Difference between revisions of "Melanocytic lesions"

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'''Melanocytic lesions''' are commonly encountered in [[dermatopathology]] and an area which causes some difficulty, i.e. it is hard to decide in some cases whether a lesion is benign (e.g. Spitz nevus) or malignant ([[malignant melanoma]]).
[[Image:Blue nevus - intermed mag.jpg|thumb|right|A melanocytic lesion ([[blue nevus]]). [[H&E stain]]. (WC/Nephron)]]
'''Melanocytic lesions''' are commonly encountered in [[dermatopathology]] and an area which causes some difficulty, i.e. it is hard to decide in some cases whether a lesion is benign (e.g. [[Spitz nevus]]) or malignant ([[malignant melanoma]]).


==Overview==
=Overview=
===Identifying melanocytes===
===Identifying melanocytes===
*Pigmented.
*Clear ''or'' pigmented cytoplasm.
*Clear cytoplasm.
*+/-Nuclear pseudoinclusions.
*Epithelioid (superficial) ''or'' spindled (deep).


===Benign lesions===
===Benign lesions===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"
| '''Name'''
| '''Name'''
| '''Key feature'''
| '''Microscopic'''
| '''Clinical'''
| '''Clinical'''
| '''Gross'''
| '''Gross'''
| '''Microscopic'''
| '''Key feature'''
| '''Image'''
| '''Image'''
| '''Ref.'''
|-
|-
| Lentigo simplex
| [[Lentigo simplex]]
| no nests, epidermis only
| slender rete with melanocytes; no nests of melanocytes; no dermal melanocytes
| < 40 years
| < 40 years
| small flat pigmented lesion
| small flat pigmented lesion
| slender rete with melanocytes; no nests of melanocytes; no dermal melanocytes
| no nests, epidermis only
|
|
| <ref name=Ref_WMSP498>{{Ref WMSP|498}}</ref>
| <ref name=Ref_WMSP498>{{Ref WMSP|498}}</ref>
|-
|-
| Junctional melanocytic nevus
| [[Junctional melanocytic nevus]]
| nests in epidermis
| nests of melanocytes at tips of rete, no dermal melanocytes
| usu. sun exposed skin, unusual in >50 years
| usu. sun exposed skin, unusual in >50 years
| small flat (uniformly) pigmented lesion
| small flat (uniformly) pigmented lesion
| nests of melanocytes at tips of rete, no dermal melanocytes
| nests in epidermis
|  
|  
| <ref name=Ref_WMSP498>{{Ref WMSP|498}}</ref>
| <ref name=Ref_WMSP498>{{Ref WMSP|498}}</ref>
|-
|-
| Compound melanocytic nevus
| [[Compound melanocytic nevus]]
| benign nests in dermis & epidermis
| nests of melanocytes at tips of rete and in dermis; dermal melanocytes lack nucleoli, lack mitoses and "mature with depth" -- see ''Note 1''.
|
|
| small slightly raised (uniformily) pigmented lesion
| small slightly raised (uniformily) pigmented lesion
| nests of melanocytes at tips of rete and in dermis; dermal melanocytes lack nucleoli, lack mitoses and "mature with depth" -- see ''Note 1''.
| benign nests in dermis & epidermis
|
|
| <ref name=Ref_WMSP499>{{Ref WMSP|499}}</ref>
| <ref name=Ref_WMSP499>{{Ref WMSP|499}}</ref>
|-
|-
| Intradermal melanocytic nevus  
| [[Intradermal melanocytic nevus]]
| Clinical DDx: fibroepithelial polyp (skin tag), [[basal cell carcinoma]]
| nested & individual melanocytes - only in dermis
| nested & individual melanocytes - only in dermis, +/- multinucleation, +/-pseudovascular spaces
| Clinical DDx: [[fibroepithelial polyp]] (skin tag), [[basal cell carcinoma]]
| raised, non-pigmented lesion
| raised, non-pigmented lesion
| nested & individual melanocytes - only in dermis, +/- multinucleation, +/-pseudovascular spaces
| nested & individual melanocytes - only in dermis
|
|
| <ref name=Ref_WMSP499>{{Ref WMSP|499}}</ref>
| <ref name=Ref_WMSP499>{{Ref WMSP|499}}</ref>
|-
|-
| Spitz nevus (epithelioid and spindle-cell nevus)
| [[Spitz nevus]] (epithelioid and spindle-cell nevus)
| long axis of nests perpendicular to surface, DE junction lesion
| spindled, epithelioid or mixed melanocytes, long axis of nests perpendicular to surface, superficial mitoses common, +/-[[hyperkeratosis]], +/-[[acanthosis]], +/-[[hypergranulosis]]
| Children & adolescents
| Children & adolescents
| usu. non-pigmented
| usu. non-pigmented
| spindled, epithelioid or mixed melanocytes, long axis of nests perpendicular to surface, superficial mitoses common
| [http://www.drmihm.com/cases/casefigure.cfm?figID=931&CaseID=51 Spitz nevus (drmihm.com)], [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Spitz_nevus_-_high_mag.jpg Spitz nevus - high mag. (WC)], [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Spitz_nevus_-_intermed_mag.jpg Spitz nevus - intermed. mag. (WC)]
| long axis of nests perpendicular to surface
| [http://www.drmihm.com/cases/casefigure.cfm?figID=931&CaseID=51 Spitz nevus (drmihm.com)]
| <ref name=Ref_WMSP499>{{Ref WMSP|499}}</ref>
| <ref name=Ref_WMSP499>{{Ref WMSP|499}}</ref>
|-
|-
| Pigmented spindle cell nevus of Reed (AKA Pigmented spindle cell nevus)
| [[Pigmented spindle cell nevus]] of Reed (AKA Pigmented spindle cell nevus)
| nests of heavily pigmented spindle cells, DE junction lesion
| heavily pigmented spindle cells in epidermis & dermis, form "basket weave" pattern, well-circumscribed
| women in teens & 20s; location: shoulder, pelvic girdle region
| women in teens & 20s; location: shoulder, pelvic girdle region
| Pigmented +++, small size
| Pigmented +++, small size
| heavily pigmented spindle cells in epidermis & dermis, form "basketweave" pattern, nests (???)
| [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pigmented_spindle_cell_nevus_-_low_mag.jpg Reed nevus - low mag. (WC)], [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pigmented_spindle_cell_nevus_-_2_-_intermed_mag.jpg Reed nevus - intermed. mag. (WC)], [http://www.histopathology-india.net/Reed.htm Reed nevus - collection (histopathology-india.net)]
| nests of heavily pigmented spindle cells
| [http://www.histopathology-india.net/Reed.htm Reed nevus - collection of images (histopathology-india.net)]
| <ref name=Ref_WMSP500>{{Ref WMSP|500}}</ref>
| <ref name=Ref_WMSP500>{{Ref WMSP|500}}</ref>
|-
|-
| Blue nevus
| [[Blue nevus]]
| usu. head & neck or extremities
| lentil-shaped (ovoid) nests btw collagen bundles, dermal lesion
| lentil-shaped nests, mix of spindle or dendritic or epithelioid cell morphology, nests btw collagen
| usu. head & neck or extremities; clinically confused with melanoma<ref name=Ref_PCPBoD8_592>{{Ref PCPBoD8|592}}</ref>
| blue flat or slightly raised lesion
| blue flat or slightly raised lesion
| dermal lentil-shaped nests, mix of spindle or dendritic or epithelioid cell morphology, nests btw collagen
