Difference between revisions of "Steatosis"

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| Image      = Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease1.jpg
| Image      = Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease1.jpg
| Width      =
| Width      =
| Caption    = Steatosis. Elastic [[Masson's trichrome]].
| Caption    = Steatosis. Elastic [[Masson's trichrome stain]].
| Synonyms  = fatty liver
| Synonyms  = fatty liver
| Micro      = fatty change (macrovesicular or microvesicular and periportal or centrilobular), negative for ballooning degeneration, negative for significant inflammation - esp. [[neutrophils]]
| Micro      = fatty change (macrovesicular or microvesicular and periportal or centrilobular), negative for ballooning degeneration, negative for significant inflammation - esp. [[neutrophils]]
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*Hepatitis D.
*Hepatitis D.
*Weird stuff:
*Weird stuff:
**Congenital defects of fatty acid beta oxidation,
**Congenital defects of fatty acid beta oxidation.
**Cholesterol ester storage disease,
**Cholesterol ester storage disease.
**Wolman disease and Alpers syndrome.
**Wolman disease and Alpers syndrome.


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Centrilobular predominant (zone III) - ''DOA'':<ref name=pcddx_steatosis/>
Centrilobular predominant (zone III) - ''DOA'':<ref name=pcddx_steatosis/>
*[[Diabetes mellitus]].
*[[Diabetes mellitus]].
*Obesity, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).
*[[Obesity]], non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).
*Alcoholic liver disease, alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH).
*[[Alcoholic liver disease]], alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH).


Periportal predominant (zone I) - ''TAPES'':<ref name=pcddx_steatosis/>
Periportal predominant (zone I) - ''TAPES'':<ref name=pcddx_steatosis/>
*Total parenteral nutrition (TPN).
*Total parenteral nutrition (TPN).
*[[AIDS]].
*[[AIDS]].
*Phosphorus poisoning.
*[[Phosphorus poisoning]].
*Exogenous steroids.
*Exogenous steroids.
*[[Starvation]].<ref name=pmid10600264>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Nagy | first1 = I. | last2 = Németh | first2 = J. | last3 = Lászik | first3 = Z. | title = Effect of L-aminocarnitine, an inhibitor of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation, on the exocrine pancreas and liver in fasted rats. | journal = Pharmacol Res | volume = 41 | issue = 1 | pages = 9-17 | month = Jan | year = 2000 | doi = 10.1006/phrs.1999.0565 | PMID = 10600264 }}</ref>
*[[Starvation]].<ref name=pmid10600264>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Nagy | first1 = I. | last2 = Németh | first2 = J. | last3 = Lászik | first3 = Z. | title = Effect of L-aminocarnitine, an inhibitor of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation, on the exocrine pancreas and liver in fasted rats. | journal = Pharmacol Res | volume = 41 | issue = 1 | pages = 9-17 | month = Jan | year = 2000 | doi = 10.1006/phrs.1999.0565 | PMID = 10600264 }}</ref>
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<gallery>
<gallery>
Image:Periportal_hepatosteatosis_intermed_mag.jpg | Periportal steatosis. (WC/Nephron)
Image:Periportal_hepatosteatosis_intermed_mag.jpg | Periportal steatosis. (WC/Nephron)
</gallery>
Image:
<gallery>
Image:Non-alcoholic_fatty_liver_disease1.jpg | Centrilobular steatosis. (WC/Nephron)
Image:Non-alcoholic_fatty_liver_disease1.jpg | Centrilobular steatosis. (WC/Nephron)
</gallery>
</gallery>

Revision as of 03:26, 4 January 2016

Steatosis
Diagnosis in short

Steatosis. Elastic Masson's trichrome stain.
Synonyms fatty liver
LM fatty change (macrovesicular or microvesicular and periportal or centrilobular), negative for ballooning degeneration, negative for significant inflammation - esp. neutrophils
Subtypes macrovesicular steatosis (periportal, centrilobular), microvesicular steatosis.
LM DDx steatohepatitis (ASH, NASH), drug-induced liver injury
Gross yellow colour, greasy/slippery feelling, enlarged
Site liver - see medical liver disease
Associated Dx obesity, alcoholism
Prevalence very common
Prognosis dependent on underlying cause
Clin. DDx ASH, NASH
Treatment dependent on underlying cause

Steatosis, also fatty liver, is a fatty change in the liver associated with a number of underlying causes.

