Difference between revisions of "Neurohistology"

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Neurohistology (view source)

Revision as of 01:13, 1 November 2010

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replace refs, hippocampus, pineal gland
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(replace refs, hippocampus, pineal gland)
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| round small nucleus
| round small nucleus
| peri-nuclear clearing
| peri-nuclear clearing
|
| [http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/Curriculum/VM8054/Labs/Lab9/IMAGES/OLIGODENDROCYTE%20400X%20B.jpg (vetmed.vt.edu)]
|-
|-
|Microglia
|Microglia
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==Histology by anatomical structure==
==Histology by anatomical structure==
===Subependyma===
===Subependyma===
Features:<ref>Half-day. 28 June 2010.</ref>
Features:<ref>Croul SE. 28 June 2010.</ref>
*Ependyma (simple ciliated cuboidal epithelium).
*Ependyma (simple ciliated cuboidal epithelium).
*Subependymal plate - connective tissue with blood vessels.
*Subependymal plate - connective tissue with blood vessels.
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===Pons===
===Pons===
Features:
Features:
*Looks like bacon.<ref>Half-day. 28 June 2010.</ref>
*Looks like bacon.<ref>Croul SE. 28 June 2010.</ref>
*Image: [http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/sbumcfiles/images/243-scout.jpg Pons (stonybrookmedicalcenter.org)].
*Image: [http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/sbumcfiles/images/243-scout.jpg Pons (stonybrookmedicalcenter.org)].


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**The caudate forms lateral wall of lateral ventricle.
**The caudate forms lateral wall of lateral ventricle.


Notes:
*Caudate, putamen and nucleus accumbens are collectively called ''neostriatum''.<ref name=Ref_PSNP23-24>{{Ref PSNP|23-34}}</ref>
===Putamen===
===Putamen===
Features:
Features:
*Histologically identical to the ''caudate'' - but not adjacent to a ventricle, i.e. an ependymal lining.
*Histologically identical to the ''caudate'' - but not adjacent to a ventricle, i.e. an ependymal lining.
*Striatopallidal fibers [[AKA]] ''pencils of Wilson'' - bundles of blue fibres (on H&E LFB).
*Striatopallidal fibers [[AKA]] ''pencils of Wilson'' (also ''pencil fibers of Wilson''<ref name=Ref_PSNP23-24>{{Ref PSNP|23-34}}</ref>) - bundles of blue fibres (on H&E LFB).
**Image: [http://frontalcortex.com/?page=oll&topic=24&qid=760 Pencils of Wilson (frontalcortex.com)].
**Internal capsule associated white matter.
***Image: [http://frontalcortex.com/?page=oll&topic=24&qid=760 Pencils of Wilson (frontalcortex.com)].


===Globus pallidus===
===Globus pallidus===
*[[AKA]] ''paleostriatum''.<ref name=Ref_PSNP23>{{Ref PSNP|23}}</ref>
Features:
Features:
*Histologically distinct from caudate and putamen.
*Histologically distinct from caudate and putamen.


===Hippocampus===
===Hippocampus===
====Structures====
Hippocampal formation:<ref>URL: [http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/pathology/neuropathology/chapter1 http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/pathology/neuropathology/chapter1]. Accessed on: 2 July 2010.</ref>
Hippocampal formation:<ref>URL: [http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/pathology/neuropathology/chapter1 http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/pathology/neuropathology/chapter1]. Accessed on: 2 July 2010.</ref>
#Dentate gyrus.  
#Dentate gyrus.  
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#*Image: [http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/sbumcfiles/images/225-001.jpg Dentate gyrus (stonybrookmedicalcenter.org)].
#*Image: [http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/sbumcfiles/images/225-001.jpg Dentate gyrus (stonybrookmedicalcenter.org)].
#Hippocampus proper ([[AKA]] ''Ammon's horn'') - this is subdivided:
#Hippocampus proper ([[AKA]] ''Ammon's horn'') - this is subdivided:
#*CA3 - superior.
#*Cornu ammonis 3 (CA3) - location: superior.
#*CA1 - inferior (next to subiculum).
#**Large pyramidal neurons.
#*CA2 - in between CA3 and CA1, lateral.
#*CA1 (AKA Sommer's sector) - location: inferior (next to subiculum).
#*CA4 - medial (closest to dentate gyrus; CA4 sits in "open" part of "U").
#**Small dispersed pyramidal neurons.
#Subicular complex.
#*CA2 - location: in between CA3 and CA1, lateral.
#**Narrow band of neurons between CA3 and CA1.
#*CA4 - location: medial (closest to dentate gyrus; CA4 sits in "open" part of "U").
#Subiculum ([[AKA]] subicular complex).
#*Transitions to the six layers in the ''entorhinal cortex''.


Images:  
Images:  
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*[http://spinwarp.ucsd.edu/NeuroWeb/Text/br-800epi/br-800epi1.gif Hippocampus - crappy schematic (ucsd.edu)].
*[http://spinwarp.ucsd.edu/NeuroWeb/Text/br-800epi/br-800epi1.gif Hippocampus - crappy schematic (ucsd.edu)].


