Difference between revisions of "Robbins and Cotran 9th Edition Questions"

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Robbins and Cotran 9th Edition Questions (view source)

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→‎Chapter 11: Blood Vessels
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== Chapter 10 ==
== Chapter 10 ==
== Chapter 11: Blood Vessels==
== Chapter 11: Blood Vessels==
* Describe the two principal mechanisms underlying vascular disease.
* Describe the four main disease mechanisms and the vessels for which they have a predicliction.
* Describe the three layers of artery/vein walls.
* Describe how the media of arteries changes as one gets further away from the heart.
* List 5 differences between arterial vessels and venous vessels.
* List and briefly describe three vascular anomalies.
* List 5 functions of endothelial cells.
* List 5 factors which activate endothelial cells.
* List 6 features of an activated endothelial cell.
* Define endothelial dysfunction.
* List 5 functions of vascular smooth muscle cells.
* Describe how intimal thickening occurs in a healing vessel.
* List 5 difference between neointimal and medial smooth muscle cells.
* In a non diabetic what are the thresholds for diastolic and systolic blood pressure associated with increased atherosclerotic disease.
* List 5 causes of secondary hypertension.
* List 5 diseases resulting from hypertension.
* About 50% of patients with hypertension die from what 3 diseases.
* Define malignant hypertension, and list 3 ocular findings.
* Describe how cardiac function affects blood pressure.
* Describe how blood volume affects blood pressure.
* Describe how peripheral resistance affects blood pressure
* Describe the pathophysiological mechanisms associated with renovascular hypertension.
* List some single gene disorders which cause secondary hypetension.
* List four factors are mechanisms of essential hypertension.
* List five vascular changes associated with hypertension.
* Describe the differences between hyaline and hyperplastic arteriosclerosis.
* List three types of arteriosclerosis.
* What is Monckeberg medial sclerosis and how is it different from atherosclerosis?
* What disease causes more morbidity and mortality than any other in the western world?
* What is an atheromatous plaque?
* List four constituitive risk factors for atherosclerosis.
* List 5 modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis.
* List five non constituituve and non modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis.
* Briefly describe the pathogenic steps in atherosclerosis.
* What are the two most important causes of endothelial dysfunction?
* Briefly describe the role of LDL in atherosclerosis.
* How does inflammation contribute to atherosclerosis?
* List three viruses for which there is limited evidence of contribution to atherosclerosis.
* How do smooth muscle cells contribute to atherosclerosis?
* What are the differences between a fatty streak and a atherosclerotic plaque?
* List five most common locations of atherosclerotic plaques.
* What are the three main components of an atherosclerotic plaque.
* What is neovascularization of an atherosclerotic plaque?
* What four clinically significant changes can occur in an atherosclerotic plaque?
* What are the four major consequences of atherosclerosis?
* Define critical stenosis and the possible sequelae there of?
* What is the catch 22 of a fibrous plaque?
* What is one possible explanation for the abrupt rise in MIs after 9-11.
* What four basic mechanisms cause vasoconstriction?
* What are the possible sequelae of thrombi in a coronary artery?
* Classify aneurysms.
* List three syndromes where the connective tissue quality results in aneurysms.
* Briefly describe how collagen degradation and synthesis maintained.
* What is cystic medial degeneration and how does it relate to aneurysm formation?
* How does syphilis cause aneurysms of the aorta, and how to most of the patients die?
* What are the two most important causes of aortic aneurysms?
* What is a mycotic aneuryms and what are the three possible origins?
* Who most classically gets a AAA and where is it?
* List three variants of AAA  and briefly describe each.
* What are the four most common clinical manifestations of a AAA aside from a palpable pulsating abdominal mass.
* Describe how the risk of rupture of a AAA increases with size.
* What is the most common cause of thoracic aneurysm, and describe 5 features of this syndrome.
* List 5 signs or symptoms of thoracic aneurysm.
* What two groups of patients have aortic dissections?
* What is the most significant risk factor for aortic dissection?
* Describe the difference between an aneurysm and a dissection.
* Classify aortic dissections.
* Classify vasculitides.
* List 5 defining features of Giant cell arteritis.
* List 5 defining features of granulomatosis with polyangitis.
* List 5 defining features of Churg-Strauss syndrome.
* List 5 defining features of Polyarteritis nododum.
* List 5 defining features of Leukocytoclastic vasculitis.
* List 5 defining features of Beurger disease.
* List 5 defining features of Behcet disease.
* List 5 defining features of Takayasu arteritis.
* List 5 defining features of microscopic polyangitis.
* List 5 defining features of Kawasaki disease.
* List 5 immune complext mediated vasculitides.
* List 3 granulomatous vasculitides.
* What is a pauci immune vasculitis and give three examples.
* List some causes of infectious vasculitis.
* List 5 features of Raynaud's phenomenon.
* What is the difference between primary and secondary Raynaud's?
* What is Takotsubo cardiomyopathy?
* List 5 causes of myocardial vessel vasospasm.


== Chapter 12 ==
== Chapter 12 ==
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