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Breast pathology (view source)

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The '''breast''' is an important organ for the continuance of the species and one that [[pathologist]]s see quite often because it is often afflicted by [[breast cancer|cancer]].  Before women started [[smoking]] in large numbers, it was the number one cause of cancer death in women (in Canada).   
[[Image:Diagram showing the lobes and ducts of a breast CRUK 307.svg|thumb|250px|Diagram of the structure of breast. (CRUK/WC)]]
The '''breast''' is an important organ that [[pathologist]]s see quite often because it is often afflicted by [[breast cancer|cancer]].  Before women started [[smoking]] in large numbers, it was a leading cause of cancer death in women.   


Fortunately, breast cancer, these days, has a relatively good prognosis if it is detected early... and this is why there are week-ends to end breast cancer -- there are large numbers of breast cancer survivors that are well, wealthy and can advocate for better care and research into breast cancer.
Fortunately, breast cancer, in this day, has a relatively good prognosis if it is detected early.


=Clinical=
=Clinical=
Classic presentation:
===Clinical Presentations of Breast Pathology===
*'''Abnormal/suspicious screening mammogram'''
**Suspicious microcalcifications and/or suspicious mass.
**Most common history on the specimen requisition
**May be accompanied by a [[BI-RADS]] score.
*Nipple discharge.
*Nipple discharge.
*Pain.
*Pain.
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*New nipple inversion.
*New nipple inversion.
*Skin changes, e.g. ''peau d'orange''.
*Skin changes, e.g. ''peau d'orange''.
Most common presentation:
*Abnormal/suspicious screening mammogram - suspicious microcalcifications and/or suspicious mass.


===Breast cancer screening===
===Breast cancer screening===
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===Breast radiology===
===Breast radiology===
BI-RADS = Breast Imaging Reporting And Data System:<ref>URL: [http://breastcancer.about.com/od/diagnosis/a/birads.htm http://breastcancer.about.com/od/diagnosis/a/birads.htm]. Accessed on: 16 March 2011.</ref>
{{Main|Breast imaging reporting and data system}}
 
*0: Incomplete - come back for more imaging (radiologist ''cha-ching'').
*1: Negative.
*2: Benign finding(s).
*3: Probably benign -- often short follow-up.
*4: Suspicious abnormality -- needs biopsy.
*5: Highly suggestive of malignancy.
*6: [[Pathologist]] says there is a malignancy.


=Specimens=
=Specimens=
Breast comes in three main flavours:
Three major specimen types:
#Core needle biopsy (CNB).
#Core needle biopsy (CNB).
#Lumpectomy.
#Lumpectomy.
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Note:
Note:
*Breast [[cytopathology]] is dealt with in the ''[[breast cytopathology]]'' article.  It is almost dead, as it is not as sensitive and specific as CNB.
*Breast [[cytopathology]] is dealt with in the ''[[breast cytopathology]]'' article.  Breast cytology is almost extinct unless you happen to be in Australia where for reasons unknown, the art is still taken seriously.  Breast cytology is not sensitive or specific enough to justify forgoing a CNB.


===Core needle biopsy===
===Core needle biopsy===
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#Mass lesion - usu. obvious what is going on; typically 3 levels.
#Mass lesion - usu. obvious what is going on; typically 3 levels.
#Calcifications - abnormality may be very small; typically 10 levels.
#Calcifications - abnormality may be very small; typically 10 levels.
Note - if you have a high BI-RADS score on the biopsy requisition, and no correlating histologic findings, be sure to correlate with the specimen radiograph, consider leveling the specimen to exhaustion and/or note the lack of a correlating lesion on your report.


===Lumpectomy===
===Lumpectomy===
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*Usually done with sentinel [[lymph node]] biopsy - as one cannot go back later to do this.
*Usually done with sentinel [[lymph node]] biopsy - as one cannot go back later to do this.


=Normal=
=Where to start=
==Resting==
{{Main|Short_power_list#Breast_pathology|Long_power_list#Breast_pathology}}
The following is a starting point for mentally framing routine breast pathology & some of the challenges in breast pathology:
 
The key to breast pathology is the myoepithelial cell. 
**A benign gland has two cell layers - myoepithelial and epithelial. 
**The luminal cell is epithelial
**The basal cells is myoepithelial
***The myoepithelial layer is hard to see at times.
***IHC can aid in visualizing the myoepithelial layer.
***The immunostains used in breast pathology for the myoepithelial layer include: [[CK5/6]], SMA, [[p63]] and calponin.
 
