Difference between revisions of "Vascular disease"

From Libre Pathology
Jump to navigation Jump to search
 
(68 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
The article covers '''vascular disease''', i.e. diseases of blood vessels.  Vasculitides are covered in a separate article called ''[[vasculitides]]''.
The article covers '''vascular disease''', i.e. diseases of [[blood vessel]]s. These keep vascular surgeons and cardiac surgeon busy.   
 
Vasculitides are covered in a separate article called ''[[vasculitides]]''.


==Normal blood vessels==
==Normal blood vessels==
Comparing arteries and veins:<ref>URL: [http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/corepages/vascular/vascular.htm http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/corepages/vascular/vascular.htm]. Accessed on: 13 January 2011.</ref>
Comparing arteries and veins:<ref>URL: [http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/corepages/vascular/vascular.htm http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/corepages/vascular/vascular.htm]. Accessed on: 13 January 2011.</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
<center>
| '''Feature'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
| '''Artery'''
! Feature
| '''Vein'''
! Artery
! Vein
|-
|-
| Internal elastic lamina
| Internal elastic lamina (IEL)
| prominent/thick, usu. complete
| prominent/thick, usu. complete
| thin & incomplete
| thin & incomplete
|-
|-
| External elastic lamina
| External elastic lamina (EEL)
| present, thick
| present, thick
| absent
| absent
Line 24: Line 27:
| thin
| thin
|}
|}
</center>
[[Image:2102 Comparison of Artery and Vein.jpg|thumb|400px|center|Artery and vein. (WC)]]


==Great vessels==
==Great vessels==
Line 30: Line 35:
==Atherosclerosis==
==Atherosclerosis==
===General===
===General===
*[[Coronary artery atherosclerosis]] -> myocardial infarction, coronary thrombosis.
*A leading cause of death, esp. in the Western world.
*Peripheral artery atherosclerosis -> peripheral vascular disease -> amputations.
*May have multi-system manifestations.
*Carotid artery atherosclerosis -> thrombotic stroke.
 
Location and associated pathology:
*[[Coronary artery atherosclerosis]] ([[AKA]] ''[[coronary artery disease]]'') -> [[myocardial infarction]] +/-coronary thrombosis.
*[[Atherosclerotic peripheral vascular disease]] -> [[leg amputation]]s.
*Carotid artery atherosclerosis -> thrombotic [[stroke]].
*Superior mesenteric artery atherosclerosis -> [[ischemic enteritis]] or [[ischemic colitis]] or ischemic enterocolitis.
*Penile artery atherosclerosis -> impotence.


Clinical risk factors:
Clinical risk factors:
*Age.
*Age.
*Blood pressure - modifiable (antihypertensives).
*[[Hypertension|Blood pressure (high)]] - modifiable (antihypertensives).
*Cholesterol - modifiable (statins, diet).
*Cholesterol - modifiable (statins, diet).
*[[Diabetes mellitus]] - modifiable (hypoglycemic medications, diet, lifestyle).
*[[Diabetes mellitus]] - modifiable (hypoglycemic medications, diet, lifestyle).
Line 50: Line 61:
*Luminal narrowing.
*Luminal narrowing.


Image:
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:RCA_atherosclerosis.jpg RCA with atherosclerosis (WC)].


Notes:
Notes:
Line 58: Line 67:
**Thrombosis.
**Thrombosis.
**Haemorrhage.
**Haemorrhage.
====Image====
<gallery>
Image:RCA_atherosclerosis.jpg |Right coronary artery with atherosclerosis. (WC/Nephron)
</gallery>
===Stains===
*[[Elastic trichrome stain]] or [[Movat stain]] - highlights duplication of internal elastic lamina, allows on to identify with ease intimal thickening.


==Aortic dissection==
==Aortic dissection==
===General===
*Abbreviated ''AoD''.
====Associations====
{{Main|Aortic dissection}}
Heritable:<ref name=pmid16253833>{{cite journal |author=Gleason TG |title=Heritable disorders predisposing to aortic dissection |journal=Semin. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=274-81 |year=2005 |pmid=16253833 |doi=10.1053/j.semtcvs.2005.06.001 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Marfan's syndrome]].
*Loeys-Dietz syndrome.<ref name=pmid16928994>{{cite journal |author=Loeys BL, Schwarze U, Holm T, ''et al'' |title=Aneurysm syndromes caused by mutations in the TGF-beta receptor |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=355 |issue=8 |pages=788-98 |year=2006 |month=August |pmid=16928994 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa055695 |url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/355/8/788}}</ref>
**Marfan-like syndrome.
*[[Ehlers-Danlos syndrome]].
*[[Bicuspid aortic valve]].


