Difference between revisions of "Uterine tubes"

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[[Image:Normal Fallopian Tube, Human (2760475010).jpg|thumb|Cross section of a Fallopian tube with decidualization. [[H&E stain]]. (WC/euthman)]]
'''Uterine tubes''', also known as the '''Fallopian tubes''', serve as a connection between the [[ovary|ovaries]] and the [[uterus]].  It is where fertilization usually takes place.
'''Uterine tubes''', also known as the '''Fallopian tubes''', serve as a connection between the [[ovary|ovaries]] and the [[uterus]].  It is where fertilization usually takes place.


Line 14: Line 15:
#*Nucleus more luminal.
#*Nucleus more luminal.
#**Nuclei stick-out like a golf tee.
#**Nuclei stick-out like a golf tee.
#Secretory cells.
#Secretory cells. (???)
#*Basal cells, fried egg-like.


Images:
See also:
*[[Walthard cell rest]].
 
===Images===
www:
*[http://faculty.une.edu/com/abell/histo/ampovidw.jpg Fallopian tube (une.edu)].<ref>URL: [http://faculty.une.edu/com/abell/histo/histolab3f.htm http://faculty.une.edu/com/abell/histo/histolab3f.htm]. Accessed on: 18 October 2011.</ref>
*[http://faculty.une.edu/com/abell/histo/ampovidw.jpg Fallopian tube (une.edu)].<ref>URL: [http://faculty.une.edu/com/abell/histo/histolab3f.htm http://faculty.une.edu/com/abell/histo/histolab3f.htm]. Accessed on: 18 October 2011.</ref>
*[http://medpics.ucsd.edu/index.cfm?curpage=image&course=hist&mode=browse&lesson=37&img=669 Fallopian tube (medpics.ucsd.edu)].
*[http://medpics.ucsd.edu/index.cfm?curpage=image&course=hist&mode=browse&lesson=37&img=669 Fallopian tube (medpics.ucsd.edu)].
Line 22: Line 28:
*[http://www.ouhsc.edu/histology/Glass%20slides/18_10.jpg Uterine tube - wall (ouhsc.edu)].
*[http://www.ouhsc.edu/histology/Glass%20slides/18_10.jpg Uterine tube - wall (ouhsc.edu)].


=Ditzel=
=Overview=
===Benign lesions===
*[[Paratubal cyst]].
*[[Salpingitis isthmica nodosa]].
*[[Endometriosis]].
 
===Benign neoplasm===
*[[Adenomatoid tumour]].
 
===Pre-malignant===
*[[Serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma]] (STIC).
 
===Malignant diagnoses===
*Serous carcinoma.
*Endometrioid adenocarcinoma.<ref name=pmid8946874>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Navani | first1 = SS. | last2 = Alvarado-Cabrero | first2 = I. | last3 = Young | first3 = RH. | last4 = Scully | first4 = RE. | title = Endometrioid carcinoma of the fallopian tube: a clinicopathologic analysis of 26 cases. | journal = Gynecol Oncol | volume = 63 | issue = 3 | pages = 371-8 | month = Dec | year = 1996 | doi = 10.1006/gyno.1996.0338 | PMID = 8946874 }}</ref>
 
=Ditzels=
{{Main|Ditzels}}
{{Main|Ditzels}}
==Paratubal cyst==
==Paratubal cyst==
*Also known as ''Hydatid cyst of Morgagni'' and ''Hydatid of Morgagni''.
===General===
===General===
*Very common.
*Very common.
*May lead to ovarian torsion if very large.<ref name=pmid22840942>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Thakore | first1 = SS. | last2 = Chun | first2 = MJ. | last3 = Fitzpatrick | first3 = K. | title = Recurrent ovarian torsion due to paratubal cysts in an adolescent female. | journal = J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol | volume = 25 | issue = 4 | pages = e85-7 | month = Aug | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1016/j.jpag.2011.10.012 | PMID = 22840942 }}
*May lead to ovarian torsion if very large.<ref name=pmid22840942>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Thakore | first1 = SS. | last2 = Chun | first2 = MJ. | last3 = Fitzpatrick | first3 = K. | title = Recurrent ovarian torsion due to paratubal cysts in an adolescent female. | journal = J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol | volume = 25 | issue = 4 | pages = e85-7 | month = Aug | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1016/j.jpag.2011.10.012 | PMID = 22840942 }}
</ref>
</ref>
*Associated with [[obesity]].<ref>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Muolokwu | first1 = E. | last2 = Sanchez | first2 = J. | last3 = Bercaw | first3 = JL. | last4 = Sangi-Haghpeykar | first4 = H. | last5 = Banszek | first5 = T. | last6 = Brandt | first6 = ML. | last7 = Dietrich | first7 = JE. | title = Paratubal cysts, obesity, and hyperandrogenism. | journal = J Pediatr Surg | volume = 46 | issue = 11 | pages = 2164-7 | month = Nov | year = 2011 | doi = 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2011.07.011 | PMID = 22075351 }}</ref>