===Questions to Ask===
*Is it normal or close to normal?
**Are you familiar with normal/altered but benign/physiologic changes in the breast?
**Do the changes observed explain the biopsy (are you sure you are seeing the radiographic lesion)?
**Have you found the microcalcifications?
 
*Is it a neoplastic but benign?
**Are you familiar with the common benign breast neoplasms?
**Do you know the morphologic criteria for a benign breast gland?
**Do you know how to use IHC to confirm a benign process?
 
*Is it an in situ carcinoma?
**Are you familiar with DCIS and LCIS and their variants?
**Do you know the morphologic criteria for in situ carcinoma?
**Do you know how to use ICH to confirm an in situ carcinoma?
**Do you know how to report an in situ breast carcinoma?
 
*Is it invasive carcinoma?
**Do you know the morphologic criteria for an invasive gland?
**Do you know how to use IHC to confirm invasion?
**Do you know the morphologic features of typical invasive breast carcinoma?
**Do you know the subtypes?
**Do you understand the implications of some of the medullary/medullary-like subtype (especially in a young patient)?
**Do you know how to use IHC for prognostication?
**Do you understand the implications of triple negativity?
**Do you know how to report an invasive breast carcinoma?
 
*Is it something stromal/spindled?
 
===Important Differential Diagnoses===
 
====Papillary Lesions====
*Nipple adenoma.
*Intraductal papilloma.
*Papillary ductal carcinoma in situ.
*Intracystic papillary carcinoma.
*Intracystic papillary carcinoma with an invasive component.
*Invasive papillary carcinoma.
 
====Basaloid Lesions====
*Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the breast.
*Intracystic papillary breast carcinoma, solid variant.
*Invasive papillary breast carcinoma, solid variant.
*Medullary breast carcinoma.
*Medullary-like breast carcinoma.
**Know when to start a discussion about BRCA mutations, triple negativity and the 'basal-like molecular phenotype'.
 
====Spindle Cell Lesions====
*Metaplastic breast carcinoma.
*Treated breast carcinoma.
*Mammary myofibroblastoma.
*Phyllodes Tumour - stromal component.
*Desmoid fibromatosis.
*Nodular fasciitis.
 
=== Additional resources ===
*Breast Pathology Info [http://www.breastpathology.info/]
*Digital Atlas of Breast Pathology [http://www.hsc.stonybrook.edu/breast-atlas/]
*Pathology Outlines - Breast Nonmalignant [http://pathologyoutlines.com/breast.html]
*Pathology Outlines - Breast Malignant [http://pathologyoutlines.com/breastmalignant.html]
*WebPathology - Breast [http://www.webpathology.com/atlas_map.asp?section=9]
 
=Normal breast=
==Resting breast==
*Glands -- normally has two cell layers (like the [[prostate]]).
*Glands -- normally has two cell layers (like the [[prostate]]).
**Myoepithelial cells
**Myoepithelial cells
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May be present:
May be present:
*Calcification:
*[[Breast calcifications|Calcification]]:
**Purple globs (with concentric rings) on H&E = calcium phosphate.
**Purple globs (with concentric rings) on H&E = calcium phosphate.
***Q. How to remember? A. '''P'''urple = '''P'''hosphate.
***Q. How to remember? A. '''P'''urple = '''P'''hosphate.
**Calcium oxalate visible with (light) polarization - not assoc. with malignancy.
**Calcium oxalate visible with (light) [[polarization]] - not associated with [[breast cancer|malignancy]].
**Often in the lumen of a gland, may be in the stroma.
**Often in the lumen of a gland, may be in the stroma.
**Calcific material typically has a well-demarcated border +/- "sharp corners".
**Calcific material typically has a well-demarcated border +/- "sharp corners".
**Radiologists can pick-up calcs (calcifications) that are approximately 100 micrometers; if "calcs" is on the requisition one needs to find calcs this size.<ref>MUA. 1 October 2010.</ref>  
**Radiologists can pick-up calcs (calcifications) that are approximately 100 micrometers; if "calcs" is on the requisition one needs to find calcs this size.<ref>MUA. 1 October 2010.</ref>  
***The large calcs seen on radiology are approximately 1/5 - 1/6 the size of a HPF, if the field of view (FOV) is ~0.55 mm (as is the case with 22 mm-10x eye pieces and a 40x objective).
***The large calcs seen on radiology are approximately 1/5 - 1/6 the size of a HPF, if the field of view (FOV) is ~0.55 mm (as is the case with 22 mm-10x eye pieces and a 40x objective).
Image:
*[http://www.breastpathology.info/Images/calcs/FatNec1_700.jpg Breast with calcifications (breastpathology.info)].


