Medical liver disease

Micrograph showing ground glass hepatocytes, as seen in chronic hepatitis B. H&E stain.

This article deals with medical liver disease. An introduction to the liver and approach is found in the liver article.

Every differential in liver pathology has "drugs" -- if it isn't clearly malignancy.

Liver neoplasms are dealt with in the liver neoplasms article.

Medical liver biopsies are often non-specific, as the liver has the same appearance for many mechanisms of injury, especially when the injury is marked. The clinical history, serology and imaging are essential for proper interpretations in this domain of pathology.

Review of liver blood work

Inflammation activity

• ALT.
• AST.

Cholestatic markers

• ALP.
• GGT - used to assess whether the ALP is an "honest" value, elevated in cirrhosis.

Cirrhosis/decompensation

• PLT - low is suggestive of dysfunction.
• INR - high is bad, unless anticoagulated.

Other

• Bilirubin.
  • Direct (AKA conjugated).
  • Indirect (AKA unconjugated).

A short DDx of elevated:

• Indirect:
  • Gilbert syndrome.
  • Crigler-Najjar syndrome type 1.
  • Crigler-Najjar syndrome type 2.
• Direct:
  • Rotor syndrome.
  • Dubin-Johnson syndomre.

Viral hepatitis

• HBV DNA.
• HCV RNA.
• HBs Ag, HBs Ab, HBe Ag, HBe Ab.
• HCV Ab.

Others:

• Epstein-Barr virus (EBV).
• Cytomegalovirus (CMV) - especially in the immune incompetent.

Hepatitis B

Meaning & utility of the various Hepatitis B tests:

Test name	Location	Positive test	Negative test	Usual question
HBs Ag	Surface	Virus active	No active infection	Active infection?
HBs Ab	Surface	Exposed OR vaccinated	No exposure OR no vaccine OR loss of Ab	Immunization status?
HBe Ag	Virus core	Infect. w/ viral replication	No active infection	Active infect. w/ viral replication?
HBe Ab	Virus core	Exposed to virus	Infect. w/o antibody response OR not exposed	Immune response to infection?
HBV DNA	-	Active	Not active/no exposure	Viral load/how active?
HBc Ab	Virus core	Virus active/previous exposure	No exposure	Early active infection?

Notes:

• HBc Ab may test for acute (IgM) or chronic infection - dependent on specific antibody test; it is often used to look for early infection.
• Carriers of hepatitis B: HBs Ag +ve, HBs Ab -ve, HBc Ag -ve, HBc Ab +ve, HBe Ag -ve, HBe Ab +ve.

Markers for rare liver diseases

• Ceruloplasm - low think Wilson's disease; typical value for Wilson's ~ 0.12 g/L.
  • <0.20 g/L is a criteria for Wilson's disease.
• Alpha-1 antitrypsin - if low think deficiency.

Hemosiderosis

• Ferritin - high.
• Iron saturation - high.

Causes:

• Hemochromatosis.
• Hemolysis, chronic.
• Cirrhosis.

Medical imaging

Blood flow:

• Hepatopedal flow = normal portal vein flow.
• Hepatofugal flow = reversed portal vein flow.

Interventional measurements

Wedged to free hepatic venous pressure:

• Normal = 1-4 mmHg.
  • Elevated in portal hypertension.

Liver biopsy

Medical liver biopsy adequacy

Liver biopsy specimens should be:

• 2.0 cm in length and contain 11-15 portal tracts,
• The core should be deeper than 1.0 cm from the liver capsule; specimens close to the capsule may lead to over grading of fibrosis.

Reporting

Main article: Pathology reports

Specimen, procedure:
- Diagnosis.

The diagnosis usually contains grading and staging information, e.g. activity 2 /4, Laennec fibrosis stage 1 /4.

In the context of medical liver disease:

• Grade = inflammation/activity.
• Stage = severity of fibrosis/architectural changes.

Notes:

• The term "acute" is infrequently used in liver pathology.
• In the liver: neutrophils is not acute -- unlike most elsewhere in the body.