| [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blue_nevus_%281_of_4%29.jpg Blue nevus (WC)], [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blue_nevus_-_very_low_mag.jpg Blue nevus - very low mag. (WC)], [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blue_nevus_-_intermed_mag.jpg Blue nevus - intermed. mag. (WC)]
| lentil-shaped (ovoid) nests btw collagen bundles
| [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blue_nevus_%281_of_4%29.jpg Blue nevus (WC)]
| <ref name=Ref_WMSP501>{{Ref WMSP|501}}</ref>  
| <ref name=Ref_WMSP501>{{Ref WMSP|501}}</ref>  
|-
|-
| Cellular blue nevus
| [[Cellular blue nevus]]
| dermal lesion with pigmented spindle cells & epithelioid cells
| deep dermis +/-subcutis extension; cells lack nucleoli; biphasic: (1) epithelioid cells with pale cytoplasm, (2) pigmented spindle cells +/- melanophages
| congenital or acquired; usu. scalp or butt
| congenital or acquired; usu. scalp or butt
| blue flat or raised lesion
| blue flat or raised lesion
| deep dermis; cells lack nucleoli; biphasic: (1) epithelioid cells with pale cytoplasm, (2) pigmented spindle cells +/- melanophages
| dermal lesion with pigmented spindle cells & epithelioid cells
|
|
| <ref name=Ref_WMSP501>{{Ref WMSP|501}}</ref>
| <ref name=Ref_WMSP501>{{Ref WMSP|501}}</ref>
|-
|-
| Congenital-pattern nevi
| [[Congenital-pattern nevus]]
| growth along dermal structures
| extend along dermal structures (e.g. nerves, hair shafts, ducts); lacks atypia; +/-mitoses
| congenital or acquired; large ones increased melanoma risk<ref name=Ref_PBoD8_1170>{{Ref PBoD8|1170}}</ref>
| congenital or acquired; large ones increased melanoma risk<ref name=Ref_PBoD8_1170>{{Ref PBoD8|1170}}</ref>
| small, intermediate (2-20 cm) or large
| small, intermediate (2-20 cm) or large
| extend along dermal structures (e.g. nerves, hair shafts, ducts); lacks atypia; +/-mitoses
| growth along dermal structures
|
|
| <ref name=Ref_WMSP501>{{Ref WMSP|501}}</ref>
| <ref name=Ref_WMSP501>{{Ref WMSP|501}}</ref>
|-
|-
| Dysplastic nevus (Clark's nevus)
| [[Dysplastic nevus]] (Clark's nevus)
| melanocyte bridges, lamellar fibrosis
| melanocytes "bridges" between sides of rete ridges, "lamellar fibrosis" (collagen deep to epidermis), mod. atypia
| may be familial - precursor to melanoma
| may be familial - precursor to melanoma
| may have asymmetry in shape or pigmentation
| may have asymmetry in shape or pigmentation
| melanocytes "bridges" btw sides of rete, "lamellar fibrosis" (collagen deep to epidermis), mod. atypia
| [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dysplastic_nevus_-_low_mag.jpg Dysplastic nevus - low mag.], [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dysplastic_nevus_-_add_-_high_mag.jpg Dysplastic nevus - high mag.]
| melanocyte bridges, lamellar fibrosis
|
| <ref name=Ref_WMSP502>{{Ref WMSP|502}}</ref>
| <ref name=Ref_WMSP502>{{Ref WMSP|502}}</ref>
|-
|-
| Halo nevus
| [[Halo nevus]]
| lymphocytes +++
| lymphocytes at perimeter of melanocytic; epidermal melanocytes not nested; may be dermal, epidermal or both
| central zone of pigment
| central zone of pigment
|  
|  
| lymphocytes at perimeter of melanocytic; epidermal melanocytes not nested; may be dermal, epidermal or both
| lymphocytes +++
|
|
| <ref name=Ref_WMSP502>{{Ref WMSP|502}}</ref>
| <ref name=Ref_WMSP502>{{Ref WMSP|502}}</ref>
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Note 1:
Note 1:
*"Maturation" in the context of melanocytic lesions ''means'' (1) the cells get smaller with depth, (2) cells are less mitotic with depth.
*"Maturation" in the context of melanocytic lesions ''means'' (1) the cells get smaller with depth, (2) cells are less mitotic with depth.
=Lentiginous melanocytic lesions=
==Lentigo simplex==
{{Main|Lentigo simplex}}
==Solar lentigo==
*Plural ''solar lentigines''.
===General===
*Benign.
Fits into the larger category of ''lentiginous melanocytic proliferations'' - these include:<ref name=Ref_Derm438>{{Ref Derm|438}}</ref>
*Solar lentigo.
*[[Lentigo simplex]].
*Lentiginous nevus.
*Lentiginous [[melanoma in situ]].
===Gross===
Features:<ref name=Ref_Derm438>{{Ref Derm|438}}</ref>
*Small (< 4 mm), irregular brown [[macule]].
*Usu. sun-exposed area.
DDx (clinical):
*[[Lentigo maligna]] - melanoma in situ on sun damaged skin.
*[[Seborrheic keratosis]], flat.<ref name=dermammin_sl>URL: [http://www.dermaamin.com/site/histopathology-of-the-skin/53-a/1555-actinic-lentigo-.html http://www.dermaamin.com/site/histopathology-of-the-skin/53-a/1555-actinic-lentigo-.html]. Accessed on: 6 May 2013.</ref>
===Microscopic===
Features:<ref name=Ref_Derm437>{{Ref Derm|437}}</ref>
*Hyperpigmented melanocytes - may be present in increased quantities - '''key feature'''.
**Classically at the tips of the rete ridges.
*No (melanocyte) nuclear atypia.
*Solar damage ([[solar elastosis]]).<ref name=pmid19536147>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Hafner | first1 = C. | last2 = Stoehr | first2 = R. | last3 = van Oers | first3 = JM. | last4 = Zwarthoff | first4 = EC. | last5 = Hofstaedter | first5 = F. | last6 = Klein | first6 = C. | last7 = Landthaler | first7 = M. | last8 = Hartmann | first8 = A. | last9 = Vogt | first9 = T. | title = The absence of BRAF, FGFR3, and PIK3CA mutations differentiates lentigo simplex from melanocytic nevus and solar lentigo. | journal = J Invest Dermatol | volume = 129 | issue = 11 | pages = 2730-5 | month = Nov | year = 2009 | doi = 10.1038/jid.2009.146 | PMID = 19536147 }}</ref>
Notes:
*Should ''not'' be present:<ref name=Ref_Derm438>{{Ref Derm|438}}</ref>
**Nests of melanocytes.
**Pagetoid spread of melanocytes.
DDx:<ref name=Ref_Derm437>{{Ref Derm|437}}</ref>
*Pigmented [[actinic keratosis]].
*[[Lichen planus-like keratosis]].
*Pigmented [[seborrheic keratosis]].
*[[Ephelis]] (freckle).
====Images====
<gallery>
Image:Skin_tumors_181.jpg | Solar lentigo. (WC)
</gallery>
*[http://www.dermaamin.com/site/images/histo-pic/a/actinic-lentigo/actinic-lentigo1.jpg Solar lentigo (dermammin.com)].<ref name=dermammin_sl>URL: [http://www.dermaamin.com/site/histopathology-of-the-skin/53-a/1555-actinic-lentigo-.html http://www.dermaamin.com/site/histopathology-of-the-skin/53-a/1555-actinic-lentigo-.html]. Accessed on: 6 May 2013.</ref>
===Sign out===
<pre>
FOREARM LESION, RIGHT, PUNCH BIOPSY:
- SOLAR LENTIGO.
</pre>
====Micro====
The sections show hair-bearing skin with basilar pigmentation at the tips of the rete ridges and solar elastosis.  No melanocytic nests are identified.  The epidermal cells mature to the surface.  No significant inflammation is present.
==Lentiginous melanocytic nevus==
*[[AKA]] ''lentiginous nevus''.
===General===
*Benign.
Fits into the larger category of ''lentiginous melanocytic proliferations'' - these include:<ref name=Ref_Derm438>{{Ref Derm|438}}</ref>