Notes:
Notes:
*The architecture is more important than the cytologic features in the diagnosis of malignancy in the breast;<ref>RS. 4 May 2010.</ref> low grade tumours have distorted architecture but normal/near normal cytology.
*The architecture is more important than the cytologic features in the diagnosis of malignancy in the breast;<ref>RS. 4 May 2010.</ref> low grade tumours have distorted architecture but normal/near normal cytology.
===Image===
*[http://www.breastpathology.info/Images/calcs/FatNec1_700.jpg Breast with calcifications (breastpathology.info)].
*[http://www.wjso.com/content/7/1/70/figure/F3 Resting breast tissue (wjso.com)].


==Lactational changes==
==Lactational changes==
*[[AKA]] secretory change, [[AKA]] lactational adenoma.<ref>URL: [Breast_pathology#Lactational_changes Breast_pathology#Lactational_changes. Accessed on: 3 October 2011.</ref>
*[[AKA]] secretory change, [[AKA]] lactational adenoma, [[AKA]] lactating adenoma <ref>URL: [Breast_pathology#Lactational_changes Breast_pathology#Lactational_changes. Accessed on: 3 October 2011.</ref>
===General===
===General===
*Lactational adenoma generally arises in during or in the few weeks after pregnancy.
*May be present focally in non-pregnant females.
*May be present focally in non-pregnant females.
*"Lactational adenoma"- circumscribed mass displacing the normal breast architecture (hyperplasia plus functional/physiologic change)
*"Lactational change"- normal breast tissue architecture preserved (functional/physiologic change).


ASIDE:
ASIDE:
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*Luminal cells enlarged.
*Luminal cells enlarged.
**Vacuolated cytoplasm.
**Vacuolated cytoplasm.
**Hobnail morphology - hang into the lumen.
**[[Hobnail morphology]] - hang into the lumen.
*Myoepithelial cells indistinct - after second trimester.
*Myoepithelial cells indistinct - after second trimester.
*Lactational "adenoma" may undergo infarction - Imagine what an infarcted lactational adenoma could look like in a FNA specimen!


DDx:
DDx:
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Image:Lactational_change_-_low_mag.jpg | Lactational change - low mag. (WC/Nephron)
Image:Lactational_change_-_low_mag.jpg | Lactational change - low mag. (WC/Nephron)
Image:Lactational_change_-_high_mag.jpg | Lactational change - high mag. (WC/Nephron)
Image:Lactational_change_-_high_mag.jpg | Lactational change - high mag. (WC/Nephron)
Image:Breast LactationalChange MP CTR.jpg|Breast - Lactational Change - medium power (SKB)
Image:Breast LactationalChange HP CTR.jpg|Breast - Lactational Change - high power (SKB)
Image:Breast LactationalAdenoma MP CTR.jpg|Breast - Lactational adenoma - medium power (SKB)
Image:Breast LactationalAdenoma HP CTR.jpg|Breast - Lactational adenoma - high power (SKB)
Image:Breast LactationalAdenoma LP SNP.jpg|Breast - Lactational adenoma - low power (SKB)
Image::Breast LactationalAdenoma MP SNP.jpg|Breast - Lactational adenoma - high power (SKB)
Image:Breast LactatingAdenoma (4) PA.JPG|Breast - Lactational adenoma - low power (SKB)
Image:Breast LactationalAdenoma MP SNP.jpg|Lactational adenoma - high power - in this example, the epithelium is flattened with clear bubbly cytoplasm (SKB)
Image:Breast LactatingAdenoma HP PA.JPG|Breast - Lactational adenoma - high power - shows snouting and decapitation secretion. (SKB)
</gallery>
</gallery>


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*[http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/CorePages/FemaleRepro/femalerepro.htm#LabMamm Lactating breast (uwa.edu.au)].
*[http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/CorePages/FemaleRepro/femalerepro.htm#LabMamm Lactating breast (uwa.edu.au)].