A microscopic checklist

Size of biopsy: Adequate
Fragmentation: Absent
Fibrosis: Stage 2-3/4, mostly stage 2
Fibrous septa: Present
Septa with curved contours: Present – focally only
Large droplet steatosis (% of hepatocytes): Present, moderate 60%
Ballooning of hepatocytes: Present, rare
Mallory-Denk bodies: Present, rare
Portal inflammation: Present
Interface activity: Minimal (0-1/4)
Lobular necroinflammation: Minimal
Ducts: Present in normal numbers
Duct injury: Absent
Ductular reaction: Absent
Cholestasis: Absent
Terminal hepatic venules: Present
Iron stain: Absent
Ground glass cells with routine stains: Absent
PASD for alpha-1 antitrypsin droplets: Negative 

Viral hepatitis

These are common. The diagnoses are based on serology. The serology is covered in the viral hepatitis section in the liver pathology article.

Typically classified as:

1. Acute < 6 months duration.
2. Chronic > 6 months duration.

Hepatitis A

• Infection is self-limited, i.e. not persistent.
  • May present as fulminant hepatic necrosis.
• Usually asymptomatic in children.
• Serology is diagnostic.

Hepatitis B

Hepatitis B virus, abbreviated HBV, redirects here.

Main article: Hepatitis B

Hepatitis C

Main article: Hepatitis C

Other infections

• Hydatid disease (Hydatid cyst).
• Ascaris.
• Fasciola

Hydatid disease

• AKA hydatid cyst.

General

• Etiology: Echinococcus.

Microscopic

Features:

• Laminated wall +/- calcification.
• Organisms -- see Echinococcus.

Images

• 

  Liver cyst wall - intermed. mag. (WC)

• 

  Liver cyst wall - high mag. (WC)

• 

  Characteristic laminated portion - intermed. mag. (WC)

• 

  Characteristic laminated portion - high mag. (WC)

www:

• Hydatid cyst (med.sc.edu).
• Hydatid cyst (atlas.or.kr).
• Hydatid cyst (casereports.bmj.com).

Abscess

Abscess. A process replaces most of the liver parenchyma (UL 20X). Fibrinopurulent exudate apposes granulation tissue (UR 200X). Neutrophils lie in widened sinusoids (LL 200X).Trichrome shows collagenization of spaces of Disse. Scarring about an abscess or other mass lesion should not be interpreted as reflective of the liver in general (LR 200X).

Coccidiomycosis

Coccidiomycosis Table show GRAN-COC

Note the granulomas in otherwise undisturbed liver (UL), the larger prior granuloma with centrally crowded cells & lady slipper macrophage nuclei (UR), the center of the granuloma with pyknotic macrophage nuclei "necrotizing" (LL), and the organisms on GMS stain (LR).

Metabolic and toxic

Alcoholic liver disease

General

• Acute and/or chronic liver changes due to excessive alcohol use - includes:
  • Alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH), AKA alcoholic hepatitis.
    • Alcoholic hepatitis can be with minimal steatosis.
  • Steatosis - classically macrovescicular and centrilobular.
  • Alcoholic cirrhosis.

Classic lab findings in EtOH abusers

• AST & ALT elevated with AST:ALT=2:1.
• GGT elevated.
• MCV increased.

Gross pathology/radiologic findings

• Classically micronodular pattern.
  • May be macronodular.

Microscopic

See:

• Steatohepatitis section and ballooning degeneration section.

Features:

• Often zone III damage.
• Cholestatsis common, i.e. yellow staining.
  • NASH (non-alcoholic steatohepatitis) usu. does not have cholestasis.
• Fibrosis starts at central veins.
• Neutrophils (often helpful) -- few other things have PMNs. (???)
  • Neutrophils cluster around cells with Mallory hyaline.

Images

Alcoholic hepatitis with Metavir stage IV fibrosis (advanced fibrosis/cirrhosis). Trichrome shows relatively non-inflamed fibrous bands, as well as [between green dots] nodules. The lack of regeneration throughout might have precluded a diagnosis of cirrhosis, but stage IV fibrosis under the Metavir system is justified (Row 1 Left 20X). Reticulin shows regenerative nodules [left] with mostly two or more nuclei between black lines juxtaposed to non-regenerative hepatocytes on the right, without piecemeal necrosis. (Row 1 Right 100X). Regenerative nodules show occasional neutrophils [red arrow] and cytoplasmic tufts of ballooned cells, sometimes possibly Mallory hyalin [green arrows] (Row 2 Left 200X). Triads (note vein [green arrow], artery [yellow arrow], and interlobular bile duct [blue arrow]) generally showed little or no interface hepatitis, even when expanded by fibrosis and inflamed (Row 2 Right 200X). Occasional foci of spotty necrosis were seen (Row 3 Left 200X). This edge of an inflamed triads shows neutrophils about proliferated bile ducts [red arrows], as well as Mallory-Denk bodies [blue arrows] (Row 4 Left 400X).

