Thymoma

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Thymoma
Diagnosis in short

Thymoma (right of image) and remnant of normal thymus (left of image). H&E stain. (WC)
Subtypes A, AB, B1, B2, B3
LM DDx lymphoma, squamous cell carcinoma (esp. squamous cell carcinoma of the lung, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma), follicular dendritic cell sarcoma
Gross light brown/tan, usually encapsulated
Staging thymus staging
Site thymus
Associated Dx myasthenia gravis
Prevalence uncommon overall, common for thymic tumours
Prognosis benign
Clin. DDx mediastinal mass
Treatment excision

Thymoma is a common tumour of the thymus.

General

  • Strong association with autoimmune disease, esp. myasthenia gravis.

Classification

The WHO published a widely used system - WHO classification:[1]

Type A

  • AKA Spindle cell or medullary.
  • Arise from medullary epithelial cells.
  • Good prognosis.

IHC:

  • Usu. keratin+.

Type AB

  • Like Type A... but with foci of lymphocytes.

Type B1

  • Near normal, expanded cortex.

Lesion consists of:

  • >2/3 lymphocytes, <1/3 cortical epithelial cells.

Type B2

  • Neoplastic cells with some resemblance to cortical epithelial cells.
    • Epithelioid cells with distinct nucleoli.
    • May be perivascular.
  • Large population of lymphocytes.

Lesion consists of:

  • <2/3 but >1/3 lymphocytes, >1/3 but <2/3 cortical epithelial cells.

Notes:

  • Most common B type.

Type B3

  • Neoplastic cells with some resemblance to cortical epithelial cells.
    • Polygonal/round shape.
    • Form sheets (of cells) - key feature.
  • Lymphocytes - less than in Type B2.
  • AKA well-differentiated thymic carcinoma.

Lesion consists of:

  • <1/3 lymphocytes, >2/3 cortical epithelial cells.

Note:

  • Neoplastic cells derived from the thymus with cytologic features of malignancy are thymic carcinomas.

Gross

  • Light brown/tan.
  • Encapsulated.

Image:

Microscopic

Features:

  • Lymphocytes.
  • Epithelial cells.
    • Spindle cells - Type A.
    • Epithelioid cells - Type B.

DDx:

Images

  • Thymoma Type B1. (WC/KGH)

  • Thymoma Type B1. (WC/KGH)

  • Thymoma Type B1 - CAM5.2. (WC/KGH)

  • Thymoma B1 - low mag.

  • Thymoma B1 - intermed. mag.

  • Thymoma B1 - high mag.

  • Thymoma B1 - very high mag.

  • Thymoma B1 - very high mag.

Staging

Main article: Thymic staging

IHC

  • p63 +ve.[2]
  • TdT +ve.
  • Ki-67 variable.[3]
    • ~5-70% for A, AB & B1.
    • ~80-100% for B2 & B3.

A panel:

  • TdT, CD1a, CD3, CD5, CD20, Ki-67, CD117, p63, CK5/6.

Sign out

A. Lymph Node, Station 6, Lymphadenectomy:
- One benign lymph node (0/1).

B. Submitted as "Anterior Mediastinal Tumour (Thymus)", Excision:
- Thymoma, WHO type B2.
- Modified Masaoka stage IIa.
- Three benign lymph nodes (0/3).
- Rim of benign thymus.
- Please see synoptic report.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Mills, Stacey E; Carter, Darryl; Greenson, Joel K; Oberman, Harold A; Reuter, Victor E (2004). Sternberg's Diagnostic Surgical Pathology (4th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 1264. ISBN 978-0781740517.
  2. ↑ Adam P, Hakroush S, Hofmann I, Reidenbach S, Marx A, Ströbel P (June 2014). "Thymoma with loss of keratin expression (and giant cells): a potential diagnostic pitfall". Virchows Arch.. doi:10.1007/s00428-014-1606-6. PMID 24923897.
  3. ↑ Viti, A.; Bertolaccini, L.; Cavallo, A.; Fortunato, M.; Bianchi, A.; Terzi, A. (Sep 2014). "18-Fluorine fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in the pretreatment evaluation of thymic epithelial neoplasms: a metabolic biopsy confirmed by Ki-67 expression.". Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 46 (3): 369-74; discussion 374. doi:10.1093/ejcts/ezu030. PMID 24585679.
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