=Where to start=
==Major Pathologic Patterns==
{{Main|Short_power_list#Breast_pathology|Long_power_list#Breast_pathology}}
The following entities are a starting point for understanding routine breast pathology & some of challenges in breast pathology:
#Apocrine change.
#*Pink benign cells.
#Columnar cell change.
#*Columnar cells with blebs ("snouts") - often have calcifications (purple).
#[[Fibroadenoma]].
#*Abundant myxoid (light/blanched) stroma - very common.
#[[Florid epithelial hyperplasia]].
#*Too many cells in a duct, cells overlap & form slit-like spaces.
#[[Ductal carcinoma in situ]] (DCIS).
#*Too many cells in a duct, nuclei do not touch - "cells are spaced".
#*Cells line-up around ovoid/circular spaces - "punch-out" appearance/"cookie cutter" look.
#*Myoepithelial cells present.
#[[Invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast|Invasive ductal carcinoma]].
#*Bread & butter cancer - in sheets or glands.
#[[Lobular carcinoma]].
#*Dyscohesive cells - can easily be missed.
#[[Tubular carcinoma]].
#*Glands have one cell layer... but near normal appearance.
 
The key to breast pathology is... seeing the two cell layers (at low power).  The myoepithelial layer is hard to see at times and that is the challenge.
 
==Common diagnoses - overview==
*Normal.
*Benign.
**Columnar cell change.
***Calcification often in lumen.
*Neoplastic.
**Benign neoplastic:
***Epithelial/myoepithelial - [[intraductal papilloma]].
***Stromal - fibroadenoma, benign phyllodes.
**Malignant neoplastic:
***Epithelial/myoepithelial - most common, e.g. ductal carcinoma, lobular carcinoma.
***Breast stroma - malignant phyllodes tumour.
***Stromal, e.g. [[angiosarcoma]] - quite rare.
 
==A tree diagram (overview)==
===General classification===
===General classification===
<!--
<!--
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{{familytree | D | | | | | | E | | | | | | F |D=Unremarkable<br>papillae|E=Atypia ''or'' arch. abnorm.<br>''or'' cellular proliferation|F=Neoplastic cells<br>present}}
{{familytree | D | | | | | | E | | | | | | F |D=Unremarkable<br>papillae|E=Atypia ''or'' arch. abnorm.<br>''or'' cellular proliferation|F=Neoplastic cells<br>present}}
{{familytree | |!| | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | |!| |}}
{{familytree | |!| | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | |!| |}}
{{familytree | G | | H | | I | | J | | K |G=Benign<br>intraductal<br>papilloma|H=High grade atypia|I=Low grade atypia<br>''or'' abnorm. arch.|J=''Only'' cellular<br>proliferation|K=[[Invasive papillary carcinoma of the breast|Intracystic<br> (encapsulated)<br>papillary ca.]]}}
{{familytree | G | | H | | I | | J | | K |G=[[intraductal papilloma of the breast|Benign<br>intraductal<br>papilloma]]|H=High grade atypia|I=Low grade atypia<br>''or'' abnorm. arch.|J=''Only'' cellular<br>proliferation|K=[[Encapsulated papillary carcinoma of the breast|Intracystic<br> (encapsulated)<br>papillary ca.]]}}
{{familytree | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | L | | |!| | | N | | | | |L=DCIS in<br>papilloma|N=[[FEHUT]] in<br>papilloma}}
{{familytree | | | | | L | | |!| | | N | | | | |L=[[DCIS]] in<br>papilloma|N=[[FEHUT]] in<br>papilloma}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | P | | Q | | | | | | |P=>3 mm extent|Q=<3 mm extent}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | P | | Q | | | | | | |P=>3 mm extent|Q=<3 mm extent}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | R | | S | | | | | | |R=DCIS in<br>papilloma|S=ADH in<br>papilloma}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | R | | S | | | | | | |R=DCIS in<br>papilloma|S=[[ADH]] in<br>papilloma}}
{{familytree/end}}
{{familytree/end}}
Notes:  
Notes:  
*Adapted from ''Mulligan & O'Malley''.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Mulligan AM, O'Malley FP |title=Papillary lesions of the breast: a review |journal=Adv Anat Pathol |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=108–19 |year=2007 |month=March |pmid=17471117 |doi=10.1097/PAP.0b013e318032508d |url=}}</ref>
*Adapted from ''Mulligan & O'Malley''.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Mulligan AM, O'Malley FP |title=Papillary lesions of the breast: a review |journal=Adv Anat Pathol |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=108–19 |year=2007 |month=March |pmid=17471117 |doi=10.1097/PAP.0b013e318032508d |url=}}</ref>
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===General===
===General===
*No increased risk of malignancy.
*No increased risk of malignancy.
**Often ''not'' reported - as it has not clinical signficance.
**Often ''not'' reported - as it has no clinical signficance.
*Has to be separated from ''[[moderate epithelial hyperplasia]]'' / ''[[florid epithelial hyperplasia]]''.
*Has to be separated from ''[[moderate epithelial hyperplasia]]'' / ''[[florid epithelial hyperplasia]]''.