Definite cirrhosis in an alcoholic. Hepatocyte free bands parse tissue, with occasional definite islands [arrows] (Row 1 Left 40X). Trichrome establishes blue fibrosis about isles [arrows] (Row 1 Right 40X). Reticulin stain shows nodules with regeneration, wherein a large proportion of them are at least two nuclei thick [arrows] (Row 2 Left 200X). Bile duct proliferation can be difficult, sometimes mimicking cholangiocarcinoma. Follow the double headed arrows to see how the ductules can be seen to proliferate from a single sources, with all ducts being complete, without necrotic epithelial cells. (Row 2 Right 400X). PAS with distase can help, as cholangiocarcinoma generally lacks the red rim of proliferating bile ductules [arrows]; again note the connections that can be made between the ductule openings by the blue double headed arrows. The cyan double headed arrows show general parallelism, consistent with uniform directionality induced by extrinsic force, not a neoplastic spread (Row 3 Left 400X). Trichrome shows the most difficult focus. Double headed arrows display the connectivity seen before of the proliferated bile ductules. Note that numerous pairs of adjacent perpendicular glands without a head to foot appearance are not seen that would indicate the disorderly spread of cholangiocarcinoma (Row 3 Right 400X).

Alcoholic hepatitis without cirrhosis. No history of viral disease. AMA negative. Expanded, inflamed triads with increased bile duct/vascular openings. Mild steatosis (UL 40X). Trichrome stain shows periportal fibrosis [red arrowheads] (UR 200X). PAS with diastase stain shows proliferated bile ductules [blue arrowheads] in stroma with mixed inflammatory infiltrate (LL 400X) Neutrophils about ballooned hepatocyte (satellitosis) [yellow arrowheads]. Councilman bodies [green arrowheads] (LR 400X).

Notes:

• If portal inflammatory infiltrates more than mild, r/o other causes i.e. viral hepatitis.
• Mallory bodies once thought to be characteristic; now considered non-specific and generally poorly understood.
• Some consider alcoholic liver disease a clinical diagnosis, i.e. as a pathologist one does not diagnose it.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

• Abbreviated NAFLD.
• Fatty liver that is not due to alcohol; includes obesity-related fatty liver, metabolic disease/diabetes-related fatty liver.

NASH

• Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis - see steatohepatitis section.
• Histologically indistinguishable from ASH.
• NASH is a clinical diagnosis based on exclusion of alcohol.

Steatohepatitis

Main article: Steatohepatitis

Autoimmune

Autoimmune hepatitis

• Abbreviated AIH.

Main article: Autoimmune hepatitis

Primary biliary cirrhosis

• Abbreviated PBC.

Main article: Primary biliary cirrhosis

Autoimmune hepatitis with obstruction - combined changes

Patient with SLE and obstructive jaundice that resolved with apparent passage of stone. Low power shows inflammation; portal triads, lobules, central veins cannot be distinguished (left row 1 40X). Trichrome shows central venous sclerosis (red arrowhead), periportal fibrosis (green arrowhead), & space of Disse collagenization (yellow arrowhead); juxtaposition of central vein & portal tract indicates collapse, no definite bridging was seen (right row 1 100X). Central vein is inflamed with a rare plasma cell (cyan arrowhead) (left row 2 400X). Interface hepatitis with plasma cells (yellow arrows) and ballooned hepatocytes (red arrows). Lobule is disorganized (right row 2 400X). Proliferating bile ductules (blue arrows) with occasional neutrophils (fucsia arrows), indicative of obstruction, but not acute cholangitis, which requires inflamed bile duct itself, best diagnosed with associated blood vessel (left row 3 400X). Rare distorted rosettes with greenish brown strands of bile (left arrow) or bile plugs (right arrow) (right row 3 400X).

Autoimmune hepatitis-primary biliary cirrhosis overlap syndrome

• Abbreviation AIH-PBC OS.

General

Epidemiology:

• Rare.

Serology:

• AMA +ve.
• Anti-dsDNA +ve.

Microscopic

See: autoimmune hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis.