===Gross===
===Gross===
Line 41: Line 65:
PARATUBAL CYST, RIGHT, EXCISION:
PARATUBAL CYST, RIGHT, EXCISION:
- BENIGN SIMPLE CYST.
- BENIGN SIMPLE CYST.
</pre>
====No epithelium====
<pre>
PARATUBAL CYST, LEFT, EXCISION:
- BENIGN FIBROUS TISSUE COMPATIBLE WITH CYST WALL.
</pre>
</pre>


==Tubal ligation==
==Tubal ligation==
*Abbreviated ''TL''.
===General===
===General===
*Done to control fertility.
*Done to control fertility.
Line 58: Line 89:
===Sign out===
===Sign out===
====Left then right====
====Left then right====
<pre>
A. Fallopian Tube, Left, Tubal Ligation:
- Fallopian tube within normal limits, consistent with complete cross sections.
B. Fallopian Tube, Right, Tubal Ligation:
- Fallopian tube within normal limits, consistent with complete cross sections.
</pre>
<pre>
A. FALLOPIAN TUBE, LEFT, TUBAL LIGATION:
- FALLOPIAN TUBE WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS, CONSISTENT WITH COMPLETE CROSS SECTIONS.
B. FALLOPIAN TUBE, RIGHT, TUBAL LIGATION:
- FALLOPIAN TUBE WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS, CONSISTENT WITH COMPLETE CROSS SECTIONS.
</pre>
<pre>
<pre>
A. FALLOPIAN TUBE, LEFT, TUBAL LIGATION:
A. FALLOPIAN TUBE, LEFT, TUBAL LIGATION:
Line 66: Line 113:
</pre>
</pre>


====Right then left====
<pre>
A. Fallopian Tube, Right, Tubal Ligation:
- Fallopian tube within normal limits, consistent with complete cross sections.
B. Fallopian Tube, Left, Tubal Ligation:
- Fallopian tube within normal limits, consistent with complete cross sections.
</pre>
<pre>
A. FALLOPIAN TUBE, RIGHT, TUBAL LIGATION:
- FALLOPIAN TUBE WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS, CONSISTENT WITH COMPLETE CROSS SECTIONS.
B. FALLOPIAN TUBE, LEFT, TUBAL LIGATION:
- FALLOPIAN TUBE WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS, CONSISTENT WITH COMPLETE CROSS SECTIONS.
</pre>


====Right then left====
<pre>
<pre>
A. FALLOPIAN TUBE, RIGHT, TUBAL LIGATION:
A. FALLOPIAN TUBE, RIGHT, TUBAL LIGATION:
Line 74: Line 136:
B. FALLOPIAN TUBE, LEFT, TUBAL LIGATION:
B. FALLOPIAN TUBE, LEFT, TUBAL LIGATION:
- FALLOPIAN TUBE WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS.
- FALLOPIAN TUBE WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS.
</pre>
====Both in one container====
<pre>
Submitted as "Fallopian Tubes Right and Left", Tubal Ligation:
    - Pieces of Fallopian tube within normal limits, consistent with
      complete cross sections.
</pre>
<pre>
Submitted as "Fallopian Tubes Right and Left", Partial Excision:
    - Pieces of Fallopian tube within normal limits, consistent with
      complete cross sections and fibril ends.
</pre>
=====Incomplete cross sections at microscopy=====
<pre>
Submitted as "Right and Left Fallopian Tubes", Tubal Ligation:
    - Fallopian tubes within normal limits, incomplete cross sections
      seen at microscopy; clinical correlation is suggested.
</pre>
=====Mild inflammation=====
<pre>
Submitted as "Fallopian Tubes Right and Left", Tubal Ligation:
    - Pieces of Fallopian tube with mild inflammation otherwise within
      normal limits, consistent with complete cross sections.
</pre>
====Surgical resection of previous tubal ligation====
<pre>
LEFT FALLOPIAN TUBE AND OVARY, LEFT SALPINGO-OOPHORECTOMY:
- FALLOPIAN TUBE WITH PARATUBAL CYSTS AND FOCAL FIBROSIS.
- OVARY WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS.
</pre>
====Tubes with fimbria====
<pre>
Submitted as "Right and Left Fallopian Tube Segments", Excision:
    - Fallopian tubes with fimbria within normal limits; complete cross sections seen.
</pre>
</pre>


