Bladder cancer staging
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The article deals with bladder cancer staging. A general discussion about staging is found in cancer staging.
General
- TNM staging the most commonly used.
- Urachal carcinoma has its own staging system - see Sheldon staging system.[1]
TNM staging system
Tumour
| T stage | Criteria |
|---|---|
| Ta | non-invasive papillary carcinoma |
| Tis | carcinoma in situ |
| T1 | lamina propria invasion |
| T2 | muscularis propria invasion |
| T3a | microscopic extravesicular invasion |
| T3b | macroscopic extravesicular invasion |
| T4a | extension into the uterus, vagina or prostate |
| T4b | extension into the abdominal wall or pelvic wall |
Notes:
- The most important distinction is between T1 and T2. This is dealt with in the muscularis propria invasion in the urinary bladder article.
- T2 is typically managed with a radical cystectomy or radical cystoprostatectomy.
- Upstaging based on cystectomy/cytoprostatectomy pathology common - range 20-80%.[2]
Nodes
| N stage | Criteria |
|---|---|
| N1 | one regional lymph node metastasis |
| N2 | more than one regional lymph node metastasis |
| N3 | metastasis to the common iliac lymph nodes |
See also
References
- ↑ Bruins, HM.; Visser, O.; Ploeg, M.; Hulsbergen-van de Kaa, CA.; Kiemeney, LA.; Witjes, JA. (Oct 2012). "The clinical epidemiology of urachal carcinoma: results of a large, population based study.". J Urol 188 (4): 1102-7. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2012.06.020. PMID 22901574.
- ↑ Turker, P.; Bostrom, PJ.; Wroclawski, ML.; van Rhijn, B.; Kortekangas, H.; Kuk, C.; Mirtti, T.; Fleshner, NE. et al. (Sep 2012). "Upstaging of urothelial cancer at the time of radical cystectomy: factors associated with upstaging and its effect on outcome.". BJU Int 110 (6): 804-11. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2012.10939.x. PMID 22321341.