AIH/PBC overlap. AMA & ANA positive with Alkaline phosphatase > 2 upper limit of normal & one ALT > 5 times upper limit of normal. Expanded portal tracts with fuzzy edges (UL 40X). IInterface hepatitis with plasma cells (UR 400X). Loose granuloma (LL 400X). Damaged bile duct (LR 400X).

Primary sclerosing cholangitis

• Abbreviated PSC.

Main article: Primary sclerosing cholangitis

Hereditary

Caroli disease

General

• Genetic disease.
  • Frequently associated with autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD).
  • May be seen in isolation.

Clinical:

• Recurrent cholangitis.
• Recurrent cholelithiasis.
• Cholangiocarcinoma - seen in ~7% of cases.

Note:

• Caroli syndrome = Caroli disease + congenital hepatic fibrosis.

Gross

• Dilated bile ducts.

Microscopic

Features:

• Dilated bile ducts.
• Periductal fibrosis. (???)
• +/-Fibrosis.

Image:

• Caroli disease (meddean.luc.edu).

Hereditary hemochromatosis

For secondary causes see secondary hemochromatosis.

Main article: Hereditary hemochromatosis

Wilson disease

Main article: Wilson's disease

Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency

• AKA alpha1-antiprotease inhibitor deficiency.

Main article: Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency

Other

Budd-Chiari syndrome

• AKA hepatic vein obstruction.

General

• Hepatic outflow obstruction.

Clinical triad:

• Ascites.
• Abdominal pain.
• Hepatomegaly.

Etiology:

• ~50% have a myeloproliferative disease.
• May be due to mass effect from a tumour.

Clinical DDx:

• Hepatic veno-occlusive disease.

Microscopic

Features:

• Sinusoidal dilation in zone III (congestion).
• +/-Hepatocyte drop-out.
• +/-Centrilobular fibrosis.

DDx congestion:

• Congestive heart failure (congestive hepatopathy).
• Constrictive pericarditis.

Vanishing bile duct syndrome

• AKA bile duct loss, AKA ductopenia.

General

• Fatal.

DDx:

• Primary biliary cirrhosis.
• Primary sclerosing cholangitis.
• GVHD.
• Drugs.
• Chronic rejection.

Microscopic

Features:

• Loss of intrahepatitic bile ducts - key feature.
• Cholestasis.

Note:

• May occur without fibrosis and inflammation; thus, can be easy to miss.

IHC

• CK7 -ve.
  • Marks bile ducts.

Extrahepatic biliary obstruction

Early extrahepatic biliary obstruction, demonstrated radiographically, transient, with rise in bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, and transaminases. Pure canalicular cholestasis near terminal hepatic venules also seen in acute hepatitis, drug reactions, benign recurrent cholestasis, pregnancy, sepsis, & lymphomas. Sinusoidal dilatation, circular spaces of hepatocytes, small portal triads(UL 40X). Bile in hepatocytes about central vein & in plugs in canaliculi [yellow arrowhead] (UR 400X). Trichrome shows fibrosis about central vein (LL 400X). PAS with diastase shows portal triads with mild edema and chronic inflammation, without tortuous bile duct (LR 400X).

Changes of extrahepatic biliary obstruction, months duration. Expanded inflamed portal triads, swollen hepatocytes (UL 40X). Edematous stroma, proliferating ductules [yellow arrowheads], PAS-D macrophages [red arrowhead] (UR PAS with diastasse, 200X). Disordered, often swollen hepatocytes,some with feathery degeneration (net like spaces in cytoplasm) [blue arrowhead], rare Councilman body [green arrowhead] (LL 400X). Bile in hepatocytes [cyan arrrowhead] & in canaliculi [purple arrowheads]. Empty acinar spaces bounded by hepatocytes [orange arrowhead] (LR 400X).

Large bile duct obstruction. Expanded, light colored portal triads (arrows)(Row 1 Left 20X). Proliferating bile ductules (cyan arrows) with neutrophils (yellow arrows), not specific for acute cholangitis, of assistance with large bile duct obstruction (Row 1 Right 400X). Uninflamed interlobular duct (yellow arrow) with, accompanying blood vessel (red arrow) (Row 2 Left 400X). Bile infarct with pyknotic nuclei (arrows)(Row 2 Right 400X). Bile (arrow) in interlobular bile duct with disordered nuclei (Row 3 Left 400X). Bile plugs in cannaliculi (red arrows), feathery degeneration producing foamy macrophage-like hepatocytes (yellow arrows)(Row 3 Right 400X).