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==Apocrine metaplasia==
==Apocrine metaplasia==
===General===
{{Main|Apocrine metaplasia of the breast}}
*Benign/not significant.  Can be considered to be pretty wallpaper in the house of breast pathology.
 
====Etiology====
*Increased number of mitochondria.
**In other body sites this has different names, e.g. ''[[Hurthle cell change]]'' (thyroid), ''[[oncocytoma|oncocytic]] change'' (kidney - [[oncocytoma]], thyroid).


===Microscopic===
==Duct ectasia==
Features:
*Dilation of large ducts secondary to luminal obstruction by inspissated secretions
*Eosinophilic cytoplasm - '''key feature'''.
*Presentation
 
**~age 40-50, possibly with cheesy nipple discharge
Note:
*Pathology
*Apocrine changes, i.e. cytoplasmic eosinophilia, can appear in malignant tumours; eosinophilia doesn't make something benign.
**Duct lumen dilated and containing foamy macrophages
*Apocrine snouts may be present. (???)
**Necrosis/shedding of epithelium
**Small globules at the apical aspect of the cell (composed of cytoplasm and plasma membrane).
**If duct rupture: chronic and granulomatous inflammation of periductal region
 
**Fibrotic thickening of duct wall
====Images====
<gallery>
<gallery>
Image:Fibrocystic_change_-_very_high_mag.jpg | FCC with apocrine metaplasia (right bottom of image) - high mag. (WC/Nephron).
Image:Breast DuctEctasia LP PA.JPG|Breast -  Duct Ectasia - low power (SKB)
Image:Breast DuctEctasia MP2 PA.JPG|Breast -  Duct Ectasia - low power (SKB)
Image:Breast DuctEctasia MP PA.JPG|Breast -  Duct Ectasia - medium power (SKB)
</gallery>
</gallery>


==Fibrocystic change==
==Fibrocystic change==
*Abbreviated ''FCC''.
{{Main|Breast fibrocystic changes}}
*[[AKA]] ''fibrocystic changes''.
*[[AKA]] ''fibrocystic changes'' (abbreviated ''FCC'').
 
===General===
*Really common.
*Benign.
 
===Microscopic===
Features:
*Dilated glands - '''key change'''.
**Glands normal: two cell layers present.
*Often seen together with ''apocrine metaplasia''.
 
====Images====
<gallery>
Image:Fibrocystic_change_-_intermed_mag.jpg | FCC - intermed. mag. (WC/Nephron)
Image:Fibrocystic_change_-_very_high_mag.jpg | FCC - high mag. (WC/Nephron)
Image:Phyllodes_tumour_-_very_low_mag.jpg | FCC - left of image - and a phyllodes tumour - very low mag. (WC/Nephron)
</gallery>


==Columnar cell change==
==Columnar cell change==
*Abbreviated ''[[CCC]]''.
{{Main|Columnar cell change of the breast}}
*[[AKA]] ''blunt duct adenosis''.
===General===
*Columnar cell change is associated with (benign) calcification - '''key point'''.
 
===Microscopic===
Features:
*Secretory cells (line gland lumen) have columnar morphology.
*May have "apical snouts".
**Blebs or round balls eosinophilic material appear to be adjacent to the cell at their luminal surface.
**The snouts are attached to the cell-- appear as round ball only in the plane of section.
*Cytoplasm +/-eosinophilia.
 
DDx:
*Flat epithelial atypia (>2 cell layers).{{Fact}}
 
Image:
*[http://webpathology.com/image.asp?case=652&n=1 Columnar cell change (webpathology.com)].