Others:
==Cystic medial degeneration==
*Tertiary [[syphilis]].
*[[AKA]] ''cystic medial necrosis''.<ref>URL: [http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/756835-overview http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/756835-overview]. Accessed on: 12 August 2010.</ref>
{{Main|Cystic medial degeneration}}


====Classification====
==Medial calcific sclerosis==
Two classification exist:
[[AKA]] ''Moenckeberg medial calcific sclerosis'', ''calcific medial sclerosis of Monckeberg'', and ''Monckeberg's arteriosclerosis''.
*''DeBakey''.
{{Main|Medial calcific sclerosis}}
*''Stanford''.


Stanford dissection classification:<ref name=pmid9362838>{{cite journal |author=Finkelmeier BA |title=Dissection of the aorta: a clinical update |journal=J Vasc Nurs |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=88-93 |year=1997 |month=September |pmid=9362838 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
==Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis==
*Type A - aortic root to the left subclavian artery.
===General===
**Considered a surgical emergency.
*Associated with:<ref>URL: [http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/IMMHTML/IMM028.html http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/IMMHTML/IMM028.html]. Accessed on: 11 May 2011.</ref>
*Type B - distal to (left) subclavian artery.
**''Malignant [[hypertension]]''.
**Generally, treated conservatively.
**''[[Scleroderma]]''.
*May be a consequence of [[thrombotic microangiopathy]].{{fact}}
 
Note:
*Hyperplasia = proliferation of cells.


===Microscopic===
===Microscopic===
:See: ''[[cystic medial degeneration]]''.
Features:<ref name=Ref_Klatt7>{{Ref Klatt|7}}</ref>
*Onion-skin appearance of intima & media due to:
**Intimal hyperplasia.
**Smooth muscle hyperplasia.


==Cystic medial degeneration==
Image: [http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/ATHHTML/ATH022.html Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis (utah.edu)].
 
==Fibromuscular dysplasia==
*Abbreviated ''FMD''.
===General===
===General===
*[[AKA]] ''cystic medial necrosis''.<ref>URL: [http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/756835-overview http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/756835-overview]. Accessed on: 12 August 2010.</ref>
Etiology:
**Often ''not'' cystic and ''not'' necrotic.
*Unknown, possibly genetic.
 
Gender:
*Women > men.
 
*May be seen in virtually any artery.
*Reported as a cause of sudden death with involvement of the artery supplying the AV node.<ref name=pmid17179675>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Lee | first1 = S. | last2 = Chae | first2 = J. | last3 = Cho | first3 = Y. | title = Causes of sudden death related to sexual activity: results of a medicolegal postmortem study from 2001 to 2005. | journal = J Korean Med Sci | volume = 21 | issue = 6 | pages = 995-9 | month = Dec | year = 2006 | doi =  | PMID = 17179675 | URL = http://jkms.kams.or.kr/fulltext/html/jkms21995h.html }}</ref>
 
===Gross/radiologic===
*Segmental - thinning and thickening.<ref name=pmid11579971/>
 
Classical locations:<ref name=pmid11579971/>
*Renal artery - leading to [[hypertension]].
*Carotid artery.


===Microscopic===
===Microscopic===
Features:<ref>URL: [http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/756835-overview http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/756835-overview]. Accessed on: 12 August 2010.</ref><ref name=pmid17620463>{{cite journal |author=Ha HI, Seo JB, Lee SH, ''et al.'' |title=Imaging of Marfan syndrome: multisystemic manifestations |journal=Radiographics |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=989–1004 |year=2007 |pmid=17620463 |doi=10.1148/rg.274065171 |url=http://radiographics.rsna.org/content/27/4/989.full}}</ref>
Features:<ref name=pmid11579971>{{Cite journal | last1 = Hata | first1 = D. | title = Fibromuscular dysplasia. | journal = Intern Med | volume = 40 | issue = 9 | pages = 978-9 | month = Sep | year = 2001 | doi = | PMID = 11579971 | URL = http://www.journalarchive.jst.go.jp/jnlpdf.php?cdjournal=internalmedicine1992&cdvol=40&noissue=9&startpage=978&lang=en&from=jnlabstract }}</ref>
*Basophilic ground substance in the media (seen on Movat's [[stain]]).  
*Smooth muscle hyperplasia - '''key feature'''.
*Disruption of the elastic lamina (seen on elastic trichrome stain).
*Elastic fibre fragmentation.
*+/-Focal necrosis.
*Luminal narrowing.
 
