Parathyroid glands

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The parathyroid glands are an endocrine organ that is important in calcium regulation. They often make an appearance in the context of thyroid surgery.

Normal

General

  • Identification of normal can be tricky.

Gross

  • No distinctive features - surgeons thus send 'em to pathologists.

Microscopic

Features:[1]

  • Low power:
    • May vaguely resemble lymphoid tissue - may have hyperchromatic cytoplasm.
      • Does not have follicular centres like a lymph node.
    • May form gland-like structure and vaguely resemble the thyroid at low power.
    • Cytoplasm may be clear[2] - key feature.
    • Surrounded by a thin fibrous capsule.
  • High power:
    • Mixed cell population:[3]
      • Chief cells - predominant cell type, small, cytoplasm has variable staining (hyperchromatic-clear-eosinophilic).
      • Oxyphil cells (acid staining cells[4]) - abundant cytoplasm.
      • Adipocytes - increased with age, may be used to help differentiate from thyroid - key feature.


Name Staining (cytoplasm) Quantity of cells Cytoplasm (quantity) Function
(parathyroid) chief cells intense hyperchromatic to eosinophilic (see note) abundant moderate manufacture PTH
oxyphil cells moderate/light hyperchromatic to eosinophilic rare abundant ?

Notes:

  • Cytoplasmic staining varies considerably on H&E preparations - it may vary from hyperchromatic[5] to clear to eosinophilic[6].
  • Chief cells tend to stain more intensely than oxyphil cells.

Thyroid vs. parathyroid (see: parathyroid image):

  • Parathyroid cytoplasm:
    • Hyperchromatic.

Parathyroid vs. lymphoid tissue (see parathyroid image):

  • Parathyroid:
    • No germinal centres.
    • Gland-like/follicular-like arrangement -- much smaller than normal follicles of
    • Occasional cell with rim of clear cytoplasm (oxyphil?).

Images:

Parathyroid hyperplasia

  • Parathyroid hyperplasia - classically assoc. with renal failure.
  • Chief cell hyperplasia - associated with MEN I, MEN IIa.[7]

Parathyroid adenoma

  • One parathyroid is big... the others are small.
  • Associated with MEN I and MEN IIa/b (II/III).

MEN I:

MEN IIa/IIb (II/III):

Image: Parathyroid adenoma (med.utah.edu).[8]

Parathyroid carcinoma

General

  • Extremely rare.

See also

References

  1. ↑ http://www.medicalhistology.us/twiki/pub/Main/ChapterFourteenSlides/b56b_parathyroid_40x_he_labeled.jpg
  2. ↑ http://pathology.mc.duke.edu/research/Histo_course/parathyroid2.jpg
  3. ↑ http://www.bu.edu/histology/p/15002loa.htm
  4. ↑ http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=oxyphil%20cell
  5. ↑ http://www.deltagen.com/target/histologyatlas/atlas_files/endocrine/parathyroid_and_thyroid_glands_20x.jpg
  6. ↑ http://instruction.cvhs.okstate.edu/Histology/HistologyReference/hrendo.htm
  7. ↑ URL: http://www.pathconsultddx.com/pathCon/diagnosis?pii=S1559-8675%2806%2970475-2. Accessed on: 29 July 2010.
  8. ↑ URL: http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/EXAM/IMGQUIZ/enfrm.html. Accessed on: 6 December 2010.
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