General

Classification

Can be divided into:

  1. Macrovesicular steatosis.
    • Common.
  2. Microvesicular steatosis.
    • Rare.
    • Potentially life threatening.[1]

Note:

  • It is considered technically incorrect to say the liver, in steatosis/steatohepatitis, contains adipocytes; they are lipid-laden hepatocytes,[2] despite that:
    • Histologically, these cells look like adipocytes.
    • Lipid-laden hepatocytes have gene activations suggestive of adipogenic-like transformation.[3]

Etiology

Microvesicular steatosis

Microvesicular steatosis DDx:[4]

  • Acute fatty liver of pregnancy,
  • Reye's syndrome.
  • Drug toxicity:
    • Sodium valproate toxicity.
    • High-dose tetracycline toxicity.
  • Jamaican vomiting sickness.
  • Congenital defects of urea cycle enzymes.

Less common causes:

  • Alcoholism.
  • Hepatitis D.
  • Weird stuff:
    • Congenital defects of fatty acid beta oxidation.
    • Cholesterol ester storage disease.
    • Wolman disease and Alpers syndrome.

The classic causes of microvesicular steatosis are:[5]

  • Fatty liver of pregnancy.
  • Aspirin (Reye's syndrome).
  • Tetracycline.

It was once thought that all other causes of fatty liver produce macrovesicular steatosis.

Macrovesicular steatosis

Can sometimes be divided into centrilobular predominant and periportal predominant.[6]

Centrilobular predominant (zone III) - DOA:[6]

Periportal predominant (zone I) - TAPES:[6]

Notes:

  • HCV genotype 3 is reported to cause periportal steatosis.[8]
  • Donor livers with more macrovescicular steatosis = worse outcome.

Microscopic

Features - macrovesicular steatosis.

  • One large vacuoles - similar to mature adipose tissue.
  • Nucleus is eccentric.

Features - microvesicular steatosis.

  • Multiple small (clear) cytoplasmic vacuoles - similar to brown fat, as seen in a hibernoma.
  • Nucleus is central.[10]

Grading

Quantity of fat is usually given as a percentage and graded mild, moderate, or marked.

  • Mild <33%, moderate >33% & <66%, marked >66%.[11]

Images

  • Periportal steatosis. (WC/Nephron)

  • Centrilobular steatosis. (WC/Nephron)

See also

References

  1. ↑ Jolly, RA.; Ciurlionis, R.; Morfitt, D.; Helgren, M.; Patterson, R.; Ulrich, RG.; Waring, JF.. "Microvesicular steatosis induced by a short chain fatty acid: effects on mitochondrial function and correlation with gene expression.". Toxicol Pathol 32 Suppl 2: 19-25. PMID 15503661.
  2. ↑ Guindi, M. September 2009.
  3. ↑ URL: http://www.jci.org/articles/view/20513/version/1. Accessed on: 23 September 2009.
  4. ↑ Hautekeete ML, Degott C, Benhamou JP (1990). "Microvesicular steatosis of the liver". Acta Clin Belg 45 (5): 311–26. PMID 2177300.
  5. ↑ http://www.mailman.srv.ualberta.ca/pipermail/patho-l/1996-June/001788.html
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Steatosis. pathconsultddx.com. URL: http://www.pathconsultddx.com/pathCon/diagnosis?pii=S1559-8675%2806%2970840-3. Accessed on: 2 Sep 2009.
  7. ↑ Nagy, I.; Németh, J.; Lászik, Z. (Jan 2000). "Effect of L-aminocarnitine, an inhibitor of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation, on the exocrine pancreas and liver in fasted rats.". Pharmacol Res 41 (1): 9-17. doi:10.1006/phrs.1999.0565. PMID 10600264.
  8. ↑ Yoon EJ, Hu KQ. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and hepatic steatosis. Int J Med Sci. 2006;3(2):53-6. Epub 2006 Apr 1. PMID 16614743. Avialable at: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1415843. Accessed on: September 9, 2009.
  9. ↑ STC. 6 December 2010.
  10. ↑ STC. 6 December 2010.
  11. ↑ Guindi, M. September 17, 2009.
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