Difference between revisions of "Neurohistology"

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Neurohistology (view source)

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Image: [http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/sbumcfiles/images/238-002.jpg Motor neuron (stonybrookmedicalcenter.org)].
Image: [http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/sbumcfiles/images/238-002.jpg Motor neuron (stonybrookmedicalcenter.org)].


==Histology by anatomical structure==
=Histology by anatomical structure=
===Subependyma===
==Subependyma==
Features:<ref>Croul SE. 28 June 2010.</ref>
Features:<ref>Croul SE. 28 June 2010.</ref>
*Ependyma (simple ciliated cuboidal epithelium).
*Ependyma (simple ciliated cuboidal epithelium).
*Subependymal plate - connective tissue with blood vessels.
*Subependymal plate - connective tissue with blood vessels.


===Pons===
==Pons==
Features:
Features:
*Looks like bacon.<ref>Croul SE. 28 June 2010.</ref>
*Looks like bacon.<ref>Croul SE. 28 June 2010.</ref>
*Image: [http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/sbumcfiles/images/243-scout.jpg Pons (stonybrookmedicalcenter.org)].
*Image: [http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/sbumcfiles/images/243-scout.jpg Pons (stonybrookmedicalcenter.org)].


===Caudate===
==Caudate==
Features:
Features:
*Neurons with adjacent ependymal lining.<ref>URL: [http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/pathology/neuropathology/chapter1 http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/pathology/neuropathology/chapter1]. Accessed on: 2 July 2010.</ref>
*Neurons with adjacent ependymal lining.<ref>URL: [http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/pathology/neuropathology/chapter1 http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/pathology/neuropathology/chapter1]. Accessed on: 2 July 2010.</ref>
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Notes:  
Notes:  
*Caudate, putamen and nucleus accumbens are collectively called ''neostriatum''.<ref name=Ref_PSNP23-24>{{Ref PSNP|23-34}}</ref>
*Caudate, putamen and nucleus accumbens are collectively called ''neostriatum''.<ref name=Ref_PSNP23-24>{{Ref PSNP|23-34}}</ref>
===Putamen===
==Putamen==
Features:
Features:
*Histologically identical to the ''caudate'' - but not adjacent to a ventricle, i.e. an ependymal lining.
*Histologically identical to the ''caudate'' - but not adjacent to a ventricle, i.e. an ependymal lining.
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***Image: [http://frontalcortex.com/?page=oll&topic=24&qid=760 Pencils of Wilson (frontalcortex.com)].
***Image: [http://frontalcortex.com/?page=oll&topic=24&qid=760 Pencils of Wilson (frontalcortex.com)].


===Globus pallidus===
==Globus pallidus==
*[[AKA]] ''paleostriatum''.<ref name=Ref_PSNP23>{{Ref PSNP|23}}</ref>
*[[AKA]] ''paleostriatum''.<ref name=Ref_PSNP23>{{Ref PSNP|23}}</ref>


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*Histologically distinct from caudate and putamen.
*Histologically distinct from caudate and putamen.


===Hippocampus===
==Hippocampus==
====Structures====
===Structures===
Hippocampal formation:<ref>URL: [http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/pathology/neuropathology/chapter1 http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/pathology/neuropathology/chapter1]. Accessed on: 2 July 2010.</ref>
Hippocampal formation:<ref>URL: [http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/pathology/neuropathology/chapter1 http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/pathology/neuropathology/chapter1]. Accessed on: 2 July 2010.</ref>
#Dentate gyrus.  
#Dentate gyrus.  
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*CA2 - resistant to ischemia.
*CA2 - resistant to ischemia.


====Layers of CA<ref name=Ref_PSNP25>{{Ref PSNP|25}}</ref>====
===Layers of CA<ref name=Ref_PSNP25>{{Ref PSNP|25}}</ref>===
#Molecular layer - opposed to the dentate gyrus (of Hippocampal formation).
#Molecular layer - opposed to the dentate gyrus (of Hippocampal formation).
#Neurons (described above).
#Neurons (described above).
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#*Connects to the ''mammillary bodies'' via the ''fornix'' (circuit of Papez).
#*Connects to the ''mammillary bodies'' via the ''fornix'' (circuit of Papez).


===Cerebellum===
==Cerebellum==
Main components:
Main components:
*Cortex (superficial) - branches (Christmas tree-like).
*Cortex (superficial) - branches (Christmas tree-like).
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**Image: [http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/sbumcfiles/images/227-scout.jpg Cerebellum, cortex & dendate nucleus - low power (stonybrookmedicalcenter.org)].
**Image: [http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/sbumcfiles/images/227-scout.jpg Cerebellum, cortex & dendate nucleus - low power (stonybrookmedicalcenter.org)].


Dentate nucleus:<ref name=Ref_PSNP27>{{Ref PSNP|27}}</ref>
===Dentate nucleus===
*Ribbon of grey matter consisting of:
Features:<ref name=Ref_PSNP27>{{Ref PSNP|27}}</ref>
*Ribbon of grey matter.
**Large neurons.
**Large neurons.
**Small neurons.
**Small neurons.