==Gynecomastoid hyperplasia==
==Gynecomastoid hyperplasia==
*[[AKA]] ''gynecomastia''.
*[[AKA]] ''gynecomastia''.
{{Main|Gynecomastoid hyperplasia}}
{{Main|Gynecomastoid hyperplasia}}
==Breast prostheses==
{{Main|Breast prostheses}}


=Lesions with increased risk of malignancy=
=Lesions with increased risk of malignancy=


==Florid epithelial hyperplasia==
==Florid epithelial hyperplasia==
*[[AKA]] ''florid epithelial hyperplasia'', abbreviated ''FEH''.
*AKA ''florid epithelial hyperplasia of the usual type'', abbreviated ''FEHUT''.
*AKA ''florid epithelial hyperplasia of the usual type'', abbreviated ''FEHUT''.
*AKA ''epithelial hyperplasia'' - term should be avoid as it could lead to confusion with ''[[mild epithelial hyperplasia]]''.
*AKA ''epithelial hyperplasia'' - term should be avoid as it could lead to confusion with ''[[mild epithelial hyperplasia]]''.
 
*AKA ''usual ductal hyperplasia'', abbreviated ''UDH''.
===General===
{{Main|Florid epithelial hyperplasia}}
*Mild increased risk of malignancy ~ 1.5-2x.<ref>{{Ref PCPBoD8|542}}</ref>
*Has to be separated from ''[[mild epithelial hyperplasia]]''.
 
Note:
*''Moderate epithelial hyperplasia'' redirects to this section.
**It is generally not separated from FEH, as the prognosis is thought to be the same.
 
===Microscopic===
Features:<ref>{{Ref BP|159-160}}</ref>
*Breast glands with ''more than'' four cell layers above the basement membrane - '''key feature'''.
*Irregular cell spacing; streaming.
*Slit-like lumina, esp. at the periphery of the duct.
*No [[DCIS]]-like architecture (not cribriform, not papillary, not micropapillary, not solid).
*No nuclear atypia - usually no [[nucleoli]].
 
Memory device ''CLEAN'':
*'''C'''ell spacing is irregular, '''L'''umina are slit-like, '''E'''xtent is less than 2 mm or 2 ducts, '''A'''rchitecture ''not'' DCIS-like, '''N'''uclear atypia ''not'' present.
 
DDx:
*[[Mild epithelial hyperplasia]].
*[[Atypical ductal hyperplasia]].
*Cribriform [[ductal carcinoma in situ]]


==Sclerosing adenosis==
==Sclerosing adenosis==
===General===
{{Main|Sclerosing adenosis of the breast}}
*Can be scary... can look like [[ductal carcinoma]].
*Derived from ''sclerosing''<ref>URL: [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/sclerosis http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/sclerosis]. Accessed on: 16 March 2011.</ref> (hardening) and ''adenosis'' (glandular enlargement).
**Think ''scaring'' + ''lotsa glands'' and you're pretty close.
*Management: follow-up, no further treatment.<ref>URL: [http://www.breastcancercare.org.uk/breast-cancer-information/breast-awareness/benign-breast-conditions/sclerosing-lesions http://www.breastcancercare.org.uk/breast-cancer-information/breast-awareness/benign-breast-conditions/sclerosing-lesions]. Accessed on: 30 April 2012.</ref>
===Microscopic===
Features:
*Acini are smaller than usual and there are more of them.
**Acini often slit-like.
*Fibrosis (scleroses) - pink on H&E surrounds the acini.
**Can mimic a [[desmoplastic reaction]].
 
Notes:
*The acini should:
**Be in lobular arrangements, i.e. in groups (benign appearance at low power) - '''key feature'''.
**Have two cell layers like well-behaved breast glands do.
 
