Viruses

From Libre Pathology
(Redirected from WNV)
Jump to navigation Jump to search

This article deals with viruses. The more general topic of infective things is dealt with in microorganisms. Many viruses afflict humans. Only a few of them can be diagnosed histologically.

Several viruses cause cancer and seen directly or indirectly by pathologists frequently.

Viral inclusions - types

Cowdry types:[1]

  • Cowdry type A inclusion:[2]
    • Round eosinophilic material surrounded by a clear halo.
  • Cowdry type B inclusion:[3]
    • Neuropathology thingy. (???)

Images:

Viruses

Herpes simplex virus

In the context of gynecologic cytopathology see: Gynecologic_cytopathology#Herpes_simplex_virus.
  • Abbreviated HSV.

General

Several subtypes:

  • Canker sores - usually HSV-1.
  • Genital herpes - usually HSV-2.

Histology/cytology

Features:[4]

  • Clear "ground glass" nuclei.
    • Rim of peripheral chromatin.
  • Nuclear inclusions.
  • Multinucleation with nuclear molding, i.e. multiple nuclei that touch over a large surface area.

Mnemonic - 3 Ms: Margination, Multinucleation, Molding.

Images

www:

IHC

  • HSV-1 +ve (cytoplasmic and strong nuclear).
  • HSV-2 +ve.

Images:

Cytomegalovirus

  • Abbreviated CMV.
For pneumonia caused by CMV - see Cytomegalovirus pneumonia.
For colitis caused by CMV - see Cytomegalovirus colitis.

General

Microscopic

Features:

  • Very large nucleus (as the name implies) with clearing.
    • Classically described as owl's eye-like.
  • Granular cytoplasmic inclusions (red on H&E sections).

Notes:

  • Classically in endothelial cells.
    • In the context of esophageal ulcers, it is therefore useful to biopsy the base of the ulcer - if this is suspected.

Images

www:

IHC

  • IHC for CMV is available - highlights granular cytoplasmic inclusions; increases sensitivity.

Human papillomavirus

  • Abbreviated HPV.

Adenovirus

General

Microscopic

Features:

  • "Smudge" cells[9] - black/blue blob ~ 10-15 micrometers. (???)

Notes:

  • May be morphologically similar to CMV, HSV, VZV inclusions.

Images:

Parvovirus

  • AKA Parvovirus B19.

General

Trivia:

  • First described in 1975.[12]
    • The "B19" part comes from the label for the specimen.[13]

Microscopic

Features:

  • Glassy (red) nuclear inclusions.[14]
  • Nuclear enlargement.

Images

www:

Epstein-Barr virus

Polyomavirus

Human herpesvirus-8

West Nile virus

  • Abbreviated WNV.

General

  • Uncommon pathologen.

Clinical:

  • Fever.
  • Muscle weakness.

Microscopic

Features:[17]

  • Perivascular clusters in grey and white matter:
    • Mononuclear infiltrates (lymphocytes, plasma cells).
    • Microglial nodules (macrophage clusters).

Measles virus

General

  • Causes Measles.
    • Should not be confused with Rubella (AKA German measles).
  • Uncommon due to widespread MMR vaccine.
    • However increasing in the last years most likely due to insufficient vaccination.
  • May develop weeks to years after infection.
  • Illness may be complicated by subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) - a chronic neurodegenerative condition.[18]

Microscopic

Features:

  • +/-Intranuclear Cowdry type A inclusions.
    • Glassy (pink) nucleus.
  • Lymphocytes and macrophages (microglial cells).
    • May be mild in in measles inclusion body encephalitis.
  • Multinucleated cells.
  • Microglial nodules.
  • Demyelination.
  • Gliosis.

Notes:

  • Measles inclusions are intranuclear. RSV inclusions are intracytoplasmic.[citation needed]

Images

Rabies virus

General

  • Causes rabies.

Virus affects:[19]

  • Cerebral cortex.
  • Hippocamus pyramidal cells.
  • Purkinje cells.

Microscopic

Features:

  • Negri bodies:
    • Dense-appearing eosinophilic cytoplasmic bodies with a pale halo.

Images

www:

See also

References

  1. URL: http://www.pathconsultddx.com/pathCon/largeImage?pii=S1559-8675%2806%2970864-6&figureId=fig3&ecomponentId=mmc3. Accessed: 12 January 2010.
  2. URL: http://www.whonamedit.com/synd.cfm/3495.html. Accessed on: 22 January 2010.
  3. http://www.whonamedit.com/synd.cfm/3496.html. Accessed on: 22 January 2010.
  4. SM. 11 January 2010.
  5. URL: http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case120/dx.html. Accessed on: 28 February 2013.
  6. URL: http://www.antibodies-online.com/antibody/100405/anti-Herpes+Simplex+Virus+1+HSV1/. Accessed on: 28 February 2013.
  7. Tongsong, T.; Sukpan, K.; Wanapirak, C.; Phadungkiatwattna, P. (2008). "Fetal cytomegalovirus infection associated with cerebral hemorrhage, hydrops fetalis, and echogenic bowel: case report.". Fetal Diagn Ther 23 (3): 169-72. doi:10.1159/000116737. PMID 18417974.
  8. Aguerre, V.; Castaños, C.; Pena, HG.; Grenoville, M.; Murtagh, P. (Dec 2010). "Postinfectious bronchiolitis obliterans in children: clinical and pulmonary function findings.". Pediatr Pulmonol 45 (12): 1180-5. doi:10.1002/ppul.21304. PMID 20717912.
  9. URL: http://www.pathguy.com/lectures/infect.htm. Accessed on: 8 July 2010.
  10. URL:http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/438534_2. Accessed on: 8 July 2010.
  11. Schwimmer, JA.; Markowitz, GS.; Valeri, A.; Appel, GB. (Mar 2003). "Collapsing glomerulopathy.". Semin Nephrol 23 (2): 209-18. doi:10.1053/snep.2003.50019. PMID 12704581.
  12. Cossart, YE.; Field, AM.; Cant, B.; Widdows, D. (Jan 1975). "Parvovirus-like particles in human sera.". Lancet 1 (7898): 72-3. PMID 46024.
  13. Servey JT, Reamy BV, Hodge J (February 2007). "Clinical presentations of parvovirus B19 infection". Am Fam Physician 75 (3): 373–6. PMID 17304869. http://www.aafp.org/afp/991001ap/1455.html.
  14. URL: http://www.pathguy.com/lectures/infect.htm. Accessed on: 8 July 2010.
  15. URL:http://info.fujita-hu.ac.jp/~tsutsumi/case/case210.htm. Accessed on: 8 February 2011.
  16. URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0036-46652007000200007&script=sci_arttext. Accessed on: 18 August 2011.
  17. Sampson, BA.; Ambrosi, C.; Charlot, A.; Reiber, K.; Veress, JF.; Armbrustmacher, V. (May 2000). "The pathology of human West Nile Virus infection.". Hum Pathol 31 (5): 527-31. PMID 10836291.
  18. URL: http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case595/dx.html. Accessed on: 26 January 2012.
  19. Lefkowitch, Jay H. (2006). Anatomic Pathology Board Review (1st ed.). Saunders. pp. 424 Q36. ISBN 978-1416025887.
  20. Nuovo, GJ.; Defaria, DL.; Chanona-Vilchi, JG.; Zhang, Y. (Jan 2005). "Molecular detection of rabies encephalitis and correlation with cytokine expression.". Mod Pathol 18 (1): 62-7. doi:10.1038/modpathol.3800274. PMID 15389258. http://www.nature.com/modpathol/journal/v18/n1/full/3800274a.html.