Congestive hepatopathy

General

• Liver failure due to (right) heart failure.
• AKA cardiac cirrhosis - a term used by clinicians.
  • Generally, it does not satisfy pathologic criteria for cirrhosis.

Gross

• "Nutmeg" liver - yellow spotted appearance.

Microscopic

Features:

• Zone III atrophy.
• Portal venule (central vein) distension.
• Perisinusoidal fibrosis - progresses to centrilobular fibrosis and then diffuse fibrosis.
• Dilation of sinusoids in all zone III areas - key feature.

DDx:

• Hemangioma of the liver - should be focal lesion.

Images

• 

  Mild congestive hepatopathy. (WC)

Centrilobular necrosis (seen in circulatory failure and with toxins/drugs). PAS without diastase shows ovoids of necrosis {UL 40X). Necrosis with central vein [yellow arrowhead], inflammatory cells, residual Councilman body [green arrowhead], and hepatocyte with mitotic figure [red arrowhead] (UR 400X). Trichrome highlights fibrosis about central vein [yellow arrowhead] & shows beginning scar formation [green arrowheads]. Note residual atrophic hepatocytes [blue arrowheads] (LL 400X). Portal triads are largely unaffected (LR 400X)

Patient with congestive heart failure and stage I fibrosis. Dilated and undilated sinusoidal regions (left row 1 40X). Thrombi in sinusoids; glycogenated nuclei likely reflect patient’s diabetes mellitus (right row 1 400X). Dilated portal vein (left row 2 400X). Reticulin shows black lines of bridging, too thick for collapse (right row 2 200X). Trichrome shows space of Disse collagenization (pericellular fibrosis) (left row 3 200X). Trichrome shows bridge beginning off to right; when it is more than a mere spike, it is a bridge (right row 3 200X).

Drug-induced liver disease

• AKA drug-induced liver toxicity.

Main article: Drug-induced liver disease

Focal nodular hyperplasia

• Abbreviated FNH.

Main article: Focal nodular hyperplasia

Nodular regenerative hyperplasia

General

• Associated with renal transplants, bone marrow transplants and vasculitides.
• Can lead to portal hypertension and many of the associated complications.

Etiology

• Arterial hypervascularity secondary to loss of hepatic vein radicles (loss of central venule in hepatic lobule).

ASIDE: radicle = ramulus - smallest branch or vessel or nerve.

Gross

• Diffuse nodularity - whole liver.

Microscopic

Features:

• "Plump" hepatocytes surrounded by atrophic ones.
• No fibrosis.

Sinuosoidal obstruction syndrome

• May be referred to as Hepatic veno-occlusive disease.

General

• Term for obstruction due to toxicity from a chemotherapeutic agent.

Clinical DDx:

• Budd-Chiari syndrome.

Microscopic

Features:

• Subendothelial swelling in hepatic venules.

Negatives:

• No thrombosis.

Ascending Cholangitis (Acute Cholangitis)

General

• Term for infection of bile ducts, usually due to obstruction

Clinical DDx:

Microscopic

Images

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
Acute cholangitis in a patient with multiple bile duct procedures. After the biopsy, removal of bile duct stones released pus. A. Rounded, clear (edematous) portal tracts (arrows) separated by hepatocytes with dilated sinusoids. B. Neutrophils about hepatocytes (arrows) have spilled into the lobule from a portal tract. C, Proliferated bile ductules (arrows) bearing neutrophils within epithelium and lumens are features of obstruction that should prompt a search for interlobular ducts with acute inflammation. D. The epithelium of the ducts can be severely degenerated. Neutrophils (cyan arrows) invade epithelium of an interlobular duct that are recognizable mainly as a circle of rounded nuclei; the associated arteriole (red arrow) should be identified to ensure an interlobular duct is being evaluated. Note the proliferated bile ductules (blue arrows). E. A PAS without diastase stain colors the arteriole (blue arrow), as well as the rim of the interlobular duct within which lies a neutrophil (cyan arrow). F. A PAS with diastase stain colors the arteriole (red arrow), as well as the rim of the interlobular duct within which lies a neutrophil (cyan arrow).

