Spleen
The spleen is a forgotten organ.
Normal histology
- Capsule.
- Red pulp - red blood cells.
- White pulp - white blood cells.
- Marginal zone - between red pulp and white pulp.[1]
Gross pathology
| Terminology | Etiology | Description | Other |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ruptured spleen | trauma | hemorrhagic, capsule disrupted | possible assocations mononucleosis, medical procedure - esp. colonoscopy,[2] others |
| "Lardaceous spleen"[3] | amyloidosis | waxy, pale, grey | also see sago spleen |
| "Sago spleen" | amyloidosis | nodular, tapioca-like appearance | also see lardaceous spleen |
| Splenic infarct | vascular occulsion | wedge shaped -- periphery | - |
Images:
Splenic enlargement
- Portal hypertension (often due to cirrhosis).
- Lymphoma - see below.
- Mononucleosis (EBV infection).
- Hemophagocytic syndrome.[4]
Lymphoid neoplasms of the spleen
Lymphomas of the spleen in order of prevalence - in a series of 115 cases:[5]
- Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL).
- Splenic marginal zone lymphoma (SMZL).[6]
- Follicular lymphoma.
- Splenic B-cell lymphoma, unclassifiable.
- Peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified.
Less common lymphoid neoplasms of the spleen:
- Hairy cell leukemia.
- Splenic diffuse red pulp small B cell lymphoma.[7]
DDx by compartment
White pulp malignant
Red pulp benign
- Polycythemia rubra vera (AKA polycythemia vera).
- Outflow obstruction.
- Cirrhosis.
- Budd-Chiari syndrome (AKA hepatic vein obstruction).
- Splenic vein thrombosis.
- Congestive heart failure.
Red pulp malignant
- Hairy cell leukemia.
- Acute leukemia.[8]
- Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma[9] (e.g. Hepatosplenic γδ T-cell lymphoma).
Specific disorders
Splenic laceration
General
- May be due to trauma or a complication of a surgery.
- Risk factor: splenomegaly.[10]
Gross
- Splenic capsule disrupted.
Microscopic
Features:
- Normal splenic parenchyma:
- White pulp - nodules ~ 0.5 mm - darker cells at center, lighter cells at periphery.
- Red pulp.
DDx:
- Underlying pathology, e.g. mononucleosis.
- Lymphoma.
Hyaloserositis of the spleen
- AKA sugar-coated spleen.
General
- Benign.
- Common autopsy finding.
Gross
- Capsule of the spleen is white - resembles sugar-coating.[11]
Microscopic
Features:
- Hyaline material adherent to splenic capsule.
- Hyaline material = pink acellular crap on a H&E stain.
Images:
Mononucleosis
General
- EBV infection.
- +/-Massive splenic enlargement.
Clinical:
- Monospot test +ve.
Microscopic
Features:
- Atypical lymphoid cells.
- Abundant basophilic cytoplasm.
- Cells indented by adjacent RBCs on blood smears.[12]
Images:
Flow cytometry
- CD8 >>> CD4.[13]
Littoral cell angioma
- For angioma see vascular malformations.
- AKA littoral cell angioma of the spleen.
General
Features:[14]
- Rare.
- Benign.
- Pyrexia (fever), splenomegaly, weight loss, solitary hypodense lesion on imaging.
Note:
Microscopic
Features:[14]
- Anastoming, small vascular channels.
- Cystic spaces.
- May have papillary projections.[15]
DDx:[14]
- Vascular lesions:
Images:
- LCA - low mag. (webpathology.com).
- LCA - high mag. (webpathology.com).
- LCA - very low mag. (WC).
- LCA - intermed. mag. (WC).
- LCA - very high mag. (WC).
IHC
Features:[14]
- CD68 +ve.
- CD31 +ve
Others:
- CD34 -ve.
- Factor VIII +ve.
Splenic hamartoma
General
- Benign.
- Women > men.[18]
Gross
- Red lesion.
- Well-circumscribed.
Image:
Microscopic
Features:[19]
- Variable size irregular vascular channels
- Red pulp-like disorganized stroma
- +/-Lymphoid follicles.
Images:
- Splenic hamartoma - very low mag. (WC).
- Splenic hamartoma - intermed. mag. (WC).
- Splenic hamartoma - very high mag. (WC).
IHC
Features:[19]
- CD8 +ve endothelial cells.
Splenic infarct
- AKA splenic infarction.
- AKA infarction of the spleen.
General
Classic textbook causes:[20]
- Septic embolus due to bacterial endocarditis.
- Sickle cell disease.
Usual causes:[20]
- Hematologic malignancy.
