Autopsy

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Autopsy is a part of pathology.

In a hospital autopsy the most important thing is: proper consent.

Consent

  • Consent should be given by the executer of the estate.[1]

If the executer of the estate is not specified the hierarchy is as follows:

  1. Spouse - by marriage (same sex or opposite sex) or common-law or together the parents of a child or cohabitation agreement in law.
  2. if no spouse, any children 16+ years old,
  3. if no children, either parent,
  4. if no parent, any brother or sister 16+ years old,
  5. if no sibling, any next-of-kin 16+ years old,
  6. if no next-of-kin, the person lawfully in possession of the body (not the hospital).

Notes:

  • The power a person that is designated as power of attorney for health care decisions does not have the authority to consent for an autopsy; their power ends with death (unless they are also the executer of the estate).
  • In clinical medicine, it is allowable to skip down the hierarchy if the consent giver is not reachable, e.g. if a child of the patient is present they can consent in emergency circumstances, if the spouse is not reachable. In the context of autopsies, the hierarchy has to be followed strictly, as there is no such thing as an "emergency autopsy", e.g. it is not acceptable to ask the child of the decedent 'cause they aren't distraught like the spouse of the decedent.

Religious objections

There are religious objections to autopsy among Jews and Muslims.[2][3]

External exam

General

  • Very important in the forensic context.
  • Medical devices, tubes and lines should be left in situ to allow placement within the body;[4] it is very difficult to determine what the location of a line was once it is removed.

Extremities

  • Fingers should be identified by name (e.g. ring finger), as some people number the digits 1-4 and consider the thumb separately, while others number 'em 1-5.[5]

Body should be examined for defensive-type wounds:

  • Between the finger, esp. thumb and pointing finger.
  • Dorsal aspect of the hand.
  • Forearm.

Findings

Internal exam

General

  • This is usually where the money is in hospital autopsies.

Hyoid bone

  • Important in forensic pathology.
  • Fracture is seen in manual strangulation.
  • May appear fractured if triticeous cartilage (or triticeal cartilage) is present;[6][7] triticeous cartilage may be confused with a fragment of hyoid bone.
    • Triticeous is pronounced tri-tish´us.[8]

Spleen

Main article: Spleen

Sugar-coated spleen

  • Properly referred to as hyaloserositis of the spleen.
  • Capsule of the spleen is white - resembles sugar-coating.
  • Importance: none - benign.

Liver

  • Portal vein patency.

Kidney

Size of the kidney - small kidneys are seen in chronic renal failure.

Nephrosclerosis

  • Flea-bitten appearance - seen in hypertension.[9]

ATN

  • ATN is difficult to prove on autopsy material.
  • Look for:
    • Heme-granular casts in the lumen.
    • Regenerative activity (mitoses).

Skull

  • One should saw through the skull completely, i.e. one should not "crack" the skull open with a chisel.
    • Cracking open the skull may result in artefactual fractures that are impossible to differentiate from antemortem fractures.
    • Cuts into the brain (from opening the skull) are not difficult to distinguish from antemortem injuries.

Scalp hematoma:

Anatomic variants

  • Metopic suture - midline in frontal bone.[10]
  • Wormian bones = "extra" bone at the sutures in the skull.

Anatomy

  • Lambdoidal suture - occipital bone/parietal bones.
  • Coronal suture - frontal bone/parietal bone.

Weird stuff

  • Methylene blue, used for refractory shock,[11] turns organs green.[12]
  • Hyperviscosity syndrome - in leukemia.[13]

Starvation

  • Serous fat atrophy.
    • Gross appearance: brown goo replaces fat.
      • May be associated with blood vessel tortuosity.[14]

Normal organ mass

Caucasoid population of 684 adults:[15]

Men Women
Heart 365 +/- 71 g 312 +/- 78 g
Right lung 663 +/- 239 g 546 +/- 207 g
Left lung 583 +/- 216 g 467 +/- 174 g
Liver 1677 +/- 396 g 1475 +/- 362 g
Spleen 156 +/- 87 g 140 +/- 78 g
Right kidney 162 +/- 39 g 135 +/- 39 g
Left kidney 160 +/- 41 g 136 +/- 37 g

Negative autopsy

Definition:

  • A negative autopsy is a post-mortem exam that has no anatomical or toxicological cause of death.
    • This does not preclude the presence of pathology (that is not sufficient to cause death).

Cause of death (in a negative autopsy):

  • Unascertained.

Considerations/Causes

  • Channelopathy (unrecognized).
  • Electrocution (unrecognized).
  • Decomposition.
  • SUDEP (missing history).

See also

References

  1. ↑ URL: http://www.docstoc.com/docs/51609856/CONSENT-FOR-AUTOPSY. Accessed on: 27 September 2010.
  2. ↑ Burton, Julian L.; Rutty, Guy N. (2010). The Hospital Autopsy A Manual of Fundamental Autopsy Practice (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 43. ISBN 978-0340965146.
  3. ↑ Burton, Julian L.; Rutty, Guy N. (2010). The Hospital Autopsy A Manual of Fundamental Autopsy Practice (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 47. ISBN 978-0340965146.
  4. ↑ Burton, Julian L.; Rutty, Guy N. (2010). The Hospital Autopsy A Manual of Fundamental Autopsy Practice (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 101. ISBN 978-0340965146.
  5. ↑ TR. 28 September 2010.
  6. ↑ Di Nunno N, Lombardo S, Costantinides F, Di Nunno C (March 2004). "Anomalies and alterations of the hyoid-larynx complex in forensic radiographic studies". Am J Forensic Med Pathol 25 (1): 14–9. PMID 15075682.
  7. ↑ URL: http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/Prof.Hamam/curses/Jurnals%20Club/225-Triticeous%20cartilage.pdf. Accessed on: 10 September 2010.
  8. ↑ URL: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/triticeous. Accessed on: 15 September 2010.
  9. ↑ Ono, H.; Ono, Y. (Nov 1997). "Nephrosclerosis and hypertension.". Med Clin North Am 81 (6): 1273-88. PMID 9356598.
  10. ↑ Ramos GA, Ylagan MV, Romine LE, D'Agostini DA, Pretorius DH (December 2008). "Diagnostic evaluation of the fetal face using 3-dimensional ultrasound". Ultrasound Q 24 (4): 215–23. doi:10.1097/RUQ.0b013e31819073c2. PMID 19060688.
  11. ↑ Heemskerk, S.; van Haren, FM.; Foudraine, NA.; Peters, WH.; van der Hoeven, JG.; Russel, FG.; Masereeuw, R.; Pickkers, P. (Feb 2008). "Short-term beneficial effects of methylene blue on kidney damage in septic shock patients.". Intensive Care Med 34 (2): 350-4. doi:10.1007/s00134-007-0867-9. PMID 17926021.
  12. ↑ Tan, CD.; Rodriguez, ER.. "Blue dye, green heart.". Cardiovasc Pathol 19 (2): 125-6. doi:10.1016/j.carpath.2008.06.012. PMID 18703358.
  13. ↑ http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=18942659
  14. ↑ KC. 14 September 2010.
  15. ↑ de la Grandmaison GL, Clairand I, Durigon M (June 2001). "Organ weight in 684 adult autopsies: new tables for a Caucasoid population". Forensic Sci. Int. 119 (2): 149–54. PMID 11376980.

External links

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