Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma

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Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma, abbreviated ChRCC, is a relatively common form of renal cell carcinoma.

Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma
Diagnosis in short

Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma showing the characteristic perinuclear clearing and distinctive (plant-like) cellular borders. H&E stain.
LM pale/clear (or eosinophilic) cytoplasm with wisps of eosinophilic material, perinuclear clearing (a pale halo surrounds the nucleus), periphery of cell distinct (cell membrane is easy to discern -- plant cell-like)
Subtypes classic, eosinophilic variant
LM DDx clear cell renal cell carcinoma (classic), renal oncocytoma, clear cell renal cell carcinoma eosinophilic variant
Stains Hale's colloidal iron (Mueller-Mowry stain) +ve
IHC CK7 +ve cell membrane, CD117 +ve, vimentin -ve
Gross grey-beige, lacks central scar
Grossing notes total nephrectomy for tumour grossing, partial nephrectomy grossing
Staging kidney cancer staging
Site kidney - see renal tumours
Syndromes Birt–Hogg–Dubé syndrome
Prevalence relatively common
Clin. DDx other renal tumours
Treatment surgical resection

General

Subtypes

There are two subtypes:[4]

  • Classic.
  • Eosinophilic variant.

Gross

  • Grey-beige colour.[5]
  • Solitary, usually.‡
  • Well-circumscribed.

Note:

  • ‡ Approximately 3% are multifocal.[6]

Image

Microscopic

Classic

Features - classic type (3 P's memory device):[7][4]

  • Pale cytoplasm, with wisps of eosinophilic material; the cells are not completely clear, they have "cobwebs".
  • Perinuclear clearing, i.e. a pale halo surrounds the nucleus - key feature.
  • Periphery of cell distinct, i.e. cell membrane is easy to discern.

Notes:

  • May have psammoma bodies.
  • May be described as "plant-like"; plant cells have (thick) cell walls.
  • The perinuclear clearing is often somewhat patchy, i.e. it is usually not present in very tumour cell.

DDx:

  • Clear cell RCC (classic).
    • Perinuclear clearing is not seen in clear cell RCC.
    • ChRCC has wisps in the cytoplasm.

Images

  • ChRCC - low mag. (WC/Nephron)

  • ChRCC - intermed. mag. (WC/Nephron)

  • ChRCC - high mag. (WC/Nephron)

  • ChRCC - very high mag. (WC/Nephron)

  • ChRCC - high mag. (WC/Nephron)

  • ChRCC - very high mag. (WC/Nephron)

Eosinophilic variant

Features - eosinophilic variant:[4]

  • Eosinophilic (finely granular) cytoplasm.
  • Perinuclear clearing - key feature.
  • Periphery of cell distinct.
  • Smaller cells than classic subtype.

Notes:

  1. May have psammoma bodies.

DDx:

  1. Oncocytoma - particularly the eosinophilic variant.
    • IHC may be useful to differentiate (CK7: oncocytoma = cytoplasm +ve, chromophobe = cell membrane +ve).
    • A comparison based on histomorphology: Tabular comparison between ChRCC & oncocytoma.
      • Oncocytoma typically has: no perinuclear clearing, no raisinoid nuclei, no binucleation.
  2. Clear cell RCC, eosinophilic variant.
    • Perinuclear clearing is not seen in clear cell RCC.
    • ChRCC has wisps in the cytoplasm.
  3. Other renal tumours with eosinophilic cytoplasm.

Images

Case 1

  • Eosinophilic chromophobe RCC. (WC/Nephron)

Case 2

  • EVChRCC - low mag.

  • EVChRCC - intermed. mag.

  • EVChRCC - intermed. mag.

  • EVChRCC - high mag.

  • EVChRCC - very high mag.

  • EVChRCC - very high mag.

www

Stains

Note:

  • This seems to be a difficult stain to get working.

Images

IHC

  • CK7 +ve cell membrane.[4]
    • Useful for differentiating from oncocytoma.
  • CD117 +ve.
  • Vimentin -ve.[9][10]

Uncommon stains for ChRCC versus oncocytoma:

  • PAX2 -ve .[11]
    • ChRCC 10 of 11 -ve versus Oncocytoma 3 of 23 -ve.
  • Amylase α-1A -ve.[12]

ChRCC versus clear cell RCC

ISUP recommends:[13]

  • CD117 +ve.
    • -ve in CCRCC.
  • CAIX (carbonic anhydrase CA IX) -ve.
    • +ve (strong membranous) in CCRCC.[14]
  • CK7 +ve.
    • -ve in CCRCC.

Molecular

  • Extensive aneusomy (monosomy?):[15]
    • Loss of chromosomes: 1, 2, 6, 10, 13, 17, 21.

EM

Ultrastructural features:[16]

  • Microvesicles.
  • Complex plicated cell membrane.

Image

Sign out

KIDNEY, RIGHT UPPER POLE, PARTIAL NEPHRECTOMY:
- CHROMOPHOBE RENAL CELL CARCINOMA.

COMMENT:
The sections show a mix of clear cells with wispy cytoplasm, and cells with eosinophilic
cytoplasm and perinuclear halos. There are no true papillae. 

