Thymus staging
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This article deals with thymus staging. An introduction to staging is in the cancer staging systems article.
Thymic staging, thymus cancer staging, thymic carcinoma staging, Masaoka-Koga classification, and thymus tumour staging redirect here.
Overview
There is a system by Masaoka and colleagues[1] that was subsequently modified, and is known as the modified Masaoka staging system.[2]
Based on CAP protocol
Staging as per Butnor et al.:[3]
| Stage | Characteristics |
|---|---|
| I | encapsulated lesion, tumour does not penetrate capsule |
| IIa | microscopic penetration of the capsule |
| IIb | macroscopic penetration of the capsule |
| III | macroscopic invasion of adjacent organs |
| IVa | pleural or pericardial spread |
| IVb | lymphatic or hematogenous spread ‡ |
Note:
- ‡ The International Thymic Malignancy Interest Group (ITMIG) notes that is must have spread to distant organs.[4] This implies that lymphovascular invasion within the tumour itself is not sufficient for calling stage IVb.
Modified Masaoka as per Masaoka et al. (1999)
T-stage - based on Masaoka et al. (1999):[5]
| Stage | Features |
|---|---|
| T1 | macroscopically and microscopically encapulated |
| T2 | macroscopic invasion or adhesion to surrounding tissue (fat or pleura) or microscopic invasion into the capsule |
| T3 | Spread to adjacent organs, e.g. pericardium, lung, great vessels. |
| T4 | pericardial or pleural spread |
N-stage - based on Masaoka et al. (1999):[5]
| Stage | Features |
|---|---|
| N0 | no lymph node spread |
| N1 | spread to anterior mediastinal lymph nodes |
| N2 | spread to intrathoracic lymph nodes other than the mediastinal lymph nodes |
| N3 | spread to supraclavicular lymph nodes |
M-stage - based on Masaoka et al. (1999):[5]
| Stage | Features |
|---|---|
| M0 | no hematogeneous spread and extrathoracic lymph nodes with the exception of the supraclavicular nodes |
| M1 | hematogeneous spread and/or extrathoracic lymph nodes |
See also
References
- ↑ Masaoka, A.; Monden, Y.; Nakahara, K.; Tanioka, T. (Dec 1981). "Follow-up study of thymomas with special reference to their clinical stages.". Cancer 48 (11): 2485-92. PMID 7296496.
- ↑ Koga, K.; Matsuno, Y.; Noguchi, M.; Mukai, K.; Asamura, H.; Goya, T.; Shimosato, Y. (May 1994). "A review of 79 thymomas: modification of staging system and reappraisal of conventional division into invasive and non-invasive thymoma.". Pathol Int 44 (5): 359-67. PMID 8044305.
- ↑ Butnor KJ et al. Thymus. Version 3.1.0.0. 2011. URL: www.cap.org/cancerprotocols. Accessed on: 31 August 2015.
- ↑ URL: https://www.itmig.org/node/9. Accessed on: May 13, 2016.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Masaoka, A.; Yamakawa, Y.; Fujii, Y. (Mar 1999). "Well-differentiated thymic carcinoma: is it thymic carcinoma or not?". J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 117 (3): 628-30. PMID 10047676.