*[[Solar lentigo]].
*[[Lentigo simplex]].
*Lentiginous nevus.
*Lentiginous [[melanoma in situ]].
===Gross===
*Small flat pigmented lesion.
===Microscopic===
Features:<ref name=Ref_Derm438>{{Ref Derm|438}}</ref>
*Melanocytes without atypia in the epidermis only - '''key feature'''.
*Melanocytic nests.
*+/-Rete ridge elongation.
DDx:
*[[Atypical lentiginous nevus]].
*[[Dysplastic nevus]].
*[[Melanoma in situ]] - especially if [[solar elastosis]] is present.
====Images====
www:
*[http://www.derm101.com/Popups/FigurePopup.aspx?id=dp0101a06f005&aid=740564&filename=dp0101a06g005b Lentiginous nevus (derm101.com)].
===Sign out===
<pre>
SKIN LESION, BACK, SHAVE EXCISION:
- JUNCTIONAL LENTIGINOUS NEVUS.
-- COMPLETELY EXCISED (LATERAL CLEARANCE 1 MM).
</pre>
====Micro====
The sections show skin with non-nested melanocytes in the epidermis. The melanocytes have no significant cytologic atypia. There is no upward scatter of melanocytes. The lesion is completely excised the in plane of section.
=Nested melanocytic lesions=
==Common melanocytic nevus==
*[[AKA]] ''common nevus''.
*In common language: ''mole''.
===General===
*Benign.
*Common.
*Think ''[[melanoma]]''.
Clinical:
*''ABCD'' = asymmetric, borders (irregular), colour (black), diameter (large).
===Microscopic===
Features:
*Symmetrical lesion.
*"Matures" with depth
**Less cellular with depth
**Less nuclear atypia with depth.
**Smaller cells with depth.
**Smaller nests with depth.
*Rare mitoses (superficial).
**No deep mitoses.
*No destruction of surrounding structures.
*No nucleoli.
====Subtypes====
=====Compound melanocytic nevus=====
*Abbreviated ''CMN'' and ''CN''.
*In the dermis '''and''' epidermis - '''key feature'''.
=====Junctional melanocytic nevus=====
*Abbreviated ''JN''.
*In the epidermis - '''key feature'''.
=====Intradermal melanocytic nevus=====
*[[AKA]] ''dermal nevus''.
*[[AKA]] ''intradermal melanocytic nevus''.
*[[AKA]] ''intradermal nevus'', abbreviated ''IDN''.<ref name=pmid11493376>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Fullen | first1 = DR. | last2 = Reed | first2 = JA. | last3 = Finnerty | first3 = B. | last4 = McNutt | first4 = NS. | title = S100A6 preferentially labels type C nevus cells and nevic corpuscles: additional support for Schwannian differentiation of intradermal nevi. | journal = J Cutan Pathol | volume = 28 | issue = 8 | pages = 393-9 | month = Sep | year = 2001 | doi =  | PMID = 11493376 }}</ref>
{{Main|Intradermal nevus}}
===Sign out===
====Junctional melanocytic nevus====
<pre>
SKIN LESION, RIGHT LATERAL UPPER ARM, BIOPSY:
- BENIGN JUNCTIONAL NEVUS.
</pre>
=====Micro=====
The sections show melanocytes in nest confined to the epidermis. The lesion is symmetrical in its architecture and pigment distribution. There is no pagetoid spread of melanocytes in the epidermis. No significant nuclear atypia is identified. No mitotic activity is appreciated.
The lesion is completely excised in the plane of section.
====Compound melanocytic nevus====
{{Main|Compound nevus}}
====Intradermal melanocytic nevus====
{{Main|Intradermal nevus}}
==Congenital-pattern nevus==
*[[AKA]] ''congenital nevus''.
===General===
*Congenital ''or'' acquired - thus "congenital-pattern".
*Large ones increase melanoma risk.<ref name=Ref_PBoD8_1170>{{Ref PBoD8|1170}}</ref>
**Small (<2 cm), intermediate (2-20 cm), large (>20 cm).
===Microscopic===
Features:<ref name=Ref_WMSP501>{{Ref WMSP|501}}</ref>
*Growth along dermal structures - '''key feature'''.
**Nerves, hair shafts, ducts.
**"Deep" melanocytes.
*Lacks nuclear atypia.
*+/-Mitoses.
*+/-Less nesting.<ref name=cong_nevus_dermpedia/>
DDx:
*[[Intradermal melanocytic nevus]].
*[[Malignant melanoma]].
Images:
*[http://www.dermpedia.org/image/congenital-nevus-4 Congenital nevus - 4 (dermpedia.org)].<ref name=cong_nevus_dermpedia>URL: [http://www.dermpedia.org/dermpedia-textbook/congenital-nevus http://www.dermpedia.org/dermpedia-textbook/congenital-nevus]. Accessed on: 27 December 2012.</ref>
*[http://www.dermpedia.org/image/congenital-nevus-5 Congenital nevus - 5 (dermpedia.org)].
===Sign out===
<pre>
SKIN LESION, LEFT UPPER BACK, BIOPSY:
- COMPOUND MELANOCYTIC NEVUS WITH CONGENITAL FEATURES.
</pre>
==Recurrent melanocytic nevus==
*[[AKA]] ''persistent melanocytic nevus''.
*[[AKA]] ''pseudomelanoma''.
===General===
*Classically, arises at the site of a partially excised nevus.<ref name=Ref_Derm465>{{Ref Derm|465}}</ref>
===Microscopic===
Features - three layers (often described as a "sandwich"):
#Features of a ''[[compound nevus]]'' or ''[[junctional nevus]]''.
#[[Scar]].
#*Thick collagen bundles arranged parallel to the skin surface.
#Features of an [[intradermal nevus]].
May have:<ref name=Ref_Derm465>{{Ref Derm|465}}</ref>
*Pagetoid spread of melanocytes.
*Confluent nests at the DE junction.
*Nuclear atypia - uncommon.
DDx:<ref name=Ref_Derm465>{{Ref Derm|465}}</ref>
*[[Melanoma in situ]] - classically spread beyond the scar, unlike pseudomelanoma - growth confined to epidermis.
*[[Sclerosing nevus]].
===IHC===
*HMB-45 deep component -ve.
*Ki-67 - non-proliferative.
==Sclerosing melanocytic nevus==
*[[AKA]] ''sclerosing nevus''.
===General===
*Similar to ''[[recurrent nevus]]''.
*Clinically may be confused with [[melanoma]].
*No history of trauma or prior excision.
===Microscopic===
Features:<ref name=pmid18537860 >{{Cite journal  | last1 = Fabrizi | first1 = G. | last2 = Pennacchia | first2 = I. | last3 = Pagliarello | first3 = C. | last4 = Massi | first4 = G. | title = Sclerosing nevus with pseudomelanomatous features. | journal = J Cutan Pathol | volume = 35 | issue = 11 | pages = 995-1002 | month = Nov | year = 2008 | doi = 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2007.00941.x | PMID = 18537860 }}</ref>
*Trizonal - may be described as a ''sandwich'':
*# [[Junctional melanocytic nevus|Junctional]] ''or'' [[compound nevus]].
*#* May have pagetoid spread of melanocytes, i.e. non-basal melanocytes in the epidermis.
*#* Cannot have cytologic atypia - presence of cytologic atypia in this layer makes it [[melanoma]].
*# Fibrotic tissue with irregular melanocytic nests.
*# Nevus below scar - may be [[common melanocytic nevus|common]], congenital-type, [[dysplastic nevus|dysplastic]], [[spitz nevus|Spitz]].
DDx:
*[[Malignant melanoma]].
*[[Recurrent melanocytic nevus]] - also trizonal; however, has a fibrotic layer that does ''not'' have melanocytes in it.<ref name=pmid18537860 />
==Pigmented spindle cell nevus==
*[[AKA]] ''pigmented spindle cell nevus of Reed''.
{{Main|Pigmented spindle cell nevus}}