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
Patient with sepsis and acute cholangitis. A. Low power shows variably sized inflamed portal tracts. B. Trichrome shows dilated sinusoids and space of Disse collagenization. C. Inflammatory focus with macrophages and neutrophils. D. PAS with diastase shows proliferated bile ductules at edge of triad with neutrophils, which should not be used to make a definite diagnosis of acute cholangitis. E. PAS without diastase showing acutely inflamed bile duct, with accompanying blood vessel of similar size, diagnostic of acute cholangitis. F. PAS with diastase showing neutrophil in bille duct lumen, diagnostic of acute cholangitis.

Polycystic kidney disease and the liver

Main article: Cystic kidney disease

General

Complications of PKD in the liver:

1. Infected cyst.
2. Cholangiocarcinoma.
3. Cholestasis/obstruction due to duct compression.

Cysts:

• Cysts in the liver, like the kidney, are thought to enlarge with age.

Microscopic

Features:

• Von Meyenburg complexes (bile duct hamartoma):
  • Cluster of dilated ducts with "altered" bile.
  • Surrounded by collagenous stroma.
  • Separate from the portal areas.

Images:

• Von Meyenburg complex - bile duct hamartoma (WC).
• Bile duct hamartoma (WC).

Notes:

• Appearance on ultrasound and CT (hypodense) - similar to metastases.

Peliosis hepatis

General

• Associated with:
  • Infections.
  • Malignancy.
  • Other stuff.
• Rarely biopsied.

Microscopic

Features:

• Cyst lined by endothelium.
  • Usu. incomplete.
• Blood.

Peliosis hepatis. Hemorrhage at left end, dilated sinusoids elsewhere (UL 20X). Ramifying dilated sinusoidal spaces (UR 100X). PAS with diastase shows flat lining (LL 400X). Necrotic hepatocytes in cords, presumably due to pressure (LR 400X).

Total parenteral nutrition

• Abbreviated TPN.

General

• Indication: short gut syndrome, others.

Microscopic

Variable - may range from: steatosis, steatohepatitis, cholestasis, fibrosis and cirrhosis.

Features (classic):

• Steatosis (periportal) - early.
• Cholestasis - late.

Giant cell hepatitis

• AKA neonatal giant cell hepatitis.

See: Giant cell hepatitis.

Hepatic amyloidosis

Main article: Amyloidosis

• AKA liver amyloidosis.
• AKA amyloidosis of the liver.

General

• Diffuse abundant amyloid within the space of Disse is associated with portal hypertension.

Microscopic

Features:

• Amorphous extracellular pink stuff on H&E - see amyloid article.

DDx:

• Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma.

Images

• 

  Amyloidosis of the liver - low mag. (WC)

• 

  Amyloidosis of the liver - intermed. mag. (WC)

• 

  Amyloidosis of the liver - high mag. (WC)

• 

  Amyloidosis of the liver - very high mag. (WC)

Amyloidosis. Amorphous material replaces hepatic parenchyma [UL 4X]. Material barely stains blue on trichrome [UR 10X] Material stains red on unpolarized Congo Red [LL 40X] Material stains apple green on polarized Congo Red [LR 40X]

Stains

• Congo red +ve.

Fulminant hepatic necrosis

General

Etiology:

• Viral, i.e. Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B; Hepatitis C - extremely rare.
• Trauma.
• Shock.

Microscopic

Submassive hepatic necrosis. Patient had transaminases in the thousands that rapidly dropped to normal. Pink preserved parenchyma strews empty necrotic spaces (Row 1 Left 20X). Focus of necrosis with no apparent hepatocytes macrophages abuts apparently normal liver (Row 1 Right 200X). Iron stain shows the macrophages bear hemosiderin (Row 2 Left 200X). Reticulin stain highlights the recently dead liver cells (Row 2 Right 200X). Reticulin stain shows a necrotic bridge forming; the multiple small black circles preclude diagnosis of a fibrous bridge (Row 3 Left 200X). Trichrome shows the necrotic bridge (“collapse”) lacks much collagen deposition, as would be expected for bridging fibrosis (Row 3 Right 200X).

Features:

• Hepatocyte necrosis.
• Bile duct proliferation.

DDx:

• Cholangiocarcinoma.
• Angiosarcoma.

Secondary hemochromatosis

For the hereditary one see hereditary hemochromatosis.

General

• Iron overload secondary to blood transfusions for hereditary or acquired anemia.
  • Primary hemochromatosis due to a defect in iron processing - called hereditary hemochromatosis.
• Imaging considered the best test, as iron deposition is patchy.