- Intracardiac thrombus.
- Bacterial endocarditis.
Clinical:[20]
- Left upper quadrant pain ~ 1/3 of cases.
- Fever ~ 1/3 of cases.
- Leukocytosis ~ 1/2 of cases.
Gross
- Classically wedge-shaped; triangular on section.
- The base of the triangle runs along the surface.
- The apex points to the obstructed vessel that lead to the infarct.
Microscopic
- See necrosis.
Weird stuff
- Dendritic cell tumours.[8]
- Interdigitating dendritic cell tumour.
- Follicular dendritic cell tumour.
Follicular dendritic cell tumour
- Abbreviated FDCT.
- AKA follicular dendritic cell sarcoma (abbreviated FDCS),[21] dendritic reticulum cell sarcoma, (???) follicular dendritic cell neoplasm. (???)
General
- Very rare.
- Behave like a low-grade sarcoma.[22]
- Reported association with Castleman disease (hyaline-vascular type).[22]
Microscopic
Features:[22]
- Oval or spindle-shaped cellular & nuclear morphology.
- Variable architecture (sheets, fascicles, whorles, storiform pattern).
- Nuclei:
- Small nucleoli.
- Clear or dispersed chromatin.
- Multinucleated cells.
- Interspersed small lymphocytes - distinctive feature.
- +/-Necrosis.
- +/-Marked nuclear atypia.
- +/-Abundant mitoses.
DDx:
Images:
- FDCS (ajronline.org).[21]
- DRCS (webpathology.com).
- FDCT - several crappy images (upmc.edu).
- FDCS - several images (upmc.edu).
IHC
Features:[22]
- CD21 +ve.
- CD35 +ve.
- Ki-M4p +ve
- Ki-FDRC1p +ve.
- Vimentin +ve.
- S-100 +ve/-ve.
- Muscle-specific actin +ve/-ve.
- EMA +ve/-ve.
Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma
- Abbreviated HSTL.
General
- Rare.
- Prognosis: poor.
Subtypes:[24]
- Hepatosplenic γδ T-cell lymphoma.
- May be written Hepatosplenic gamma/delta T-cell lymphoma.
- Hepatosplenic αβ T-cell lymphoma.
- May be written Hepatosplenic alpha/beta T-cell lymphoma.
Clinical triad:
- Hepatosplenomegaly.
- Cytopenias (anemia, thrombocytopenia).
- Sinusoidal tropism.
Microscopic
- Small cell lymphoma/Intermediate cell lymphoma.
- +/-"Folded" nuclei.
DDx:
Images:
IHC
Features:[9]
- CD4 -ve.
- CD8 -ve.
- NK cell-associated antigens +ve:[25]
- CD56,[26] CD11c, CD16.
- Effector proteins +ve.[25]
- Perforin, granzyme B, TIA-1, Fas ligand.
Myelolipoma of the spleen
Main article: Myelolipoma
See also
References
- ↑ Humphrey, Peter A; Dehner, Louis P; Pfeifer, John D (2008). The Washington Manual of Surgical Pathology (1st ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 589. ISBN 978-0781765275.
- ↑ Aubrey-Bassler, FK.; Sowers, N. (Aug 2012). "613 cases of splenic rupture without risk factors or previously diagnosed disease: a systematic review.". BMC Emerg Med 12 (1): 11. doi:10.1186/1471-227X-12-11. PMID 22889306.
- ↑ Klatt, Edward C. (2006). Robbins and Cotran Atlas of Pathology (1st ed.). Saunders. pp. 91. ISBN 978-1416002741.
- ↑ Maakaroun, NR.; Moanna, A.; Jacob, JT.; Albrecht, H. (Mar 2010). "Viral infections associated with haemophagocytic syndrome.". Rev Med Virol 20 (2): 93-105. doi:10.1002/rmv.638. PMID 20127750.
- ↑ Shimizu-Kohno, K.; Kimura, Y.; Kiyasu, J.; Miyoshi, H.; Yoshida, M.; Ichikawa, R.; Niino, D.; Ohshima, K. (Sep 2012). "Malignant lymphoma of the spleen in Japan: a clinicopathological analysis of 115 cases.". Pathol Int 62 (9): 577-82. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1827.2012.02844.x. PMID 22924843.
- ↑ Bennett, M.; Schechter, GP. (Apr 2010). "Treatment of splenic marginal zone lymphoma: splenectomy versus rituximab.". Semin Hematol 47 (2): 143-7. doi:10.1053/j.seminhematol.2010.01.004. PMID 20350661.