==Spitz nevus==
==Spitz nevus==
*AKA ''epithelioid and spindle-cell nevus''.
*[[AKA]] ''epithelioid and spindle cell nevus''.
{{Main|Spitz nevus}}
 
==Acral nevus==
*[[AKA]] ''melanocytic nevus with intraepidermal ascent of cells'' ([[MANIAC]]).
*[[AKA]] ''volar nevus''.
{{Main|Acral nevus}}
 
==Dysplastic melanocytic nevus==
*[[AKA]] ''dysplastic nevus''.
*[[AKA]] ''Clark nevus''.
*[[AKA]] ''nevus with architectural disorder''.
**This term is recommended by the American NIH; however, it is not widely adopted.<ref name=pmid22703907>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Elston | first1 = D. | title = Practical advice regarding problematic pigmented lesions. | journal = J Am Acad Dermatol | volume = 67 | issue = 1 | pages = 148-55 | month = Jul | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1016/j.jaad.2012.04.006 | PMID = 22703907 }}</ref>
{{Main|Dysplastic nevus}}
 
==Desmoplastic melanocytic nevus==
*[[AKA]] ''sclerosing melanocytic nevus''.
 
===General===
*Benign.
 
===Gross===
*Usu. "small" and symmetric.
 
Clinical DDx:
*[[Dermatofibroma]].
*[[Dermal scar]].
 
===Microscopic===
Features:<ref name=Ref_Derm_464>{{Ref Derm|464}}</ref>
*[[Compound nevus]] ''or'' [[intradermal nevus]] with prominent dermal fibrosis.
**Fibrosis: extra pink - versus surrounding.
 
DDx:
*[[Desmoplastic neurotropic malignant melanoma]] - usually mitotic figures, nuclear atypia (enlarged, hyperchromatic).
*[[Dermatofibroma]].
*[[Dermal scar]] - no adnexal structures.
 
===IHC===
Features:<ref name=Ref_Derm_464>{{Ref Derm|464}}</ref>
*Melan A (MART-1) +ve.
**Usually -ve in desmoplastic melanoma.<ref name=Ref_Derm_464>{{Ref Derm|464}}</ref>
*S-100 +ve.
**Should stain approximally the same number of cells as Melan A.
*Ki-67 -- only rare cells.
 
==Nodal nevus==
*AKA ''nevus in lymph node'' and ''benign nevus cells in lymph node''.
{{Main|Nodal nevus}}
 
=Miscellaneous=
==Blue nevus==
:'''''Common blue nevus''' redirects here''.
*Abbreviated ''BN''.
===General===
*Usually head & neck, extremities (e.g. dorsum of wrist or foot) or buttock.<ref name=Ref_Derm456>{{Ref Derm|456}}</ref>
*Clinically confused with [[malignant melanoma]].<ref name=Ref_PCPBoD8_592>{{Ref PCPBoD8|592}}</ref>
*Second most common melanocytic lesion of the oral cavity.<ref>URL: [http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1079272-overview http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1079272-overview]. Accessed on: 10 December 2012.</ref>
**Most common melanocytic lesion ''[[intramucosal melanocytic nevus]]''.


===Epidemiology===
===Gross===
*Children & adolescents.
*Blue flat or slightly raised lesion.