DDx:
*Low-grade ductal carcinoma.
*[[Tubular adenoma of the breast]].
*[[Adenomyoepithelioma]].<ref name=chu>Chu et al. (2006). Adenomyoepithelioma of the Breast — A Case Report. Tzu Chi Med J. Vol. 18 No. 1. URL:URL: [http://www.tzuchi.com.tw/file/tcmj/95-1/2-8.pdf http://www.tzuchi.com.tw/file/tcmj/95-1/2-8.pdf]. Accessed on: 28 April 2012.</ref>


==Flat epithelial atypia==
==Flat epithelial atypia==
===General===
*Abbreviated ''FEA''.
Epidemiology:
{{Main|Flat epithelial atypia}}
*Associated with ADH & DCIS; may represent a non-obligate precursor lesion of ADH & DCIS.<ref name=pmid18384213>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Lerwill | first1 = MF. | title = Flat epithelial atypia of the breast. | journal = Arch Pathol Lab Med | volume = 132 | issue = 4 | pages = 615-21 | month = Apr | year = 2008 | doi = 10.1043/1543-2165(2008)132[615:FEAOTB]2.0.CO;2 | PMID = 18384213 }}</ref>
*Low risk of progression to invasive malignancy.<ref name=pmid12927037>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Schnitt | first1 = SJ. | title = The diagnosis and management of pre-invasive breast disease: flat epithelial atypia--classification, pathologic features and clinical significance. | journal = Breast Cancer Res | volume = 5 | issue = 5 | pages = 263-8 | month =  | year = 2003 | doi = 10.1186/bcr625 | PMID = 12927037 }}</ref>
 
Management:
*Excision.
 
===Microscopic===
Features:
*"Flat" ~ three cells thick.
*Hypercellular gland -- several layers.
*Columnar cell morphology.
*+/-Apical snouts.
 
DDx:
*[[Columnar cell change]].
*Columnar cell hyperplasia.
*[[ADH]].
*Low grade [[DCIS]].
*Apocrine cyst - granular cytoplasm.
*[[Tubular carcinoma]] - should be considered due to the association.
 
===Molecular===
*Loss of 16q.
**Not used for [[diagnosis]].


==Complex sclerosing lesion==
==Complex sclerosing lesion==
*[[AKA]] ''radial scar''.
*[[AKA]] ''radial scar''.
===General===
{{Main|Complex sclerosing lesion}}
*The term ''radial scar'' is a misnomer. It isn't a ''scar''. It isn't associated with prior trauma or surgery.<ref name=Ref_PBoD8_1072>{{Ref PBoD8|1072}}</ref>
*May appear malignant on imaging.<ref name=pmid11167596>{{cite journal |author=Ung OA, Lee WB, Greenberg ML, Bilous M |title=Complex sclerosing lesion: the lesion is complex, the management is straightforward |journal=ANZ J Surg |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=35–40 |year=2001 |month=January |pmid=11167596 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*Associated with subsequent elevated risk of breast cancer.<ref>URL: [http://www.cancer.org/docroot/NWS/content/NWS_1_1x_Radial_Scars.asp http://www.cancer.org/docroot/NWS/content/NWS_1_1x_Radial_Scars.asp]. Accessed on: 4 May 2010.</ref>
*Management - usu. surgical excision.<ref name=pmid14514771>{{cite journal |author=Kennedy M, Masterson AV, Kerin M, Flanagan F |title=Pathology and clinical relevance of radial scars: a review |journal=J. Clin. Pathol. |volume=56 |issue=10 |pages=721–4 |year=2003 |month=October |pmid=14514771 |pmc=1770086 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
===Gross===
*Spiculated mass.
*Usually small - 3-7 mm.
 
====Image====
<gallery>
Image:Radial_scar.jpg | Radial scar - gross. (WC)
</gallery>
===Microscopic===
Features:<ref name=pmid14514771>{{cite journal |author=Kennedy M, Masterson AV, Kerin M, Flanagan F |title=Pathology and clinical relevance of radial scars: a review |journal=J. Clin. Pathol. |volume=56 |issue=10 |pages=721–4 |year=2003 |month=October |pmid=14514771 |pmc=1770086 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name=Ref_BP91>{{Ref BP|91}}</ref>
*Stellate appearance (low magnification).
*Center of lesion has "fibroelastosis" - stroma light pink (on H&E) - '''key feature'''.
**Scar like stroma with entrapped normal breast ducts and lobules.
**Glands appear to enlarge with distance from center of lesion.
 
Notes:
*Histomorphologic appearance may mimic a [[desmoplastic reaction]] of the stroma - leading to a misdiagnosis of malignancy.
*"[[Hyaline]] - pink stuff on H&E - is the key."<ref>RS. May 2010.</ref>
 
DDx:
*[[Invasive ductal carcinoma]] - should be considered if the lesion is asymmetrical ''or'' glands are dilated centrally.
 
Image:
*[http://www.breastpathology.info/Images/Benign/Radial_scar/rs3a_700.jpg Radial scar (breastpathology.info)].
 