Images:
*[http://www.brown.edu/Courses/Digital_Path/systemic_path/cardio/fibromuscular-dysplasia.html FMD (brown.edu)].
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2721953/figure/F3/ FMD of AV nodal artery (kams.or.kr)].<ref name=pmid17179675/>


Images:
===Stains===
*www:
*[[Elastic trichrome]] or [[Movat stain]] - to demonstrate elastic fibre fragmentation.
**[http://radiographics.rsna.org/content/27/4/989.full Marfan's syndrome (radiographics.rsna.org)].
*[[WC]]:
**[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cystic_medial_degeneration_-_low_mag.jpg Cystic medial degeneration - low mag. (WC)].
**[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cystic_medial_degeneration_-_high_mag.jpg Cystic medial degeneration - high mag. (WC)].
**[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cystic_medial_degeneration_-_movat_-_low_mag.jpg Cystic medial degeneration - movat - low mag. (WC)].
**[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cystic_medial_degeneration_-_movat_-_intermed_mag.jpg Cystic medial degeneration - movat - intermed. mag. (WC)].


==Medial calcific sclerosis==
==Thromboangiitis obliterans==
*[[AKA]] ''Moenckeberg medial calcific sclerosis'', ''calcific medial sclerosis of Monckeberg'', and ''Monckeberg's arteriosclerosis''.
{{Main|Thromboangiitis obliterans}}
 
==Thrombosis==
:See also: ''[[Cerebral venous thrombosis]]''.
===General===
===General===
*Usually of no clinical consequence.
Definition:
*Blood clot formation within a vessel.
 
Complications:
*Embolism - see: ''[[Pulmonary embolism|Pulmonary thromboembolism]]''.
 
Risk factors:
*The classic pimping question is what "Virchow's triad?"
**Stasis, hypercoagulability, endothelial injury.
*A long list is found in: ''[[Pulmonary_embolism#Risks_factors_.28VTE.29|risk factors for VTE]]''.
 
===Gross===
:See: ''[[Pulmonary_embolism#Gross_.28VTE.29|Pulmonary embolism - gross features]]''.


===Microscopic===
===Microscopic===
Features:<ref name=Ref_Klatt7>{{Ref Klatt|7}}</ref>
Features:
*Medial calcification (purple irregular stuff -- calcium phosphate).
*Lines of Zahn.
*Fibrin - pink acellular stuff on a [[H&E stain]].
 
====Image====
<gallery>
Image:Fetal_thrombotic_vasculopathy_-_high_mag.jpg | Intravascular fibrin - high mag. (WC/Nephron)
</gallery>
==Cholesterol embolism==
*Abbreviated ''CE''.
{{Main|Cholesterol embolism}}
 
==Coarctation of the aorta==
*[[AKA]] ''aortic coarctation''.
===General===
*Uncommon.


Note:
Classification:
*Lumen unaffected.
*Preductal.
*Postductal.


Images:
Associations:
*[http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/COW/COW086.html Moenckeberg medial calcific sclerosis (med.utah.edu)].
*[[Bicuspid aortic valve]].<ref name=pmid16129122>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Braverman | first1 = AC. | last2 = Güven | first2 = H. | last3 = Beardslee | first3 = MA. | last4 = Makan | first4 = M. | last5 = Kates | first5 = AM. | last6 = Moon | first6 = MR. | title = The bicuspid aortic valve. | journal = Curr Probl Cardiol | volume = 30 | issue = 9 | pages = 470-522 | month = Sep | year = 2005 | doi = 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2005.06.002 | PMID = 16129122 }}</ref>
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Calcificatio_atherosclerotica.jpg MCS (WC)].
*[[Turner syndrome]].<ref name=pmid20222980>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Hjerrild | first1 = BE. | last2 = Mortensen | first2 = KH. | last3 = Sørensen | first3 = KE. | last4 = Pedersen | first4 = EM. | last5 = Andersen | first5 = NH. | last6 = Lundorf | first6 = E. | last7 = Hansen | first7 = KW. | last8 = Hørlyck | first8 = A. | last9 = Hager | first9 = A. | title = Thoracic aortopathy in Turner syndrome and the influence of bicuspid aortic valves and blood pressure: a CMR study. | journal = J Cardiovasc Magn Reson | volume = 12 | issue =  | pages = 12 | month =  | year = 2010 | doi = 10.1186/1532-429X-12-12 | PMID = 20222980 }}</ref>


==Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis==
====Clinical====
===General===
Presentation:<ref name=pmid20391897>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Peres | first1 = A. | last2 = Martins | first2 = JD. | last3 = Paramés | first3 = F. | last4 = Gil | first4 = R. | last5 = Matias | first5 = C. | last6 = Franco | first6 = J. | last7 = Freitas | first7 = I. | last8 = Trigo | first8 = C. | last9 = Fragata | first9 = J. | title = Isolated aortic coarctation: experience in 100 consecutive patients. | journal = Rev Port Cardiol | volume = 29 | issue = 1 | pages = 23-35 | month = Jan | year = 2010 | doi =  | PMID = 20391897 }}</ref>
*Hyperplasia = proliferation of cells.
*Heart failure.
*Associated with:<ref>URL: [http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/IMMHTML/IMM028.html http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/IMMHTML/IMM028.html]. Accessed on: 11 May 2011.</ref>
*[[Hypertension]] - esp. upper extremity vs. lower extremity.
**''Malignant [[hypertension]]''.
**''[[Scleroderma]]''.


===Microscopic===
===Gross===
Features:<ref name=Ref_Klatt7>{{Ref Klatt|7}}</ref>
*Narrowing (stenosis) of the aorta proximal or distal to the ductus arteriosis.
*Onion-skin appearance of intima & media due to:
**Intimal hyperplasia.
**Smooth muscle hyperplasia.


Image: [http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/ATHHTML/ATH022.html Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis (utah.edu)].
====Image====
<gallery>
Image:Coarctation_and_PDA.png | Pre- and postductal coarctation of the aorta - schematic (WC)
</gallery>
==Intracranial berry aneurysm==
{{Main|Berry aneurysm}}


==See also==
==See also==

Latest revision as of 03:39, 7 March 2016

The article covers vascular disease, i.e. diseases of blood vessels. These keep vascular surgeons and cardiac surgeon busy.

Vasculitides are covered in a separate article called vasculitides.

Normal blood vessels

Comparing arteries and veins:[1]

Feature Artery Vein
Internal elastic lamina (IEL) prominent/thick, usu. complete thin & incomplete
External elastic lamina (EEL) present, thick absent
Shape circular / lumen wide open collapsed
Wall thickness thick thin
Artery and vein. (WC)

Great vessels

When things go wrong here, you see a cardiac surgeon.

Atherosclerosis

General

  • A leading cause of death, esp. in the Western world.
  • May have multi-system manifestations.

Location and associated pathology:

Clinical risk factors:

  • Age.
  • Blood pressure (high) - modifiable (antihypertensives).
  • Cholesterol - modifiable (statins, diet).
  • Diabetes mellitus - modifiable (hypoglycemic medications, diet, lifestyle).
  • Smoking - modifiable (cessation).
  • Family history.

Microscopic

Features:

  • Intimal hyperplasia.
  • Lipid deposition.
  • Foamy macrophages within intima & media.
  • Cholesterol clefts
  • Luminal narrowing.


Notes:

  • Considered "complex" if any of the following are present:[2]
    • Calcifications.
    • Thrombosis.
    • Haemorrhage.

Image

  • Right coronary artery with atherosclerosis. (WC/Nephron)

Stains

Aortic dissection

  • Abbreviated AoD.
Main article: Aortic dissection

Cystic medial degeneration

  • AKA cystic medial necrosis.[3]
Main article: Cystic medial degeneration

Medial calcific sclerosis

AKA Moenckeberg medial calcific sclerosis, calcific medial sclerosis of Monckeberg, and Monckeberg's arteriosclerosis.