===Microscopic===
===Microscopic===
Features:<ref name=Ref_WMSP499>{{Ref WMSP|499}}</ref>
Features:<ref name=Ref_WMSP501>{{Ref WMSP|501}}</ref>
*Architecture:
*Lentil-shaped (ovoid) nests between collagen bundles.
**Nests of cells (spindle, epithelioid or spindle/epithelioid) - in both dermis and epidermis.
*Mix of spindle or dendritic or epithelioid cell morphology.
***Nests are vertically arranged, i.e. the long axis of the nests are perpendicular to the skin surface.
 
****Nest arrangement/orientation described as "cluster of bananas".
Notes:<ref name=Ref_Derm457>{{Ref Derm|457}}</ref>
*+/-Hyperkeratosis (more keratin, i.e. thick stratum corneum).
*Classically no epidermal component.
*+/-Hypergranulosis (thick stratum granulosum).
** The entity ''compound blue nevus'' has been described; it is rare.<ref name=pmid2221938>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Kamino | first1 = H. | last2 = Tam | first2 = ST. | title = Compound blue nevus: a variant of blue nevus with an additional junctional dendritic component. A clinical, histopathologic, and immunohistochemical study of six cases. | journal = Arch Dermatol | volume = 126 | issue = 10 | pages = 1330-3 | month = Oct | year = 1990 | doi =  | PMID = 2221938 }}
*+/-Acanthosis (thick stratum spinosum).
</ref>
*'''NEVER''' in the setting of solar elastosis.<ref>HJ. 16 July 2010.</ref>
*May be assoc. with a hair follicle.
**If there is solar elastosis -- it's melanoma.
 
DDx:
*[[Malignant melanoma]] - often lacks a Grenz zone (lesion in papillary dermis),<ref name=pmid16446716/> mitotic figures, [[necrosis]], cytologic atypia, asymmetry (architecture, pigment).
*Atypical blue nevus - have some of the features of melanoma.
*[[Clear cell sarcoma]].
*[[Dermatofibroma]] - esp. amelanotic BN.
*[[Combined melanocytic nevus]] - blue nevus found together with another nevus (classically [[common melanocytic nevus]]), superficial.
*[[Pigmented epithelioid melanocytoma]] - superificial dermis, has nuclear atypia.  
*[[Vascular lesions]] ([[venous lake]], [[hemangioma]]).
 
====Images====
<gallery>
Image:Blue_nevus_%281_of_4%29.jpg | Blue nevus (WC)
Image:Blue_nevus_-_very_low_mag.jpg | Blue nevus - very low mag. (WC)
Image:Blue_nevus_-_intermed_mag.jpg | Blue nevus - intermed. mag. (WC)
</gallery>
www:
*[http://www.dermatopathonline.com/blue%20nevus2.html Several types of blue nevi (dermatopathonline.com)].
*[http://www.nature.com/modpathol/journal/v19/n2s/fig_tab/3800516f25.html#figure-title Melanoma that looks a bit like a blue nevus (nature.com)].<ref name=pmid16446716>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Magro | first1 = CM. | last2 = Crowson | first2 = AN. | last3 = Mihm | first3 = MC. | title = Unusual variants of malignant melanoma. | journal = Mod Pathol | volume = 19 Suppl 2 | issue =  | pages = S41-70 | month = Feb | year = 2006 | doi = 10.1038/modpathol.3800516 | PMID = 16446716 }}</ref>
 
====Variants of blue nevus====
Several histologic variants:<ref name=Ref_Derm457>{{Ref Derm|457}}</ref>
*Common blue nevus - the blue nevus not otherwise specified.
*[[Cellular blue nevus]].
*Amelanotic blue nevus - may be confused with a [[dermatofibroma]].
*Sclerosing blue nevus - has stromal fibrosis.
*Epithelioid blue nevus.
 
Memory device:
*''C CASE'' = '''C'''ommon, '''C'''ellular, '''A'''melanotic, '''S'''clerosing, '''E'''pithelioid.
 
===IHC===
*HMB-45 diffusely +ve.{{fact}}
**Melanoma patchy +ve.
*MART-1 diffusely +ve.
*Ki-67 low.
 
===Sign out===
<pre>
SKIN LESION, RIGHT WRIST DORSUM, PUNCH BIOPSY:
- COMMON BLUE NEVUS.
</pre>
 
<pre>
SKIN LESION, LEFT SHIN, PUNCH BIOPSY:
- SCLEROSING BLUE NEVUS.
</pre>
 
====Micro====
The sections show pigmented spindle cells in the dermis between collagen bundles. The spindle cells show no nuclear atypia and no mitotic activity is appreciated.
 
The lesion does not extend into the epidermis and is separated from it by a Grenz zone. There are no melanocyte nests. There is no significant inflammation. The lesion is completely excised.
 
The pigmented cells are negative on the Prussian blue stain.
 
=====Sclerosing blue nevus=====
The sections show pigmented spindle cells in the dermis between densely packed collagen fibres. The spindle cells show no significant nuclear atypia, and no mitotic activity is appreciated.  The lesion extends up to the epidermis; however, it does not appear to involve the epidermis. The overlying epidermis has hyperkeratosis; otherwise, it is unremarkable. There are no nests of melanocytes. There is no significant inflammation. The lesion is completely excised in the plane of section.
 
==Cellular blue nevus==
===General===
*Congenital or acquired.
*Usually scalp or butt.
*Variant of the ''[[common blue nevus]]''.
 
===Microscopic===
Features:<ref name=Ref_WMSP501>{{Ref WMSP|501}}</ref>
*Dermal lesion with pigmented spindle cells & epithelioid cells - '''key feature'''.
*Cells lack nucleoli.
*Biphasic:
*# Epithelioid cells with pale cytoplasm.
*# Pigmented spindle cells +/- melanophages.


Images:
Images:
*[http://www.drmihm.com/cases/case.cfm?CaseID=51 Spitz nevus - collection of images (drmihm.com)].
*[http://www.dermpedia.org/case/cellular-blue-nevus-0 Cellular blue nevus (dermpedia.org)].
 
==Combined melanocytic nevus==
*[[AKA]] ''combined nevus''.
===General===
*Uncommon.
*Morphologic features of two types of melanocytic nevi.
**Most common: [[blue nevus]] and common nevus.<ref name=pmid21881487>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Baran | first1 = JL. | last2 = Duncan | first2 = LM. | title = Combined melanocytic nevi: histologic variants and melanoma mimics. | journal = Am J Surg Pathol | volume = 35 | issue = 10 | pages = 1540-8 | month = Oct | year = 2011 | doi = 10.1097/PAS.0b013e31822e9f5e | PMID = 21881487 }}</ref>
 
===Microscopic===
Features:<ref name=pmid21881487/>
*Morphologic features of two types of melanocytic nevi.