Important note:
Important notes:
*CA1 - weak link, dies in ischemia, affected by hypoglycemia.
*CA1 - weak link, dies in ischemia, affected by hypoglycemia, degenerative diseases and toxins.
*CA2 - resistant to ischemia.
*CA2 - resistant to ischemia.


DDx of ischemia-like changes in the hippocampus:
====Layers of CA<ref name=Ref_PSNP25>{{Ref PSNP|25}}</ref>====
*Toxins.
#Molecular layer - opposed to the dentate gyrus (of Hippocampal formation).
#Neurons (described above).
#Alveus - opposed to the lateral ventricle.
#*Connects to the ''mammillary bodies'' via the ''fornix'' (circuit of Papez).


===Cerebellum===
===Cerebellum===
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*Dentate nucleus (deep) - looks like the bite impression of a molar.
*Dentate nucleus (deep) - looks like the bite impression of a molar.
**Image: [http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/sbumcfiles/images/227-scout.jpg Cerebellum, cortex & dendate nucleus - low power (stonybrookmedicalcenter.org)].
**Image: [http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/sbumcfiles/images/227-scout.jpg Cerebellum, cortex & dendate nucleus - low power (stonybrookmedicalcenter.org)].
Dentate nucleus:<ref name=Ref_PSNP27>{{Ref PSNP|27}}</ref>
*Ribbon of grey matter consisting of:
**Large neurons.
**Small neurons.


Cerebellar cortex:  
Cerebellar cortex:  
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*#*Inhibitory interneurons: stellate cells, basket cells.
*#*Inhibitory interneurons: stellate cells, basket cells.
*#Purkinje cell layer.
*#Purkinje cell layer.
*#*One cell layer thick - hueuege cells (~50-80 micrometers<ref name=Ref_PSNP16>{{Ref PSNP|16}}}}</ref>).
*#*One cell layer thick - hueuege cells (~50-80 micrometers<ref name=Ref_PSNP16>{{Ref PSNP|16}}</ref>).
*#**Very large nucleus (~4x RBC diameter =~ 4x the size of granule cell).
*#**Very large nucleus (~4x RBC diameter =~ 4x the size of granule cell).
*#***Large nucleolus (~1x RBC diameter =~ size of granule cell).
*#***Large nucleolus (~1x RBC diameter =~ size of granule cell).
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*[http://williamcalvin.com/bk7/img/bk7p31.jpg Cerebral cortex (williamcalvin.com)].
*[http://williamcalvin.com/bk7/img/bk7p31.jpg Cerebral cortex (williamcalvin.com)].
*[http://www.benbest.com/science/anatmind/anatmd5.html Cerebral cortex (benbest.com)].
*[http://www.benbest.com/science/anatmind/anatmd5.html Cerebral cortex (benbest.com)].
===Pineal gland===
Features:<ref name=Ref_PSNP25-26>{{Ref_PSNP|25-26}}</ref><ref name=Blue_Histology_-_Endocrines>URL: [http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/corepages/endocrines/endocrin.htm http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/corepages/endocrines/endocrin.htm]. Accessed on: 31 October 2010.</ref>
*Cells in lobulated clusters or linear arrays (low power).
*Pinealocyte:
**Light staining and round nuclei with neuroendocrine look (i.e. salt-and-pepper chromatin).
**Broad rim of light cytoplasm.
*Astrocytes:
**Cylindrical hyperchromatic nucleus ~ 1/2 the size of pinealocyte.
Images:
*[http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/corepages/endocrines/Images/pin42he.jpg Pineal gland (anhb.uwa.edu.au)].<ref name=Blue_Histology_-_Endocrines>URL: [http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/corepages/endocrines/endocrin.htm http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/corepages/endocrines/endocrin.htm]. Accessed on: 31 October 2010.</ref>
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pineal.jpg Pineal gland - crappy (WC)].
Notes:
*Highly cellular structure - may be confused with (metastatic) small cell carcinoma.
IHC:
*Synaptophysin +ve.<ref name=Ref_PSNP25-26>{{Ref_PSNP|25-26}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
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==External links==
==External links==
*[http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/pathology/neuropathology/chapter1 Neuropathology micrographs - identifying the site (stonybrookmedicalcenter.org)].
*[http://www.stonybrookmedicalcenter.org/pathology/neuropathology/chapter1 Neuropathology micrographs - identifying the site (stonybrookmedicalcenter.org)].
*[http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/Curriculum/VM8054/Labs/Lab9/lab9.htm Neural tissues - veterinary histology (vetmed.vt.edu)].
*[http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/iacp-olp/apaq-text/n1-ms-01.htm Basic neurohistology - quiz (ouhsc.edu)].


[[Category:Neuropathology]]
[[Category:Neuropathology]]
Michael
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