Stains and immunostains:
Positive: CK7, CAM5.2, EMA, pankeratin, CD117, colloidal iron.
Negative: AMACR, CD10, CD68, RCC, vimentin.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Delahunt, B.; Sika-Paotonu, D.; Bethwaite, PB.; McCredie, MR.; Martignoni, G.; Eble, JN.; Jordan, TW. (Jun 2007). "Fuhrman grading is not appropriate for chromophobe renal cell carcinoma.". Am J Surg Pathol 31 (6): 957-60. doi:10.1097/01.pas.0000249446.28713.53. PMID 17527087.
  2. ↑ Humphrey, Peter A; Dehner, Louis P; Pfeifer, John D (2008). The Washington Manual of Surgical Pathology (1st ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 290. ISBN 978-0781765275.
  3. ↑ Kuroda, N.; Tanaka, A.; Ohe, C.; Mikami, S.; Nagashima, Y.; Sasaki, T.; Inoue, K.; Hes, O. et al. (Nov 2012). "Review of renal oncocytosis (multiple oncocytic lesions) with focus on clinical and pathobiological aspects.". Histol Histopathol 27 (11): 1407-12. PMID 23018240.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Zhou, Ming; Magi-Galluzzi, Cristina (2006). Genitourinary Pathology: A Volume in Foundations in Diagnostic Pathology Series (1st ed.). Churchill Livingstone. pp. 293. ISBN 978-0443066771.
  5. ↑ Kuroda, N.; Toi, M.; Hiroi, M.; Enzan, H. (Jan 2003). "Review of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma with focus on clinical and pathobiological aspects.". Histol Histopathol 18 (1): 165-71. PMID 12507296.
  6. ↑ Siracusano, S.; Novara, G.; Antonelli, A.; Artibani, W.; Bertini, R.; Carini, M.; Carmignani, G.; Ciciliato, S. et al. (Dec 2012). "Prognostic role of tumour multifocality in renal cell carcinoma.". BJU Int 110 (11 Pt B): E443-8. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2012.11121.x. PMID 22502873.
  7. ↑ Cotran, Ramzi S.; Kumar, Vinay; Fausto, Nelson; Nelso Fausto; Robbins, Stanley L.; Abbas, Abul K. (2005). Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease (7th ed.). St. Louis, Mo: Elsevier Saunders. pp. 1016-7. ISBN 0-7216-0187-1.
  8. ↑ URL: http://www.ultrapath.org/oldsite/cases99/sep99/cotm9-2.html. Accessed on: 9 October 2011.
  9. ↑ Zhang, W.; Yu, WJ.; Jiang, YX.; Li, YJ.; Han, F.; Liu, Y.; Han, ZL. (Feb 2012). "[Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma: a clinicopathologic study and immunophenotypes of 42 cases].". Zhonghua Bing Li Xue Za Zhi 41 (2): 76-80. PMID 22455881.
  10. ↑ Din, NU.; Fatima, S.; Ahmad, Z. (Dec 2013). "Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma: a morphologic and immunohistochemical study of 45 cases.". Ann Diagn Pathol 17 (6): 508-13. doi:10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2013.06.005. PMID 24095630.
  11. ↑ Memeo L, Jhang J, Assaad AM, et al. (February 2007). "Immunohistochemical analysis for cytokeratin 7, KIT, and PAX2: value in the differential diagnosis of chromophobe cell carcinoma". Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 127 (2): 225–9. doi:10.1309/9KWEA4W9Y94D1AEE. PMID 17210525. http://ajcp.ascpjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17210525.
  12. ↑ Jain, S.; Roy, S.; Amin, M.; Acquafondata, M.; Yin, M.; Laframboise, W.; Bastacky, S.; Pantanowitz, L. et al. (Dec 2013). "Amylase α-1A (AMY1A): A Novel Immunohistochemical Marker to Differentiate Chromophobe Renal Cell Carcinoma From Benign Oncocytoma.". Am J Surg Pathol 37 (12): 1824-30. doi:10.1097/PAS.0000000000000108. PMID 24225843.
  13. ↑ Amin MB, Epstein JI, Ulbright TM, et al. (August 2014). "Best practices recommendations in the application of immunohistochemistry in urologic pathology: report from the international society of urological pathology consensus conference". Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 38 (8): 1017–22. doi:10.1097/PAS.0000000000000254. PMID 25025364.
  14. ↑ Al-Ahmadie HA, Alden D, Fine SW, et al. (July 2011). "Role of immunohistochemistry in the evaluation of needle core biopsies in adult renal cortical tumors: an ex vivo study". Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 35 (7): 949–61. doi:10.1097/PAS.0b013e31821e25cd. PMID 21677535.
  15. ↑ Humphrey, Peter A; Dehner, Louis P; Pfeifer, John D (2008). The Washington Manual of Surgical Pathology (1st ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 292. ISBN 978-0781765275.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Lee, W. (Apr 2011). "Imprint cytology of the chromophobe renal cell carcinoma: Correlation with the histological and ultrastructural features.". J Cytol 28 (2): 77-80. doi:10.4103/0970-9371.80749. PMID 21713152.
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