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*+/-Clusters of neutrophils = abscess; known as ''suppurative salpingitis''.
*+/-Clusters of neutrophils = abscess; known as ''suppurative salpingitis''.


Images:
====Images====
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Salpingitis_-_low_mag.jpg Salpingitis - low mag. (WC)].
<gallery>
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Salpingitis_-_high_mag.jpg Salpingitis - high mag. (WC)].
File:Salpingitis_-_low_mag.jpg | Salpingitis - low mag. (WC)
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Granulomatous_salpingitis_-_intermed_mag.jpg Granulomatous salpingitis - intermed mag. (WC)].
File:Salpingitis_-_high_mag.jpg | Salpingitis - high mag. (WC)
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Granulomatous_salpingitis_-_high_mag.jpg Granulomatous salpingitis - high mag. (WC)].
File:Granulomatous_salpingitis_-_intermed_mag.jpg | Granulomatous salpingitis - intermed mag. (WC)
 
File:Granulomatous_salpingitis_-_high_mag.jpg | Granulomatous salpingitis - high mag. (WC)
</gallery>
===Stains===
===Stains===
If organisms are seen on routine stains:
If organisms are seen on routine stains:
Line 106: Line 209:
*[[GMS stain]] +ve/-ve.
*[[GMS stain]] +ve/-ve.
*[[PASD stain]] +ve/-ve.
*[[PASD stain]] +ve/-ve.
==Ectopic pregnancy==
{{Main|Ectopic pregnancy}}


==Adenofibroma==
==Adenofibroma==
Line 164: Line 270:
*Abbreviated ''STIC''.<ref name=pmid21989347>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Visvanathan | first1 = K. | last2 = Vang | first2 = R. | last3 = Shaw | first3 = P. | last4 = Gross | first4 = A. | last5 = Soslow | first5 = R. | last6 = Parkash | first6 = V. | last7 = Shih | first7 = IeM. | last8 = Kurman | first8 = RJ. | title = Diagnosis of serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma based on morphologic and immunohistochemical features: a reproducibility study. | journal = Am J Surg Pathol | volume = 35 | issue = 12 | pages = 1766-75 | month = Dec | year = 2011 | doi = 10.1097/PAS.0b013e31822f58bc | PMID = 21989347 }}</ref>
*Abbreviated ''STIC''.<ref name=pmid21989347>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Visvanathan | first1 = K. | last2 = Vang | first2 = R. | last3 = Shaw | first3 = P. | last4 = Gross | first4 = A. | last5 = Soslow | first5 = R. | last6 = Parkash | first6 = V. | last7 = Shih | first7 = IeM. | last8 = Kurman | first8 = RJ. | title = Diagnosis of serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma based on morphologic and immunohistochemical features: a reproducibility study. | journal = Am J Surg Pathol | volume = 35 | issue = 12 | pages = 1766-75 | month = Dec | year = 2011 | doi = 10.1097/PAS.0b013e31822f58bc | PMID = 21989347 }}</ref>
*[[AKA]] ''tubal intraepithelial carcinoma''.
*[[AKA]] ''tubal intraepithelial carcinoma''.
 