Selected hereditary causes:

• Thalassemia.
• Sickle cell anemia.
• Hereditary sideroblastic anemia.

Selected acquired causes:

• Myelodysplastic syndromes
• Myelofibrosis
• Aplastic anemia, intractable.

Microscopic

See hereditary hemochromatosis.

Hepatic sarcoidosis

Main article: Hepatic sarcoidosis

Overlapping Disorders

Changes of steatohepatitis and interface hepatitis, with granuloma. Patient with diabetes was ANA, AMA, HCV, HBV negative, without drugs known to produce granulomas or interface hepatitis. This may be a case of AMA negative primary biliary cirrhosis, but studies to determine that with certainty were not performed. A. Low power shows hepatocytes afflicted by steatosis and an inflamed portal tract. B. In a region of fatty change lie cytoplasmic tufts of ballooning degeneration (green arrows) and a lipogranuloma (black arrow). C. At the portal-hepatocyte junction lies interface hepatitis (black arrows), as well as extension of inflammation into the lobule (green arrows). D. Red hepatocytes bounded by inflammation denote piecemeal necrosis [PAS without diastase]. E. Giant cells intermixed with lymphocytes prove a portal granuloma [PAS without diastase]. F. A blue fibrous bridge extends from a triad [Trichrome].

Acute obstructive changes and changes of recurrent injury in 46 yo man with Clostridium perfringens positive blood culture, an ERCP that showed duodenal compression by the pancreas with resultant bile duct dilatation. The patient had had and continued to have multiple bouts of acute pancreatitis. At the time of biopsy, decreased platelet count/hemoglobin/albumin, elevated lipase/amylase/PT/PTT, normal alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, AST/ALT, AMA, hepatitis virus serology, ANA. A. Fragment biopsy shows inflamed triads and bridges. B. Trichrome shows bridges without nodules, evidence of prior injury; the patient subsequently developed multiple episodes of pancreatitis. C. Reticulin shows piecemeal necrosis, with black lines bounding individual hepatocytes at interface (arrows). D. Collapse is shown by closly approximated thick black lines; one cannot call portal-central collapse without seeing a central vein. Note on this and the other reticulin image that regeneration, two cell thick cords, is not prominent. E. PAS D of two portal triads, far nearer than normal, both expanded. Note increased number of ducts/ductules (red arrows), neutrophils, and PAS-D macrophages. F. PAS D shows collapse extending from a triad to a portion of a lobule with steatosis. No feathery degeneration or bile duct plugs were seen. Neither were foci of spotty necrosis or abscess seen. G. Other triads, again edematous, showed more of a chronic inflammatory response, with occasional plasma cells (black arrows). Also present are neutrophils (red arrows). The bile duct (grey arrow) near the artery (brown arrow) shows mildly disturbed nuclei. Note early proliferated bile ductules (cyan arrows).

Hepatitis B virus with steatohepatitis in a 36 year old man with hepatitis B surface antigen and hepatitis Be antigen positivity, Hepatitis be QTPC of 1750 cop/mL, an occasionally mildly elevated (42) ALT, and normal glucose, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, and other transaminases. He had a history of alcohol abuse, which became controlled. A. Triads show scant inflammation without definite interface hepatitis. About one-fourth of the lobule, not pan-acinar, is afflicted by steatosis. B. Occasional tufts are seen (arrow), indicating focal ballooning sufficient for a diagnosis of steatohepatitis. C. Glycogenated nuclei (black arrows) and hepatocytes with feathery degeneration (red arrows) are seen. D. Very rare foci of spotty necrosis were seen. E. Apart from this triad and the one in the trichrome stain in F, which had moderate inflammation comprising lymphocytes and macrophages, all triads were small, most without any inflammation at all. Neither collapse nor piecemeal necrosis were seen on reticulin stain. F. Trichrome stain showed only portal fibrosis. The interhepatocyte fibrosis required for brunt fibrosis stage I was not seen. Hence, one would grade this as follows: A) Chronic hepatitis (history of hepatitis B), Metavir activity index 1, Piecemeal necrosis 0, Lobular necrosis 1, Metavir fibrosis stage 1, B) Steatohepaitits, Brunt necroinflammatory grade 1, Brunt fibrosis stage 0.

See also

• Pancreas.
• Gastrointestinal pathology.
• Liver neoplasms.
• Liver.