Cerebellar cortex:
===Cerebellar cortex===
*Layers (superficial to deep) - mnemonic ''MPG'':<ref>URL: [http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/pathology/neuropathology/chapter1 http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/pathology/neuropathology/chapter1]. Accessed on: 2 July 2010.</ref>
*Layers (superficial to deep) - mnemonic ''MPG'':<ref>URL: [http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/pathology/neuropathology/chapter1 http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/pathology/neuropathology/chapter1]. Accessed on: 2 July 2010.</ref>
*#Molecular layer -- "very pink" on H&E.
*#Molecular layer -- "very pink" on H&E.
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*''Bergmann glia'' are found between the molecular layer & granular layer.  They are normally not seen.  They are increased & prominent in pathologic states (e.g. ischemia); "Bergmann gliosis".<ref name=Ref_PSNP18>{{Ref PSNP|18}}</ref>
*''Bergmann glia'' are found between the molecular layer & granular layer.  They are normally not seen.  They are increased & prominent in pathologic states (e.g. ischemia); "Bergmann gliosis".<ref name=Ref_PSNP18>{{Ref PSNP|18}}</ref>


===Cerebral cortex===
==Cerebral cortex==
Layers (superficial to deep):
Layers (superficial to deep):
#Molecular layer.
#Molecular layer.
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#*Where the thalamic axons end.
#*Where the thalamic axons end.
#*Divided in three (''a'', ''b'', ''c'') in the calcarine cortex due to two white matter bands (external band of Baillarger, internal band of Baillarger) than are grossly identified as the ''line of Gennari''.<ref name=Ref_PSNP24>{{Ref PSNP|24}}</ref>
#*Divided in three (''a'', ''b'', ''c'') in the calcarine cortex due to two white matter bands (external band of Baillarger, internal band of Baillarger) than are grossly identified as the ''line of Gennari''.<ref name=Ref_PSNP24>{{Ref PSNP|24}}</ref>
#**Image: [http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/iacp-olp/APAQ-Images/N1-MS-01-01.gif Calcarine cortex (ouhsc.edu)].<ref>URL: [http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/iacp-olp/apaq-text/N1-MS-01-01-Ans.htm http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/iacp-olp/apaq-text/N1-MS-01-01-Ans.htm] and [http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/iacp-olp/apaq-text/n1-ms-01.htm http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/iacp-olp/apaq-text/n1-ms-01.htm]. Accessed on: 31 October 2010.</ref>
#Inner pyramidal layer.
#Inner pyramidal layer.
#*Location of ''Betz neurons'' - large motor neurons of cerebral cortex.
#*Location of ''Betz neurons'' - large motor neurons of cerebral cortex.
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*[http://www.benbest.com/science/anatmind/anatmd5.html Cerebral cortex (benbest.com)].
*[http://www.benbest.com/science/anatmind/anatmd5.html Cerebral cortex (benbest.com)].


===Pineal gland===
==Pineal gland==
Features:<ref name=Ref_PSNP25-26>{{Ref_PSNP|25-26}}</ref><ref name=Blue_Histology_-_Endocrines>URL: [http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/corepages/endocrines/endocrin.htm http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/corepages/endocrines/endocrin.htm]. Accessed on: 31 October 2010.</ref>
Features:<ref name=Ref_PSNP25-26>{{Ref_PSNP|25-26}}</ref><ref name=Blue_Histology_-_Endocrines>URL: [http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/corepages/endocrines/endocrin.htm http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/corepages/endocrines/endocrin.htm]. Accessed on: 31 October 2010.</ref>
*Cells in lobulated clusters or linear arrays (low power).
*Cells in lobulated clusters or linear arrays (low power).
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Notes:
Notes:
*Highly cellular structure - may be confused with (metastatic) small cell carcinoma.
*Highly cellular structure - may be confused with (metastatic) small cell carcinoma.
*Often calcified.


IHC:
===IHC===
*Synaptophysin +ve.<ref name=Ref_PSNP25-26>{{Ref_PSNP|25-26}}</ref>
*Synaptophysin +ve.<ref name=Ref_PSNP25-26>{{Ref_PSNP|25-26}}</ref>


==See also==
=See also=
*[[Neuropathology]].
*[[Neuropathology]].
*[[Muscle biopsy]].
*[[Muscle biopsy]].
*[[CNS tumours]].
*[[CNS tumours]].


==References==
=References=
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}


==External links==
=External links=
*[http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/pathology/neuropathology/chapter1 Neuropathology micrographs - identifying the site (stonybrookmedicalcenter.org)].
*[http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/pathology/neuropathology/chapter1 Neuropathology micrographs - identifying the site (stonybrookmedicalcenter.org)].
*[http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/Curriculum/VM8054/Labs/Lab9/lab9.htm Neural tissues - veterinary histology (vetmed.vt.edu)].
*[http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/Curriculum/VM8054/Labs/Lab9/lab9.htm Neural tissues - veterinary histology (vetmed.vt.edu)].
Michael
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