{{Main|Serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma}}
===General===
*Considered the precursor lesion for tubal [[serous carcinoma]].<ref name=pmid17117391>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Lee | first1 = Y. | last2 = Miron | first2 = A. | last3 = Drapkin | first3 = R. | last4 = Nucci | first4 = MR. | last5 = Medeiros | first5 = F. | last6 = Saleemuddin | first6 = A. | last7 = Garber | first7 = J. | last8 = Birch | first8 = C. | last9 = Mou | first9 = H. | title = A candidate precursor to serous carcinoma that originates in the distal fallopian tube. | journal = J Pathol | volume = 211 | issue = 1 | pages = 26-35 | month = Jan | year = 2007 | doi = 10.1002/path.2091 | PMID = 17117391 }}</ref>
 
===Gross===
*Not apparent on gross.
*Usually at the fimbriated end of the tube.
 
===Microscopic===
Features:<ref name=pmid20228782/>
*Discrete papillary growth - low power.
*Formal criteria - need 3 or more:
*#Atypical chromatin pattern.
*#Nuclear enlargement.
*#Nuclear pleomorphism.
*#Nuclear moulding.
*#Loss of nuclear polarity ''or'' epithelial stratification.
 
Image:
*[http://www.nature.com/modpathol/journal/v23/n6/fig_tab/modpathol201060f1.html#figure-title STIC (nature.com)].<ref name=pmid20228782>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Sehdev | first1 = AS. | last2 = Kurman | first2 = RJ. | last3 = Kuhn | first3 = E. | last4 = Shih | first4 = IeM. | title = Serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma upregulates markers associated with high-grade serous carcinomas including Rsf-1 (HBXAP), cyclin E and fatty acid synthase. | journal = Mod Pathol | volume = 23 | issue = 6 | pages = 844-55 | month = Jun | year = 2010 | doi = 10.1038/modpathol.2010.60 | PMID = 20228782 }}</ref>
 
===IHC===
Features:<ref name=pmid21989347/>
*p53 +ve.
*Ki-67 +ve.
*p16 +ve.<ref name=pmid20228782/>


=See also=
=See also=
Line 199: Line 280:


[[Category:Gynecologic pathology]]
[[Category:Gynecologic pathology]]
[[Category:Uterine tubes]]

Latest revision as of 20:35, 24 November 2021

Uterine tubes, also known as the Fallopian tubes, serve as a connection between the ovaries and the uterus. It is where fertilization usually takes place.

Cross section of a Fallopian tube with decidualization. H&E stain. (WC/euthman)

This was ignored in the past... current thinking is that it may be the real culprit in what is often labeled as "ovarian cancer".[1]

Normal uterine tube

Architecture:

  • Finger-like projections into the lumen.

Cells:

  1. Ciliated cell.
    • Columnar.
    • Eosinophilic cytoplasm.
  2. Non-ciliated cell (AKA Peg cell).
    • Nucleus more luminal.
      • Nuclei stick-out like a golf tee.
  3. Secretory cells. (???)
    • Basal cells, fried egg-like.

See also:

Images

www:

Overview

Benign lesions

Benign neoplasm

Pre-malignant

Malignant diagnoses

  • Serous carcinoma.
  • Endometrioid adenocarcinoma.[3]

Ditzels

Main article: Ditzels

Paratubal cyst

  • Also known as Hydatid cyst of Morgagni and Hydatid of Morgagni.

General

  • Very common.
  • May lead to ovarian torsion if very large.[4]
  • Associated with obesity.[5]

Gross

  • Thin walled-cyst with serous fluid.

Microscopic

Features:

  • Simple cyst with ciliated (tubal) epithelium.

Sign out

PARATUBAL CYST, RIGHT, EXCISION:
- BENIGN SIMPLE CYST.

No epithelium

PARATUBAL CYST, LEFT, EXCISION:
- BENIGN FIBROUS TISSUE COMPATIBLE WITH CYST WALL.

Tubal ligation

  • Abbreviated TL.

General

  • Done to control fertility.

Microscopic

See normal uterine tube.

DDx:

Sign out

Left then right

A. Fallopian Tube, Left, Tubal Ligation:
- Fallopian tube within normal limits, consistent with complete cross sections.

B. Fallopian Tube, Right, Tubal Ligation:
- Fallopian tube within normal limits, consistent with complete cross sections.

A. FALLOPIAN TUBE, LEFT, TUBAL LIGATION:
- FALLOPIAN TUBE WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS, CONSISTENT WITH COMPLETE CROSS SECTIONS.