==See also==
DDx:
*[[Malignant melanoma]].
*[[Pigmented epithelioid melanocytoma]] - superificial dermis, has nuclear atypia.
 
===Sign out===
<pre>
A. SKIN LESION, LEFT UPPER ARM, PUNCH BIOPSY:
- BENIGN COMBINED MELANOCYTIC NEVUS (INTRADERMAL MELANOCYTIC NEVUS AND BLUE NEVUS).
</pre>
 
==Neurocristic hamartoma==
{{Main|Neurocristic hamartoma}}
 
=See also=
*[[Dermatopathology]].
*[[Dermatopathology]].
*[[Cytopathology]].
*[[Cytopathology]].
*[[Non-malignant skin disease]].
*[[Non-malignant skin disease]].
*[[Pigmented lesions of the oral cavity]].
*[[Melanosis coli]].
*[[Small bowel pseudomelanosis]].


==References==
=References=
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}
=External links=
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_4jgUcxMezM Dear 16 year-old me (youtube.com)] - with Dr. G.


[[Category:Dermatopathology]]
[[Category:Dermatopathology]]
[[Category:Melanocytic lesions]]

Latest revision as of 18:47, 11 February 2021

A melanocytic lesion (blue nevus). H&E stain. (WC/Nephron)

Melanocytic lesions are commonly encountered in dermatopathology and an area which causes some difficulty, i.e. it is hard to decide in some cases whether a lesion is benign (e.g. Spitz nevus) or malignant (malignant melanoma).

Overview

Identifying melanocytes

  • Clear or pigmented cytoplasm.
  • +/-Nuclear pseudoinclusions.
  • Epithelioid (superficial) or spindled (deep).

Benign lesions

Name Key feature Microscopic Clinical Gross Image Ref.
Lentigo simplex no nests, epidermis only slender rete with melanocytes; no nests of melanocytes; no dermal melanocytes < 40 years small flat pigmented lesion [1]
Junctional melanocytic nevus nests in epidermis nests of melanocytes at tips of rete, no dermal melanocytes usu. sun exposed skin, unusual in >50 years small flat (uniformly) pigmented lesion [1]
Compound melanocytic nevus benign nests in dermis & epidermis nests of melanocytes at tips of rete and in dermis; dermal melanocytes lack nucleoli, lack mitoses and "mature with depth" -- see Note 1. small slightly raised (uniformily) pigmented lesion [2]
Intradermal melanocytic nevus nested & individual melanocytes - only in dermis nested & individual melanocytes - only in dermis, +/- multinucleation, +/-pseudovascular spaces Clinical DDx: fibroepithelial polyp (skin tag), basal cell carcinoma raised, non-pigmented lesion [2]
Spitz nevus (epithelioid and spindle-cell nevus) long axis of nests perpendicular to surface, DE junction lesion spindled, epithelioid or mixed melanocytes, long axis of nests perpendicular to surface, superficial mitoses common, +/-hyperkeratosis, +/-acanthosis, +/-hypergranulosis Children & adolescents usu. non-pigmented Spitz nevus (drmihm.com), Spitz nevus - high mag. (WC), Spitz nevus - intermed. mag. (WC) [2]
Pigmented spindle cell nevus of Reed (AKA Pigmented spindle cell nevus) nests of heavily pigmented spindle cells, DE junction lesion heavily pigmented spindle cells in epidermis & dermis, form "basket weave" pattern, well-circumscribed women in teens & 20s; location: shoulder, pelvic girdle region Pigmented +++, small size Reed nevus - low mag. (WC), Reed nevus - intermed. mag. (WC), Reed nevus - collection (histopathology-india.net) [3]
Blue nevus lentil-shaped (ovoid) nests btw collagen bundles, dermal lesion lentil-shaped nests, mix of spindle or dendritic or epithelioid cell morphology, nests btw collagen usu. head & neck or extremities; clinically confused with melanoma[4] blue flat or slightly raised lesion Blue nevus (WC), Blue nevus - very low mag. (WC), Blue nevus - intermed. mag. (WC) [5]
Cellular blue nevus dermal lesion with pigmented spindle cells & epithelioid cells deep dermis +/-subcutis extension; cells lack nucleoli; biphasic: (1) epithelioid cells with pale cytoplasm, (2) pigmented spindle cells +/- melanophages congenital or acquired; usu. scalp or butt blue flat or raised lesion [5]
Congenital-pattern nevus growth along dermal structures extend along dermal structures (e.g. nerves, hair shafts, ducts); lacks atypia; +/-mitoses congenital or acquired; large ones increased melanoma risk[6] small, intermediate (2-20 cm) or large [5]
Dysplastic nevus (Clark's nevus) melanocyte bridges, lamellar fibrosis melanocytes "bridges" between sides of rete ridges, "lamellar fibrosis" (collagen deep to epidermis), mod. atypia may be familial - precursor to melanoma may have asymmetry in shape or pigmentation Dysplastic nevus - low mag., Dysplastic nevus - high mag. [7]
Halo nevus lymphocytes +++ lymphocytes at perimeter of melanocytic; epidermal melanocytes not nested; may be dermal, epidermal or both central zone of pigment [7]

Note 1:

  • "Maturation" in the context of melanocytic lesions means (1) the cells get smaller with depth, (2) cells are less mitotic with depth.

Lentiginous melanocytic lesions

Lentigo simplex

Main article: Lentigo simplex

Solar lentigo

  • Plural solar lentigines.

General

  • Benign.

Fits into the larger category of lentiginous melanocytic proliferations - these include:[8]

Gross

Features:[8]

  • Small (< 4 mm), irregular brown macule.
  • Usu. sun-exposed area.

DDx (clinical):

Microscopic

Features:[10]

  • Hyperpigmented melanocytes - may be present in increased quantities - key feature.
    • Classically at the tips of the rete ridges.
  • No (melanocyte) nuclear atypia.
  • Solar damage (solar elastosis).[11]

Notes:

  • Should not be present:[8]
    • Nests of melanocytes.
    • Pagetoid spread of melanocytes.

DDx:[10]

Images

  • Solar lentigo. (WC)

Sign out

FOREARM LESION, RIGHT, PUNCH BIOPSY:
- SOLAR LENTIGO.

Micro

The sections show hair-bearing skin with basilar pigmentation at the tips of the rete ridges and solar elastosis. No melanocytic nests are identified. The epidermal cells mature to the surface. No significant inflammation is present.

Lentiginous melanocytic nevus

  • AKA lentiginous nevus.

General

  • Benign.

Fits into the larger category of lentiginous melanocytic proliferations - these include:[8]

Gross

  • Small flat pigmented lesion.

