.
  4. ↑ Job B, Bernheim A, Beau-Faller M, et al. (2010). "Genomic Aberrations in Lung Adenocarcinoma in Never Smokers". PLoS One 5 (12): e15145. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0015145. PMC 2997777. PMID 21151896. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2997777/.
  5. ↑ Rosell, R.; Moran, T.; Cardenal, F.; Porta, R.; Viteri, S.; Molina, MA.; Benlloch, S.; Taron, M. (Oct 2010). "Predictive biomarkers in the management of EGFR mutant lung cancer.". Ann N Y Acad Sci 1210: 45-52. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05775.x. PMID 20973798.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Travis WD, Brambilla E, Noguchi M, et al. (February 2011). "International association for the study of lung cancer/american thoracic society/european respiratory society international multidisciplinary classification of lung adenocarcinoma". J Thorac Oncol 6 (2): 244–85. doi:10.1097/JTO.0b013e318206a221. PMID 21252716.
  7. ↑ URL: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/lepidic. Accessed on: 8 August 2013.
  8. ↑ Shim, HS.; Lee, da H.; Park, EJ.; Kim, SH. (Oct 2011). "Histopathologic characteristics of lung adenocarcinomas with epidermal growth factor receptor mutations in the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer/American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society lung adenocarcinoma classification.". Arch Pathol Lab Med 135 (10): 1329-34. doi:10.5858/arpa.2010-0493-OA. PMID 21970488.
  9. ↑ URL: http://cancergrace.org/lung/2007/05/14/bac-mucinous-and-non-mucinous/. Accessed on: 8 August 2013.
  10. ↑ Borczuk, AC. (Jan 2012). "Assessment of invasion in lung adenocarcinoma classification, including adenocarcinoma in situ and minimally invasive adenocarcinoma.". Mod Pathol 25 Suppl 1: S1-10. doi:10.1038/modpathol.2011.151. PMID 22214965.
  11. ↑ CAP Lung protocol. Version: 3.4.0.0. URL: http://www.cap.org/ShowProperty?nodePath=/UCMCon/Contribution%20Folders/WebContent/pdf/cp-lung-16protocol-3400.pdf. Accessed on: March 23, 2016.
  12. ↑ Bishop, JA.; Teruya-Feldstein, J.; Westra, WH.; Pelosi, G.; Travis, WD.; Rekhtman, N. (Mar 2012). "p40 (ΔNp63) is superior to p63 for the diagnosis of pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma.". Mod Pathol 25 (3): 405-15. doi:10.1038/modpathol.2011.173. PMID 22056955.
  13. ↑ Dauphin, M.; Barbe, C.; Lemaire, S.; Nawrocki-Raby, B.; Lagonotte, E.; Delepine, G.; Birembaut, P.; Gilles, C. et al. (Jul 2013). "Vimentin expression predicts the occurrence of metastases in non small cell lung carcinomas.". Lung Cancer 81 (1): 117-22. doi:10.1016/j.lungcan.2013.03.011. PMID 23562674.
  14. ↑ Rossi, G.; Cavazza, A.; Righi, L.; Sartori, G.; Bisagni, A.; Longo, L.; Pelosi, G.; Papotti, M. (Aug 2014). "Napsin-A, TTF-1, EGFR, and ALK Status Determination in Lung Primary and Metastatic Mucin-Producing Adenocarcinomas.". Int J Surg Pathol 22 (5): 401-7. doi:10.1177/1066896914527609. PMID 24651909.
  15. ↑ John, T.; Liu, G.; Tsao, MS. (Aug 2009). "Overview of molecular testing in non-small-cell lung cancer: mutational analysis, gene copy number, protein expression and other biomarkers of EGFR for the prediction of response to tyrosine kinase inhibitors.". Oncogene 28 Suppl 1: S14-23. doi:10.1038/onc.2009.197. PMID 19680292.
  16. ↑ URL: http://www.mycancergenome.org/mutation.php?dz=nsclc&gene=egfr&code=l858r. Accessed on: 27 April 2012.
  17. ↑ Pao, W.; Wang, TY.; Riely, GJ.; Miller, VA.; Pan, Q.; Ladanyi, M.; Zakowski, MF.; Heelan, RT. et al. (Jan 2005). "KRAS mutations and primary resistance of lung adenocarcinomas to gefitinib or erlotinib.". PLoS Med 2 (1): e17. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0020017. PMID 15696205.
  18. ↑ Li, Y.; Ye, X.; Liu, J.; Zha, J.; Pei, L. (Jan 2011). "Evaluation of EML4-ALK fusion proteins in non-small cell lung cancer using small molecule inhibitors.". Neoplasia 13 (1): 1-11. PMID 21245935.
  19. ↑ Yang, P.; Kulig, K.; Boland, JM.; Erickson-Johnson, MR.; Oliveira, AM.; Wampfler, J.; Jatoi, A.; Deschamps, C. et al. (Jan 2012). "Worse disease-free survival in never-smokers with ALK+ lung adenocarcinoma.". J Thorac Oncol 7 (1): 90-7. doi:10.1097/JTO.0b013e31823c5c32. PMID 22134072.
  20. ↑ Gainor, JF.; Varghese, AM.; Ou, SH.; Kabraji, S.; Awad, MM.; Katayama, R.; Pawlak, A.; Mino-Kenudson, M. et al. (Aug 2013). "ALK rearrangements are mutually exclusive with mutations in EGFR or KRAS: an analysis of 1,683 patients with non-small cell lung cancer.". Clin Cancer Res 19 (15): 4273-81. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-13-0318. PMID 23729361.
  21. ↑ Shaw, AT.; Ou, SH.; Bang, YJ.; Camidge, DR.; Solomon, BJ.; Salgia, R.; Riely, GJ.; Varella-Garcia, M. et al. (Nov 2014). "Crizotinib in ROS1-rearranged non-small-cell lung cancer.". N Engl J Med 371 (21): 1963-71. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1406766. PMID 25264305.
  22. ↑ Gold, KA. (Nov 2014). "ROS1--targeting the one percent in lung cancer.". N Engl J Med 371 (21): 2030-1. doi:10.1056/NEJMe1411319. PMID 25409376.

External links

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