- ↑ Baseggio L, Traverse-Glehen A, Callet-Bauchu E, et al. (March 2011). "Relevance of a scoring system including CD11c expression in the identification of splenic diffuse red pulp small B-cell lymphoma (SRPL)". Hematol Oncol 29 (1): 47–51. doi:10.1002/hon.957. PMID 20677173.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Humphrey, Peter A; Dehner, Louis P; Pfeifer, John D (2008). The Washington Manual of Surgical Pathology (1st ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 596. ISBN 978-0781765275.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Humphrey, Peter A; Dehner, Louis P; Pfeifer, John D (2008). The Washington Manual of Surgical Pathology (1st ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 595. ISBN 978-0781765275.
- ↑ Sweat, JA.; Dort, JM.; Smith, RS. (Feb 2008). "Splenic embolization for splenic laceration in a patient with mononucleosis.". Am Surg 74 (2): 149-51. PMID 18306868.
- ↑ URL: http://www.drugs.com/dict/sugar-coated-spleen.html. Accessed on: 1 September 2010.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 URL: http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/EXAM/IMGQUIZ/hpfrm.html. Accessed on: 4 December 2011.
- ↑ URL: http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case37/gross.html. Accessed on: 2 January 2012.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 Tan, YM.; Chuah, KL.; Wong, WK. (Jul 2004). "Littoral cell angioma of the spleen.". Ann Acad Med Singapore 33 (4): 524-6. PMID 15329769. http://www.annals.edu.sg/pdf200408/V33N4p524.pdf.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Dascalescu, CM.; Wendum, D.; Gorin, NC. (Sep 2001). "Littoral-cell angioma as a cause of splenomegaly.". N Engl J Med 345 (10): 772-3. doi:10.1056/NEJM200109063451016. PMID 11547761. http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM200109063451016.
- ↑ URL: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/littoral. Accessed on: 24 July 2011.
- ↑ URL: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/littoral. Accessed on: 24 July 2011.
- ↑ Sankar, S.; Thanka, J.; Jagdishchandrabose, S.; Rajendran, S.. "Splenic hamartoma: a rare vascular space occupying lesion of the spleen.". Indian J Pathol Microbiol 54 (1): 223-5. doi:10.4103/0377-4929.77416. PMID 21393931.
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 Lee, H.; Maeda, K. (Jan 2009). "Hamartoma of the spleen.". Arch Pathol Lab Med 133 (1): 147-51. doi:10.1043/1543-2165-133.1.147. PMID 19123729.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Lawrence, YR.; Pokroy, R.; Berlowitz, D.; Aharoni, D.; Hain, D.; Breuer, GS.; Osler, W. (Jun 2010). "Splenic infarction: an update on William Osler's observations.". Isr Med Assoc J 12 (6): 362-5. PMID 20928991.
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 Leipsic, JA.; McAdams, HP.; Sporn, TA. (Jun 2007). "Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma of the mediastinum.". AJR Am J Roentgenol 188 (6): W554-6. doi:10.2214/AJR.04.1530. PMID 17515347.
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 Perez-Ordoñez, B.; Rosai, J. (May 1998). "Follicular dendritic cell tumor: review of the entity.". Semin Diagn Pathol 15 (2): 144-54. PMID 9606805.
- ↑ Alexiev, BA.; Sailey, CJ.; McClure, SA.; Ord, RA.; Zhao, XF.; Papadimitriou, JC. (2007). "Primary histiocytic sarcoma arising in the head and neck with predominant spindle cell component.". Diagn Pathol 2: 7. doi:10.1186/1746-1596-2-7. PMID 17324277. http://www.diagnosticpathology.org/content/2/1/7.
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 URL: http://www.webpathology.com/image.asp?case=378&n=15. Accessed on: 22 December 2011.
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 Salhany, KE.; Feldman, M.; Kahn, MJ.; Peritt, D.; Schretzenmair, RD.; Wilson, DM.; DiPaola, RS.; Glick, AD. et al. (Jun 1997). "Hepatosplenic gammadelta T-cell lymphoma: ultrastructural, immunophenotypic, and functional evidence for cytotoxic T lymphocyte differentiation.". Hum Pathol 28 (6): 674-85. PMID 9191001.
- ↑ Niitsu, N.; Kohri, M.; Togano, T.; Nakamine, H.; Nakamura, S.; Iwabuchi, K.; Higashihara, M. (Nov 2004). "Development of hepatosplenic gammadelta T-cell lymphoma with pancytopenia during early pregnancy: a case report and review of the literature.". Eur J Haematol 73 (5): 367-71. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0609.2004.00300.x. PMID 15458516.