Kaposi sarcoma

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Kaposi sarcoma
Diagnosis in short

Kaposi sarcoma. H&E stain.
LM vascular lesion (abundant RBCs), +/-"promontory sign", +/-spindle cells with minimal nuclear atypia, RBC extravasation, +/-intracytoplasmic hyaline globules, +/-hemosiderin deposits, +/-plasma cells
Subtypes classic, endemic, immunosuppression-associated or transplant-associated, AIDS-associated
LM DDx angiosarcoma, Masson's hemangioma (intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia), benign lymphangioendothelioma
IHC HHV-8 +ve, CD31 +ve ,CD34 +ve
Gross red or brown patches, plaques or nodules
Site skin, others
Associated Dx +/-HIV infection or immunoincompentence
Prevalence uncommon
Prognosis dependent on subtype

Kaposi sarcoma, abbreviated KS, is an uncommon vascular tumour that is often associated with HIV/AIDS.

General

  • Caused by Human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8).
  • In the North American context, it is often associated with immunodeficiency, e.g. HIV/AIDS.

Interesting note:

  • It has been said that KS is not really a sarcoma.[1]

Stages

It is seen in different stages:[2][3]

  1. Patch stage.
  2. Plaque stage.
  3. Nodular stage.
  4. Exophytic stage.
  5. Infiltrative stage.
  6. Lymphadenopathic stage.

Note:

  • The first three are the classic ones.

Type or form

Classically divided into four types:[4][5][6]

  • Classic = old men Mediterranean or Ashkenazi Jew.
  • Endemic = African infants and young males.
  • Immunosuppression-associated or transplant-associated - iatrogenic.
  • AIDS-associated.

Gross

  • Skin: red or brown patches, plaques or nodules.

  • KS. (WC)

Microscopic

Features:[7]

  • Vascular lesion (abundant RBCs) with:
    • +/-"Promontory sign" - small vessel protruding into an abnormal vascular space.[8]
      • Not pathognomonic for KS.[9]
    • +/-Spindle cells with minimal nuclear atypia.
    • RBC extravasation - very useful - important feature.[10]
  • +/-Intracytoplasmic hyaline globules - uncommon - one usu. needs to search for 'em.[11]
    • Pale pink globs (that are paler than RBCs) - important feature.
  • +/-Hemosiderin deposits.
  • +/-Plasma cells.[12]

Notes:

DDx:

Images

  • Kaposi sacoma - high mag. (WC)

  • Kaposi sarcoma - intermed. mag. (WC)

www:

Stains

  • PAS +ve -- hyaline globules.

IHC

Features:[15]

  • CD31 +ve.
  • CD34 +ve.
  • HHV-8 +ve.
  • D2-40 +ve.
  • Ki-67 >10%.[16]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Pérez, A.; Sánchez, JL.; Almodóvar, PI. (Oct 2003). "Kaposi's sarcoma is not a neoplasm let alone a sarcoma.". Int J Dermatol 42 (10): 844-5. PMID 14521707.
  2. ↑ URL: http://www.histopathology-india.net/KS.htm. Accessed on: 31 January 2010.
  3. ↑ URL: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1083998-clinical#a0217. Accessed on: 17 November 2011.
  4. ↑ Szajerka, T.; Jablecki, J.. "Kaposi's sarcoma revisited.". AIDS Rev 9 (4): 230-6. PMID 18219366.
  5. ↑ Morand, JJ.; Lightburn, E.; Simon, F.; Patte, JH. (Apr 2007). "[Update on Kaposi's sarcoma].". Med Trop (Mars) 67 (2): 123-30. PMID 17691428.
  6. ↑ Antman, K.; Chang, Y. (Apr 2000). "Kaposi's sarcoma.". N Engl J Med 342 (14): 1027-38. doi:10.1056/NEJM200004063421407. PMID 10749966.
  7. ↑ Klatt, Edward C. (2006). Robbins and Cotran Atlas of Pathology (1st ed.). Saunders. pp. 23. ISBN 978-1416002741.
  8. ↑ Lazova R, McNiff JM, Glusac EJ, Godic A (April 2009). "Promontory sign--present in patch and plaque stage of angiosarcoma!". Am J Dermatopathol 31 (2): 132–6. doi:10.1097/DAD.0b013e3181951045. PMID 19318797.
  9. ↑ Fernandez-Flores A, Rodriguez R (June 2010). "Promontory Sign in a Reactive Benign Vascular Proliferation". Am J Dermatopathol. doi:10.1097/DAD.0b013e3181cf0ae5. PMID 20577080.
  10. ↑ Kato, H.; Hamada, T.; Tsuji, T.; Baba, T.; Seki, J.; Kobayashi, Y. (Jul 1990). "Kaposi's sarcoma: a light and electron microscopic study.". J Dermatol 17 (7): 414-22. PMID 2229644.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 del Rosario AD, Bui HX, Singh J, Ginsburg R, Ross JS (December 1994). "Intracytoplasmic eosinophilic hyaline globules in cartilaginous neoplasms: a surgical, pathological, ultrastructural, and electron probe x-ray microanalytic study". Hum. Pathol. 25 (12): 1283–9. PMID 7528163.
  12. ↑ Douglas, JL.; Gustin, JK.; Dezube, B.; Pantanowitz, JL.; Moses, AV. (Sep 2007). "Kaposi's sarcoma: a model of both malignancy and chronic inflammation.". Panminerva Med 49 (3): 119-38. PMID 17912148.
  13. ↑ Guillou, L.; Fletcher, CD. (Aug 2000). "Benign lymphangioendothelioma (acquired progressive lymphangioma): a lesion not to be confused with well-differentiated angiosarcoma and patch stage Kaposi's sarcoma: clinicopathologic analysis of a series.". Am J Surg Pathol 24 (8): 1047-57. PMID 10935645.
  14. ↑ URL: http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case134/dx.html. Accessed on: 5 January 2012.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Onak Kandemir N, Barut F, Doğan Gün B, Solak Tekin N, Hallaç Keser S, Oğuz Özdamar S (2013). "Cavernous hemangioma-like kaposi sarcoma: histomorphologic features and differential diagnosis". Case Rep Med 2013: 959812. doi:10.1155/2013/959812. PMC 3800618. PMID 24187557. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3800618/.
  16. ↑ Wada DA, Perkins SL, Tripp S, Coffin CM, Florell SR (February 2007). "Human herpesvirus 8 and iron staining are useful in differentiating Kaposi sarcoma from interstitial granuloma annulare". Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 127 (2): 263–70. doi:10.1309/GMH9CENH4909AWVB. PMID 17210517.
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