Microscopic

Features:[8]

  • Melanocytes without atypia in the epidermis only - key feature.
  • Melanocytic nests.
  • +/-Rete ridge elongation.

DDx:

Images

www:

Sign out

SKIN LESION, BACK, SHAVE EXCISION:
- JUNCTIONAL LENTIGINOUS NEVUS.
-- COMPLETELY EXCISED (LATERAL CLEARANCE 1 MM).

Micro

The sections show skin with non-nested melanocytes in the epidermis. The melanocytes have no significant cytologic atypia. There is no upward scatter of melanocytes. The lesion is completely excised the in plane of section.

Nested melanocytic lesions

Common melanocytic nevus

  • AKA common nevus.
  • In common language: mole.

General

Clinical:

  • ABCD = asymmetric, borders (irregular), colour (black), diameter (large).

Microscopic

Features:

  • Symmetrical lesion.
  • "Matures" with depth
    • Less cellular with depth
    • Less nuclear atypia with depth.
    • Smaller cells with depth.
    • Smaller nests with depth.
  • Rare mitoses (superficial).
    • No deep mitoses.
  • No destruction of surrounding structures.
  • No nucleoli.

Subtypes

Compound melanocytic nevus
  • Abbreviated CMN and CN.
  • In the dermis and epidermis - key feature.
Junctional melanocytic nevus
  • Abbreviated JN.
  • In the epidermis - key feature.
Intradermal melanocytic nevus
  • AKA dermal nevus.
  • AKA intradermal melanocytic nevus.
  • AKA intradermal nevus, abbreviated IDN.[12]
Main article: Intradermal nevus

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Junctional melanocytic nevus

SKIN LESION, RIGHT LATERAL UPPER ARM, BIOPSY:
- BENIGN JUNCTIONAL NEVUS.
Micro

The sections show melanocytes in nest confined to the epidermis. The lesion is symmetrical in its architecture and pigment distribution. There is no pagetoid spread of melanocytes in the epidermis. No significant nuclear atypia is identified. No mitotic activity is appreciated.

The lesion is completely excised in the plane of section.

Compound melanocytic nevus

Main article: Compound nevus

Intradermal melanocytic nevus

Main article: Intradermal nevus

Congenital-pattern nevus

  • AKA congenital nevus.

General

  • Congenital or acquired - thus "congenital-pattern".
  • Large ones increase melanoma risk.[6]
    • Small (<2 cm), intermediate (2-20 cm), large (>20 cm).

Microscopic

Features:[5]

  • Growth along dermal structures - key feature.
    • Nerves, hair shafts, ducts.
    • "Deep" melanocytes.
  • Lacks nuclear atypia.
  • +/-Mitoses.
  • +/-Less nesting.[13]

DDx:

Images:

Sign out

SKIN LESION, LEFT UPPER BACK, BIOPSY:
- COMPOUND MELANOCYTIC NEVUS WITH CONGENITAL FEATURES.

Recurrent melanocytic nevus

  • AKA persistent melanocytic nevus.
  • AKA pseudomelanoma.

General

  • Classically, arises at the site of a partially excised nevus.[14]

Microscopic

Features - three layers (often described as a "sandwich"):

  1. Features of a compound nevus or junctional nevus.
  2. Scar.
    • Thick collagen bundles arranged parallel to the skin surface.
  3. Features of an intradermal nevus.

May have:[14]

  • Pagetoid spread of melanocytes.
  • Confluent nests at the DE junction.
  • Nuclear atypia - uncommon.

DDx:[14]

IHC

  • HMB-45 deep component -ve.
  • Ki-67 - non-proliferative.

Sclerosing melanocytic nevus

  • AKA sclerosing nevus.

General

Microscopic

Features:[15]

  • Trizonal - may be described as a sandwich:
    1. Junctional or compound nevus.
      • May have pagetoid spread of melanocytes, i.e. non-basal melanocytes in the epidermis.
      • Cannot have cytologic atypia - presence of cytologic atypia in this layer makes it melanoma.
    2. Fibrotic tissue with irregular melanocytic nests.
    3. Nevus below scar - may be common, congenital-type, dysplastic, Spitz.

DDx:

Pigmented spindle cell nevus

  • AKA pigmented spindle cell nevus of Reed.
Main article: Pigmented spindle cell nevus

Spitz nevus

  • AKA epithelioid and spindle cell nevus.
Main article: Spitz nevus

Acral nevus

  • AKA melanocytic nevus with intraepidermal ascent of cells (MANIAC).
  • AKA volar nevus.
Main article: Acral nevus

Dysplastic melanocytic nevus

  • AKA dysplastic nevus.
  • AKA Clark nevus.
  • AKA nevus with architectural disorder.
    • This term is recommended by the American NIH; however, it is not widely adopted.[16]
Main article: Dysplastic nevus

Desmoplastic melanocytic nevus

  • AKA sclerosing melanocytic nevus.

General

  • Benign.

Gross

  • Usu. "small" and symmetric.

Clinical DDx:

Microscopic

Features:[17]

DDx:

IHC

Features:[17]

  • Melan A (MART-1) +ve.
    • Usually -ve in desmoplastic melanoma.[17]
  • S-100 +ve.
    • Should stain approximally the same number of cells as Melan A.
  • Ki-67 -- only rare cells.

Nodal nevus

  • AKA nevus in lymph node and benign nevus cells in lymph node.
Main article: Nodal nevus

Miscellaneous

Blue nevus

Common blue nevus redirects here.
  • Abbreviated BN.

General

Gross

  • Blue flat or slightly raised lesion.

Microscopic

Features:[5]

  • Lentil-shaped (ovoid) nests between collagen bundles.
  • Mix of spindle or dendritic or epithelioid cell morphology.

Notes:[20]

  • Classically no epidermal component.
    • The entity compound blue nevus has been described; it is rare.[21]
  • May be assoc. with a hair follicle.

DDx:

Images

  • Blue nevus (WC)

  • Blue nevus - very low mag. (WC)

  • Blue nevus - intermed. mag. (WC)

www:

Variants of blue nevus

Several histologic variants:[20]

  • Common blue nevus - the blue nevus not otherwise specified.
  • Cellular blue nevus.
  • Amelanotic blue nevus - may be confused with a dermatofibroma.
  • Sclerosing blue nevus - has stromal fibrosis.
  • Epithelioid blue nevus.

Memory device:

  • C CASE = Common, Cellular, Amelanotic, Sclerosing, Epithelioid.

IHC

  • HMB-45 diffusely +ve.[citation needed]
    • Melanoma patchy +ve.
  • MART-1 diffusely +ve.
  • Ki-67 low.

Sign out

SKIN LESION, RIGHT WRIST DORSUM, PUNCH BIOPSY: 
- COMMON BLUE NEVUS.