B. FALLOPIAN TUBE, RIGHT, TUBAL LIGATION:
- FALLOPIAN TUBE WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS, CONSISTENT WITH COMPLETE CROSS SECTIONS.

A. FALLOPIAN TUBE, LEFT, TUBAL LIGATION:
- FALLOPIAN TUBE WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS.

B. FALLOPIAN TUBE, RIGHT, TUBAL LIGATION:
- FALLOPIAN TUBE WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS.

Right then left

A. Fallopian Tube, Right, Tubal Ligation:
- Fallopian tube within normal limits, consistent with complete cross sections.

B. Fallopian Tube, Left, Tubal Ligation:
- Fallopian tube within normal limits, consistent with complete cross sections.

A. FALLOPIAN TUBE, RIGHT, TUBAL LIGATION:
- FALLOPIAN TUBE WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS, CONSISTENT WITH COMPLETE CROSS SECTIONS.

B. FALLOPIAN TUBE, LEFT, TUBAL LIGATION:
- FALLOPIAN TUBE WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS, CONSISTENT WITH COMPLETE CROSS SECTIONS.

A. FALLOPIAN TUBE, RIGHT, TUBAL LIGATION:
- FALLOPIAN TUBE WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS.

B. FALLOPIAN TUBE, LEFT, TUBAL LIGATION:
- FALLOPIAN TUBE WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS.

Both in one container

Submitted as "Fallopian Tubes Right and Left", Tubal Ligation:
     - Pieces of Fallopian tube within normal limits, consistent with 
       complete cross sections.

Submitted as "Fallopian Tubes Right and Left", Partial Excision: 
     - Pieces of Fallopian tube within normal limits, consistent with 
       complete cross sections and fibril ends.
Incomplete cross sections at microscopy
Submitted as "Right and Left Fallopian Tubes", Tubal Ligation: 
     - Fallopian tubes within normal limits, incomplete cross sections 
       seen at microscopy; clinical correlation is suggested.
Mild inflammation
Submitted as "Fallopian Tubes Right and Left", Tubal Ligation: 
     - Pieces of Fallopian tube with mild inflammation otherwise within 
       normal limits, consistent with complete cross sections.

Surgical resection of previous tubal ligation

LEFT FALLOPIAN TUBE AND OVARY, LEFT SALPINGO-OOPHORECTOMY:
- FALLOPIAN TUBE WITH PARATUBAL CYSTS AND FOCAL FIBROSIS.
- OVARY WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS.

Tubes with fimbria

Submitted as "Right and Left Fallopian Tube Segments", Excision:
     - Fallopian tubes with fimbria within normal limits; complete cross sections seen.

Specific diagnoses

Salpingitis

Also suppurative salpingitis.
Also granulomatous salpingitis.

General

  • Benign.
  • May be part of pelvic inflammatory disease.

Microscopic

Features:

  • Inflammatory cells:
    • Neutrophils = acute.
    • Lymphocytes and plasma cells = chronic.
  • +/-Granulomas; known as granulomatous salpingitis.
  • +/-Clusters of neutrophils = abscess; known as suppurative salpingitis.

Images

  • Salpingitis - low mag. (WC)

  • Salpingitis - high mag. (WC)

  • Granulomatous salpingitis - intermed mag. (WC)

  • Granulomatous salpingitis - high mag. (WC)

Stains

If organisms are seen on routine stains:

  • Gram stain +ve/-ve.

Granulomatous inflammation:

Ectopic pregnancy

Main article: Ectopic pregnancy

Adenofibroma

General

  • Rare.[6]
    • More frequently seen than in the past -- presumably as pathologists are looking more closely at the Fallopian tube.
  • Cannot be disguished from ovarian adenofibroma.[6]

Gross

  • Solid, nodular.

Microscopic

Features:[6]

  • Stroma + glandular elements.
    • Glandular elements: secretory cells and ciliated cells.

IHC

Features:

  • Stroma:[6]
    • CD10 +ve.
    • Inhibin +ve.

Salpingitis isthmica nodosa

  • Abbreviated SIN.
  • AKA adenosalpingitis,[7] and diverticulosis of the Fallopian tubes.[8]

General

Diagnosis (clinical):

  • Hysterosalpingography.[11]
    • Finding: diverticula.