===IHC===
Features:
*p63 +ve.
*Calponin +ve.
 
Note:
*HMWK +ve/-ve. (???)


=Stromal lesions=
=Stromal lesions=
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==Collagenous spherulosis==
==Collagenous spherulosis==
*[[AKA]] ''mucinous spherulosis'', [[AKA]] ''spherulosis''.<ref name=stanford_collspher>URL: [http://surgpathcriteria.stanford.edu/breast/collspher/ http://surgpathcriteria.stanford.edu/breast/collspher/]. Accessed on: 4 September 2011.</ref>
*[[AKA]] ''mucinous spherulosis'', [[AKA]] ''spherulosis''.<ref name=stanford_collspher>URL: [http://surgpathcriteria.stanford.edu/breast/collspher/ http://surgpathcriteria.stanford.edu/breast/collspher/]. Accessed on: 4 September 2011.</ref>
===General===
{{Main|Collagenous spherulosis}}
*Benign.
*Almost always an incidental finding.
*Can mimic [[ADH]], [[cribriform DCIS]], [[adenoid cystic carcinoma of the breast|adenoid cystic carcinoma]].<ref name=pmid16330938>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Resetkova | first1 = E. | last2 = Albarracin | first2 = C. | last3 = Sneige | first3 = N. | title = Collagenous spherulosis of breast: morphologic study of 59 cases and review of the literature. | journal = Am J Surg Pathol | volume = 30 | issue = 1 | pages = 20-7 | month = Jan | year = 2006 | doi =  | PMID = 16330938 }}</ref>
**Epidemiologically, it may be associated with [[LCIS]].<ref name=pmid16330938/>
 
===Microscopic===
Features:<ref name=stanford_collspher>URL: [http://surgpathcriteria.stanford.edu/breast/collspher/ http://surgpathcriteria.stanford.edu/breast/collspher/]. Accessed on: 4 September 2011.</ref><ref>URL: [http://www.hsc.stonybrook.edu/breast-atlas/V-33.htm http://www.hsc.stonybrook.edu/breast-atlas/V-33.htm]. Accessed on: 31 August 2011.</ref>
*Tubular/cribriform architecture.
*Intratubular eosinophilic material - '''key feature'''.
**Classical: Arranged like the spokes of a wheel ("radial spikes").
**Atypical: Granules ~ 1-2 micrometers.
*No mitotic activity.
*Two cells populations (epithelial & myoepithelial) - like a well-behaved breast gland.
 
Notes:
*Usually small lesions: < 50 spherules per lesion, <100 micrometers.
*May be multifocal.
*+/-Calcifications - may prompt biopsy.
 
DDx:
*[[Atypical ductal hyperplasia]].
*[[Cribriform DCIS]].
*[[Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the breast]].
 
====Images====
<gallery>
Image:Collagenous_spherulosis_-_intermed_mag.jpg | Collagenous spherulosis - intermed. mag. (WC/Nephron)
Image:Collagenous_spherulosis_-_very_high_mag.jpg | Collagenous spherulosis - very high mag. (WC/Nephron)
</gallery>
www:
*[http://www.hsc.stonybrook.edu/breast-atlas/V-33.htm Collagenous spherulosis (stonybrook.edu)].


==Nipple adenoma==
==Nipple adenoma==
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==Intraductal papilloma==
==Intraductal papilloma==
*[[AKA]] ''papilloma''.
*[[AKA]] ''papilloma''.
{{Main|Intraductal papilloma}}
{{Main|Intraductal papilloma of the breast}}


==Lymphocytic mastitis==
==Lymphocytic mastitis==
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===Microscopic===
===Microscopic===
:See ''[[granular cell tumour]]''.
:See ''[[granular cell tumour]]''.
DDx:
*[[Invasive lobular carcinoma]].<ref name=pmid21398688>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Tan | first1 = PH. | last2 = Harada | first2 = O. | last3 = Thike | first3 = AA. | last4 = Tse | first4 = GM. | title = Histiocytoid breast carcinoma: an enigmatic lobular entity. | journal = J Clin Pathol | volume = 64 | issue = 8 | pages = 654-9 | month = Aug | year = 2011 | doi = 10.1136/jcp.2011.088930 | PMID = 21398688 }}</ref>


=See also=
=See also=
Michael
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