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Difference between revisions of "Adrenal gland"
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format, cut paraganglioma
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==Benign== | ==Benign== | ||
*Spironolactone bodies<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kovacs K, Horvath E, Singer W |title=Fine structure and morphogenesis of spironolactone bodies in the zona glomerulosa of the human adrenal cortex |journal=J. Clin. Pathol. |volume=26 |issue=12 |pages= | *Spironolactone bodies<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kovacs K, Horvath E, Singer W |title=Fine structure and morphogenesis of spironolactone bodies in the zona glomerulosa of the human adrenal cortex |journal=J. Clin. Pathol. |volume=26 |issue=12 |pages=949-57 |year=1973 |month=December |pmid=4131694 |pmc=477936 |doi= |url=http://jcp.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=4131694}}</ref> | ||
**location: zona glomerulosa (where aldosterone is produced) | **location: zona glomerulosa (where aldosterone is produced) | ||
**appearance: eosinophilic spherical laminated whorls. | **appearance: eosinophilic spherical laminated whorls. | ||
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==Adenomas== | ==Adenomas== | ||
Radiology<ref>[http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/376240-overview]</ref> | Radiology<ref>URL: [http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/376240-overview http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/376240-overview].</ref> | ||
*radiologists are good at identifying adenomas, as they are usually lipid rich and have a characteristic low HU signal. | *radiologists are good at identifying adenomas, as they are usually lipid rich and have a characteristic low HU signal. | ||
Treatment is excision if...<ref> | Treatment is excision if...<ref name=pmid10870039>PMID 10870039.</ref><ref name=pmid19035218>PMID 19035218.</ref> | ||
* | *Lesions >30 mm. | ||
* | *Hormonally active. | ||
* | *Non-incidental finding. (???) | ||
===Hyperplasia vs. adenoma=== | ===Hyperplasia vs. adenoma=== | ||
*Hyperplasia is multifocal.<ref>IAV 18 | *Hyperplasia is multifocal.<ref>IAV. 18 February 09.</ref> | ||
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==Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC)== | ==Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC)== | ||
Epi. | Epi. | ||
* | *Prognosis sucks. | ||
===Microscopic=== | |||
* | Features: | ||
* | *Very pleomorphic nuclei. | ||
* | *High mitotic rate. | ||
* | *Atypical mitoses. | ||
*Eosinophilic cytoplasm. | |||
==Malignant pheochromoctyoma== | ==Malignant pheochromoctyoma== | ||
* | *Like the description in ''benign neoplasms''. | ||
* | *Differentiated from benign pheochromocytoma by mets - often aided by radiologic report. | ||
* | *Features useful for differentiating benign from malignant:<ref>EP P.259.</ref> | ||
** | **Marked nuclear atypia. | ||
** | **Invasion: | ||
*** | ***Capsular. | ||
*** | ***Vascular. | ||
** | **Necrosis. | ||
** | **Cellular monotony. | ||
** | **Mitoses: | ||
*** | ***Rate. | ||
*** | ***Atypical mitosis. | ||
==Neuroblastoma== | ==Neuroblastoma== | ||
Epi: | Epi: | ||
* | *Usually paediatric population. | ||
===Microscopic=== | |||
* | *Small round cell tumour. | ||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist|2}} | |||
[[Category:Endocrine pathology]] | [[Category:Endocrine pathology]] | ||
[[Category:Genitourinary pathology]] | [[Category:Genitourinary pathology]] | ||