Notes:

Microscopic

Features:[12]

  • Nodular thickening of the tunica muscularis of the isthmic portion.
  • Cystically dilated glands.
  • +/-Complete obliteration of tubal lumen.

Images:

Adenomatoid tumour

See: Adenomatoid tumours (uterine tumours).

General

  • Relatively common tumour of the fallopian tube.[13]

Microscopic

See: Adenomatoid tumours (uterine tumours).

Serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma

  • Abbreviated STIC.[14]
  • AKA tubal intraepithelial carcinoma.
Main article: Serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma

See also

References

  1. ↑ Hirst, JE.; Gard, GB.; McIllroy, K.; Nevell, D.; Field, M. (Jul 2009). "High rates of occult fallopian tube cancer diagnosed at prophylactic bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy.". Int J Gynecol Cancer 19 (5): 826-9. doi:10.1111/IGC.0b013e3181a1b5dc. PMID 19574767.
  2. ↑ URL: http://faculty.une.edu/com/abell/histo/histolab3f.htm. Accessed on: 18 October 2011.
  3. ↑ Navani, SS.; Alvarado-Cabrero, I.; Young, RH.; Scully, RE. (Dec 1996). "Endometrioid carcinoma of the fallopian tube: a clinicopathologic analysis of 26 cases.". Gynecol Oncol 63 (3): 371-8. doi:10.1006/gyno.1996.0338. PMID 8946874.
  4. ↑ Thakore, SS.; Chun, MJ.; Fitzpatrick, K. (Aug 2012). "Recurrent ovarian torsion due to paratubal cysts in an adolescent female.". J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 25 (4): e85-7. doi:10.1016/j.jpag.2011.10.012. PMID 22840942.
  5. ↑ Muolokwu, E.; Sanchez, J.; Bercaw, JL.; Sangi-Haghpeykar, H.; Banszek, T.; Brandt, ML.; Dietrich, JE. (Nov 2011). "Paratubal cysts, obesity, and hyperandrogenism.". J Pediatr Surg 46 (11): 2164-7. doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2011.07.011. PMID 22075351.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Bossuyt, V.; Medeiros, F.; Drapkin, R.; Folkins, AK.; Crum, CP.; Nucci, MR. (Jul 2008). "Adenofibroma of the fimbria: a common entity that is indistinguishable from ovarian adenofibroma.". Int J Gynecol Pathol 27 (3): 390-7. doi:10.1097/PGP.0b013e3181639a82. PMID 18580316.
  7. ↑ Stedman's Medical Dictionary. 27th Ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
  8. ↑ URL: http://www.medcyclopaedia.com/library/topics/volume_iv_2/s/salpingitis_isthmica_nodosa.aspx. Accessed on: 28 July 2010.
  9. ↑ Jenkins, CS.; Williams, SR.; Schmidt, GE. (Oct 1993). "Salpingitis isthmica nodosa: a review of the literature, discussion of clinical significance, and consideration of patient management.". Fertil Steril 60 (4): 599-607. PMID 8405510.
  10. ↑ Skibsted, L.; Sperling, L.; Hansen, U.; Hertz, J. (Jul 1991). "Salpingitis isthmica nodosa in female infertility and tubal diseases.". Hum Reprod 6 (6): 828-31. PMID 1757522.
  11. ↑ URL: http://radiology.rsna.org/content/154/3/597.abstract. Accessed on: 28 July 2010.
  12. ↑ Chawla, N.; Kudesia, S.; Azad, S.; Singhal, M.; Rai, SM.. "Salpingitis isthmica nodosa.". Indian J Pathol Microbiol 52 (3): 434-5. doi:10.4103/0377-4929.55019. PMID 19679986.
  13. ↑ Christensen C (1990). "Adenomatoid tumors of the uterus". Eur. J. Gynaecol. Oncol. 11 (2): 85–9. PMID 2199199.
  14. ↑ Visvanathan, K.; Vang, R.; Shaw, P.; Gross, A.; Soslow, R.; Parkash, V.; Shih, IeM.; Kurman, RJ. (Dec 2011). "Diagnosis of serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma based on morphologic and immunohistochemical features: a reproducibility study.". Am J Surg Pathol 35 (12): 1766-75. doi:10.1097/PAS.0b013e31822f58bc. PMID 21989347.
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