Main article: Medial calcific sclerosis

Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis

General

Note:

  • Hyperplasia = proliferation of cells.

Microscopic

Features:[5]

  • Onion-skin appearance of intima & media due to:
    • Intimal hyperplasia.
    • Smooth muscle hyperplasia.

Image: Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis (utah.edu).

Fibromuscular dysplasia

  • Abbreviated FMD.

General

Etiology:

  • Unknown, possibly genetic.

Gender:

  • Women > men.
  • May be seen in virtually any artery.
  • Reported as a cause of sudden death with involvement of the artery supplying the AV node.[6]

Gross/radiologic

  • Segmental - thinning and thickening.[7]

Classical locations:[7]

Microscopic

Features:[7]

  • Smooth muscle hyperplasia - key feature.
  • Elastic fibre fragmentation.
  • Luminal narrowing.

Images:

Stains

Thromboangiitis obliterans

Main article: Thromboangiitis obliterans

Thrombosis

See also: Cerebral venous thrombosis.

General

Definition:

  • Blood clot formation within a vessel.

Complications:

Risk factors:

  • The classic pimping question is what "Virchow's triad?"
    • Stasis, hypercoagulability, endothelial injury.
  • A long list is found in: risk factors for VTE.

Gross

See: Pulmonary embolism - gross features.

Microscopic

Features:

  • Lines of Zahn.
  • Fibrin - pink acellular stuff on a H&E stain.

Image

  • Intravascular fibrin - high mag. (WC/Nephron)

Cholesterol embolism

  • Abbreviated CE.
Main article: Cholesterol embolism

Coarctation of the aorta

  • AKA aortic coarctation.

General

  • Uncommon.

Classification:

  • Preductal.
  • Postductal.

Associations:

Clinical

Presentation:[10]

  • Heart failure.
  • Hypertension - esp. upper extremity vs. lower extremity.

Gross

  • Narrowing (stenosis) of the aorta proximal or distal to the ductus arteriosis.

Image

  • Pre- and postductal coarctation of the aorta - schematic (WC)

Intracranial berry aneurysm

Main article: Berry aneurysm

See also

References

  1. ↑ URL: http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/corepages/vascular/vascular.htm. Accessed on: 13 January 2011.
  2. ↑ Klatt, Edward C. (2006). Robbins and Cotran Atlas of Pathology (1st ed.). Saunders. pp. 4. ISBN 978-1416002741.
  3. ↑ URL: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/756835-overview. Accessed on: 12 August 2010.
  4. ↑ URL: http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/IMMHTML/IMM028.html. Accessed on: 11 May 2011.
  5. ↑ Klatt, Edward C. (2006). Robbins and Cotran Atlas of Pathology (1st ed.). Saunders. pp. 7. ISBN 978-1416002741.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Lee, S.; Chae, J.; Cho, Y. (Dec 2006). "Causes of sudden death related to sexual activity: results of a medicolegal postmortem study from 2001 to 2005.". J Korean Med Sci 21 (6): 995-9. PMID 17179675.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Hata, D. (Sep 2001). "Fibromuscular dysplasia.". Intern Med 40 (9): 978-9. PMID 11579971.
  8. ↑ Braverman, AC.; Güven, H.; Beardslee, MA.; Makan, M.; Kates, AM.; Moon, MR. (Sep 2005). "The bicuspid aortic valve.". Curr Probl Cardiol 30 (9): 470-522. doi:10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2005.06.002. PMID 16129122.
  9. ↑ Hjerrild, BE.; Mortensen, KH.; Sørensen, KE.; Pedersen, EM.; Andersen, NH.; Lundorf, E.; Hansen, KW.; Hørlyck, A. et al. (2010). "Thoracic aortopathy in Turner syndrome and the influence of bicuspid aortic valves and blood pressure: a CMR study.". J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 12: 12. doi:10.1186/1532-429X-12-12. PMID 20222980.
  10. ↑ Peres, A.; Martins, JD.; Paramés, F.; Gil, R.; Matias, C.; Franco, J.; Freitas, I.; Trigo, C. et al. (Jan 2010). "Isolated aortic coarctation: experience in 100 consecutive patients.". Rev Port Cardiol 29 (1): 23-35. PMID 20391897.
Retrieved from "https://librepathology.org/w/index.php?title=Vascular_disease&oldid=42859"