SKIN LESION, LEFT SHIN, PUNCH BIOPSY: 
- SCLEROSING BLUE NEVUS.

Micro

The sections show pigmented spindle cells in the dermis between collagen bundles. The spindle cells show no nuclear atypia and no mitotic activity is appreciated.

The lesion does not extend into the epidermis and is separated from it by a Grenz zone. There are no melanocyte nests. There is no significant inflammation. The lesion is completely excised.

The pigmented cells are negative on the Prussian blue stain.

Sclerosing blue nevus

The sections show pigmented spindle cells in the dermis between densely packed collagen fibres. The spindle cells show no significant nuclear atypia, and no mitotic activity is appreciated. The lesion extends up to the epidermis; however, it does not appear to involve the epidermis. The overlying epidermis has hyperkeratosis; otherwise, it is unremarkable. There are no nests of melanocytes. There is no significant inflammation. The lesion is completely excised in the plane of section.

Cellular blue nevus

General

Microscopic

Features:[5]

  • Dermal lesion with pigmented spindle cells & epithelioid cells - key feature.
  • Cells lack nucleoli.
  • Biphasic:
    1. Epithelioid cells with pale cytoplasm.
    2. Pigmented spindle cells +/- melanophages.

Images:

Combined melanocytic nevus

  • AKA combined nevus.

General

  • Uncommon.
  • Morphologic features of two types of melanocytic nevi.

Microscopic

Features:[23]

  • Morphologic features of two types of melanocytic nevi.

DDx:

Sign out

A. SKIN LESION, LEFT UPPER ARM, PUNCH BIOPSY:
- BENIGN COMBINED MELANOCYTIC NEVUS (INTRADERMAL MELANOCYTIC NEVUS AND BLUE NEVUS).

Neurocristic hamartoma

Main article: Neurocristic hamartoma

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Humphrey, Peter A; Dehner, Louis P; Pfeifer, John D (2008). The Washington Manual of Surgical Pathology (1st ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 498. ISBN 978-0781765275.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Humphrey, Peter A; Dehner, Louis P; Pfeifer, John D (2008). The Washington Manual of Surgical Pathology (1st ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 499. ISBN 978-0781765275.
  3. ↑ Humphrey, Peter A; Dehner, Louis P; Pfeifer, John D (2008). The Washington Manual of Surgical Pathology (1st ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 500. ISBN 978-0781765275.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Mitchell, Richard; Kumar, Vinay; Fausto, Nelson; Abbas, Abul K.; Aster, Jon (2011). Pocket Companion to Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease (8th ed.). Elsevier Saunders. pp. 592. ISBN 978-1416054542.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Humphrey, Peter A; Dehner, Louis P; Pfeifer, John D (2008). The Washington Manual of Surgical Pathology (1st ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 501. ISBN 978-0781765275.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson; Aster, Jon (2009). Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease (8th ed.). Elsevier Saunders. pp. 1170. ISBN 978-1416031215.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Humphrey, Peter A; Dehner, Louis P; Pfeifer, John D (2008). The Washington Manual of Surgical Pathology (1st ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 502. ISBN 978-0781765275.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 Busam, Klaus J. (2009). Dermatopathology: A Volume in the Foundations in Diagnostic Pathology Series (1st ed.). Saunders. pp. 438. ISBN 978-0443066542.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 URL: http://www.dermaamin.com/site/histopathology-of-the-skin/53-a/1555-actinic-lentigo-.html. Accessed on: 6 May 2013.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Busam, Klaus J. (2009). Dermatopathology: A Volume in the Foundations in Diagnostic Pathology Series (1st ed.). Saunders. pp. 437. ISBN 978-0443066542.
  11. ↑ Hafner, C.; Stoehr, R.; van Oers, JM.; Zwarthoff, EC.; Hofstaedter, F.; Klein, C.; Landthaler, M.; Hartmann, A. et al. (Nov 2009). "The absence of BRAF, FGFR3, and PIK3CA mutations differentiates lentigo simplex from melanocytic nevus and solar lentigo.". J Invest Dermatol 129 (11): 2730-5. doi:10.1038/jid.2009.146. PMID 19536147.
  12. ↑ Fullen, DR.; Reed, JA.; Finnerty, B.; McNutt, NS. (Sep 2001). "S100A6 preferentially labels type C nevus cells and nevic corpuscles: additional support for Schwannian differentiation of intradermal nevi.". J Cutan Pathol 28 (8): 393-9. PMID 11493376.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 URL: http://www.dermpedia.org/dermpedia-textbook/congenital-nevus. Accessed on: 27 December 2012.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Busam, Klaus J. (2009). Dermatopathology: A Volume in the Foundations in Diagnostic Pathology Series (1st ed.). Saunders. pp. 465. ISBN 978-0443066542.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Fabrizi, G.; Pennacchia, I.; Pagliarello, C.; Massi, G. (Nov 2008). "Sclerosing nevus with pseudomelanomatous features.". J Cutan Pathol 35 (11): 995-1002. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0560.2007.00941.x. PMID 18537860.
  16. ↑ Elston, D. (Jul 2012). "Practical advice regarding problematic pigmented lesions.". J Am Acad Dermatol 67 (1): 148-55. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2012.04.006. PMID 22703907.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Busam, Klaus J. (2009). Dermatopathology: A Volume in the Foundations in Diagnostic Pathology Series (1st ed.). Saunders. pp. 464. ISBN 978-0443066542.
  18. ↑ Busam, Klaus J. (2009). Dermatopathology: A Volume in the Foundations in Diagnostic Pathology Series (1st ed.). Saunders. pp. 456. ISBN 978-0443066542.
  19. ↑ URL: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1079272-overview. Accessed on: 10 December 2012.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Busam, Klaus J. (2009). Dermatopathology: A Volume in the Foundations in Diagnostic Pathology Series (1st ed.). Saunders. pp. 457. ISBN 978-0443066542.
  21. ↑ Kamino, H.; Tam, ST. (Oct 1990). "Compound blue nevus: a variant of blue nevus with an additional junctional dendritic component. A clinical, histopathologic, and immunohistochemical study of six cases.". Arch Dermatol 126 (10): 1330-3. PMID 2221938.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Magro, CM.; Crowson, AN.; Mihm, MC. (Feb 2006). "Unusual variants of malignant melanoma.". Mod Pathol 19 Suppl 2: S41-70. doi:10.1038/modpathol.3800516. PMID 16446716.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Baran, JL.; Duncan, LM. (Oct 2011). "Combined melanocytic nevi: histologic variants and melanoma mimics.". Am J Surg Pathol 35 (10): 1540-8. doi:10.1097/PAS.0b013e31822e9f5e. PMID 21881487.

External links

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