Difference between revisions of "Robbins and Cotran 9th Edition Questions"

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Robbins and Cotran 9th Edition Questions (view source)

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== Chapter 9 ==
== Chapter 9 ==
== Chapter 10 ==
== Chapter 10 ==
== Chapter 11 ==
== Chapter 11: Blood Vessels==
* Describe the two principal mechanisms underlying vascular disease.
* Describe the four main disease mechanisms and the vessels for which they have a predicliction.
* Describe the three layers of artery/vein walls.
* Describe how the media of arteries changes as one gets further away from the heart.
* List 5 differences between arterial vessels and venous vessels.
* List and briefly describe three vascular anomalies.
* List 5 functions of endothelial cells.
* List 5 factors which activate endothelial cells.
* List 6 features of an activated endothelial cell.
* Define endothelial dysfunction.
* List 5 functions of vascular smooth muscle cells.
* Describe how intimal thickening occurs in a healing vessel.
* List 5 difference between neointimal and medial smooth muscle cells.
* In a non diabetic what are the thresholds for diastolic and systolic blood pressure associated with increased atherosclerotic disease.
* List 5 causes of secondary hypertension.
* List 5 diseases resulting from hypertension.
* About 50% of patients with hypertension die from what 3 diseases.
* Define malignant hypertension, and list 3 ocular findings.
* Describe how cardiac function affects blood pressure.
* Describe how blood volume affects blood pressure.
* Describe how peripheral resistance affects blood pressure
* Describe the pathophysiological mechanisms associated with renovascular hypertension.
* List some single gene disorders which cause secondary hypetension.
* List four factors are mechanisms of essential hypertension.
* List five vascular changes associated with hypertension.
* Describe the differences between hyaline and hyperplastic arteriosclerosis.
* List three types of arteriosclerosis.
* What is Monckeberg medial sclerosis and how is it different from atherosclerosis?
* What disease causes more morbidity and mortality than any other in the western world?
* What is an atheromatous plaque?
* List four constituitive risk factors for atherosclerosis.
* List 5 modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis.
* List five non constituituve and non modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis.
* Briefly describe the pathogenic steps in atherosclerosis.
* What are the two most important causes of endothelial dysfunction?
* Briefly describe the role of LDL in atherosclerosis.
* How does inflammation contribute to atherosclerosis?
* List three viruses for which there is limited evidence of contribution to atherosclerosis.
* How do smooth muscle cells contribute to atherosclerosis?
* What are the differences between a fatty streak and a atherosclerotic plaque?
* List five most common locations of atherosclerotic plaques.
* What are the three main components of an atherosclerotic plaque.
* What is neovascularization of an atherosclerotic plaque?
* What four clinically significant changes can occur in an atherosclerotic plaque?
* What are the four major consequences of atherosclerosis?
* Define critical stenosis and the possible sequelae there of?
* What is the catch 22 of a fibrous plaque?
* What is one possible explanation for the abrupt rise in MIs after 9-11.
* What four basic mechanisms cause vasoconstriction?
* What are the possible sequelae of thrombi in a coronary artery?
* Classify aneurysms.
* List three syndromes where the connective tissue quality results in aneurysms.
* Briefly describe how collagen degradation and synthesis maintained.
* What is cystic medial degeneration and how does it relate to aneurysm formation?
* How does syphilis cause aneurysms of the aorta, and how to most of the patients die?
* What are the two most important causes of aortic aneurysms?
* What is a mycotic aneuryms and what are the three possible origins?
* Who most classically gets a AAA and where is it?
* List three variants of AAA  and briefly describe each.
* What are the four most common clinical manifestations of a AAA aside from a palpable pulsating abdominal mass.
* Describe how the risk of rupture of a AAA increases with size.
* What is the most common cause of thoracic aneurysm, and describe 5 features of this syndrome.
* List 5 signs or symptoms of thoracic aneurysm.
* What two groups of patients have aortic dissections?
* What is the most significant risk factor for aortic dissection?
* Describe the difference between an aneurysm and a dissection.
* Classify aortic dissections.
* Classify vasculitides.
* List 5 defining features of Giant cell arteritis.
* List 5 defining features of granulomatosis with polyangitis.
* List 5 defining features of Churg-Strauss syndrome.
* List 5 defining features of Polyarteritis nododum.
* List 5 defining features of Leukocytoclastic vasculitis.
* List 5 defining features of Beurger disease.
* List 5 defining features of Behcet disease.
* List 5 defining features of Takayasu arteritis.
* List 5 defining features of microscopic polyangitis.
* List 5 defining features of Kawasaki disease.
* List 5 immune complext mediated vasculitides.
* List 3 granulomatous vasculitides.
* What is a pauci immune vasculitis and give three examples.
* List some causes of infectious vasculitis.
* List 5 features of Raynaud's phenomenon.
* What is the difference between primary and secondary Raynaud's?
* What is Takotsubo cardiomyopathy?
* List 5 causes of myocardial vessel vasospasm.
* What are varicose veins? List three risk factors. List 5 clinical feautures.
* What three sites are venous varicosities most commonly found?
* What are the 5 most common sites of venous thrombosis?
*
 
== Chapter 12 ==
== Chapter 12 ==
== Chapter 13 ==
== Chapter 13 ==
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== Chapter 21 ==
== Chapter 21 ==
== Chapter 22 ==
== Chapter 22 ==
== Chapter 23 ==
==[[Breast (CH 23)]]==
1. Describe the physiological changes of breast tissue with puberty, menstrual cycle, pregnancy and aging.
2. List and describe three disorders of breast development.
3. Describe the impact and limitations of self breast examination on breast cancer detection and death.
4. Describe the impact and limitations of screening mammography on breast cancer detection and death.
5. List three clinical symptoms of breast cancer and what is the associated rate of breast cancer associated with each.
6. What are the mammographic features which are suspicious for breast cancer?
7. List 6 benign inflammatory conditions which may mimic breast cancer and briefly describe each.
8. Define and give examples of non-proliferative breast changes.
9. What is a lactational adenoma and what is the increased risk of breast cancer associated with it?
10. What is flat epithelial atypia and what is the increased risk of breast cancer associated with it?
11. Categorize proliferative breast diseases and give several examples of each.
12. Define and describe gynecomastia.
13. Compare and contrast ADH and ALH.
14. What is the increased risk of breast cancer with proliferative breast disease (with and without atypia)?
15. What percentage of women with atypical hyperplasia develop breast cancer?
17. What are the three major biological subgroups of breast cancer, describe each and the classic patient.
18. Describe the ethnic variation in breast cancer incidence and type.
19. List and briefly describe 10 risk factors for breast cancer (which increase risk and which decrease risk?).
20. What are the clinical history features that would suggest a hereditary breast cancer?
21. What happens to patients in which a BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene is identified?
22. Compare BRCA1 and BRCA2 breast cancers.
23. List three other tumour suppressor genes that are found in breast cancer, and what is their normal function.
24. What is a driver mutation?
25. List the 6 most common driver mutations in breast cancer.


== Chapter 24 ==
== Chapter 24 ==
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