Difference between revisions of "Peripheral nerve sheath tumours"

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'''Peripheral nerve sheath tumours''', abbreviated '''PNSTs''', are common in [[neuropathology]] and occasionally show-up elsewhere.  A very common PNST is the [[Peripheral nerve sheath tumours#Schwannoma|schwannoma]].
'''Peripheral nerve sheath tumours''', abbreviated '''PNSTs''', are common in [[neuropathology]] and occasionally show-up elsewhere.  A very common PNST is the [[schwannoma]].


==Classification==
=Classification=
A classification:<ref name=pmid17893219>{{cite journal |author=Wippold FJ, Lubner M, Perrin RJ, Lämmle M, Perry A |title=Neuropathology for the neuroradiologist: Antoni A and Antoni B tissue patterns |journal=AJNR Am J Neuroradiol |volume=28 |issue=9 |pages=1633–8 |year=2007 |month=October |pmid=17893219 |doi=10.3174/ajnr.A0682 |url=http://www.ajnr.org/cgi/reprint/28/9/1633}}</ref>
A classification:<ref name=pmid17893219>{{cite journal |author=Wippold FJ, Lubner M, Perrin RJ, Lämmle M, Perry A |title=Neuropathology for the neuroradiologist: Antoni A and Antoni B tissue patterns |journal=AJNR Am J Neuroradiol |volume=28 |issue=9 |pages=1633–8 |year=2007 |month=October |pmid=17893219 |doi=10.3174/ajnr.A0682 |url=http://www.ajnr.org/cgi/reprint/28/9/1633}}</ref>
*Benign:
*Benign:
Line 11: Line 11:
**[[Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour]] (MPNST).
**[[Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour]] (MPNST).


=Specific diagnoses=
==Schwannoma==  
==Schwannoma==  
===General===
{{Main|Schwannoma}}
*A common [[neuropathology]] [[CNS tumours|tumour]] that occasionally shows-up elsewhere.
*Tumour of tissue surrounding a nerve.
**Axons adjacent to the tumour are normal... but may be compressed.
*May be a part of [[neurofibromatosis type 2]].
 
===Microscopic===
Features:<ref name=pmid17893219>{{cite journal |author=Wippold FJ, Lubner M, Perrin RJ, Lämmle M, Perry A |title=Neuropathology for the neuroradiologist: Antoni A and Antoni B tissue patterns |journal=AJNR Am J Neuroradiol |volume=28 |issue=9 |pages=1633–8 |year=2007 |month=October |pmid=17893219 |doi=10.3174/ajnr.A0682 |url=http://www.ajnr.org/cgi/reprint/28/9/1633}}</ref>
*Antoni A:
**Cellular.
**'Fibrillary, polar, elongated'.
*Antoni B:
**Pauci-cellular.
**Loose microcystic tissue.
*Verocay bodies - paucinuclear area surrounded by nuclei - '''diagnostic feature'''.
*Hyaline thickened [[blood vessel]]s.
*Thick capsule.
*In the GI tract: classically have a ''peripheral lymphoid cuff''.<ref name=pmid15728600>{{cite journal |author=Levy AD, Quiles AM, Miettinen M, Sobin LH |title=Gastrointestinal schwannomas: CT features with clinicopathologic correlation |journal=AJR Am J Roentgenol |volume=184 |issue=3 |pages=797–802 |year=2005 |month=March |pmid=15728600 |doi= |url=http://www.ajronline.org/cgi/content/full/184/3/797}}</ref>
*+/-Hemosiderin deposition within tumour.
 
Notes:
*Tumour does ''not'' smear well.<ref>MUN. 24 November 2010.</ref>
*Antoni A: may look somewhat like scattered matchsticks.
 
DDx:
*[[Meningioma]].
*[[Intranodal palisaded myofibroblastoma]] - if surrounded by a rim of lymphoid tissue, i.e. [[Lymph node pathology|intranodal]].
*[[Leiomyoma]].
 
Images:
*www:
**[http://www.pathguy.com/~lulo/lulo0003.htm Antoni A (pathguy.com)].
**[http://www.ajnr.org/cgi/content/full/28/9/1633/F8 Antoni A & Antoni B side-by-side (ajnr.org)].
**[http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case639.html Cystic schwannoma - several images (upmc.edu)].
*[[WC]]:
**[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Schwannoma_-_Antoni_A_and_B_-_intermed_mag.jpg Schwannoma - Antoni A & B - intermed. mag. (WC)].
**[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Schwannoma_-_Antoni_A_and_B_-_very_high_mag.jpg Scwhannoma - Antoni A & B - very high mag. (WC)].
**[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Psammomatous_melanotic_schwannoma_-_high_mag.jpg Psammomatous melanotic schwannoma - high mag. (WC)].
**[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nerve_root_schwannoma_-_intermed_mag.jpg Nerve root schwannoma - intermed. mag. (WC)].
 
====Subtypes====
There are four:<ref name=pmid12792904>{{cite journal |author=Kurtkaya-Yapicier O, Scheithauer B, Woodruff JM |title=The pathobiologic spectrum of Schwannomas |journal=Histol. Histopathol. |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=925–34 |year=2003 |month=July |pmid=12792904 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
#Conventional schwannoma.
#*Most common.
#Cellular schwannoma.
#*May mimic [[MPNST]].
#**Images: [http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case518.html Cellular schwannoma (upmc.edu)].
#Plexiform schwannoma.
#*May mimic [[MPNST]] if cellular - esp. in childhood.
#Melanotic schwannoma.
#*May be confused with [[melanoma]].
#*Psammomatous form (''psammomatous melanotic schwannoma'') associated with a heritable disorder ([[Carney complex]]).
#**Images: [http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case387.html Psammomatous melanotic schwannoma - several images (upmc.edu)].
 
Notes:
*[[Carney complex]]:<ref name=pmid12792904/>
**Cutaneous lentigines.
**Myxomas (skin (subcutaneous), subcutanous, [[Atrial myxoma|heart]]).
**Endocrine neoplasms.
 
===IHC===
Features:<ref name=pmid12692193>{{cite journal |author=Hirose T, Tani T, Shimada T, Ishizawa K, Shimada S, Sano T |title=Immunohistochemical demonstration of EMA/Glut1-positive perineurial cells and CD34-positive fibroblastic cells in peripheral nerve sheath tumors |journal=Mod. Pathol. |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=293–8 |year=2003 |month=April |pmid=12692193 |doi=10.1097/01.MP.0000062654.83617.B7 |url=http://www.nature.com/modpathol/journal/v16/n4/full/3880761a.html }}</ref>
*S-100 +ve.
*Glut1 +ve.
*CD34 +ve.
*Cytokeratins ~70% +ve.{{fact}}
*SOX10 +ve.<ref name=pmid18636017>{{cite journal |author=Nonaka D, Chiriboga L, Rubin BP |title=Sox10: a pan-schwannian and melanocytic marker |journal=Am. J. Surg. Pathol. |volume=32 |issue=9 |pages=1291–8 |year=2008 |month=September |pmid=18636017 |doi=10.1097/PAS.0b013e3181658c14 |url=}}</ref>
**-ve in [[synovial sarcoma]], [[rhabdomyosarcoma]], [[chondrosarcoma]].
*EMA -ve. (???)
**Usually +ve (~75% of the time) in meningiomas.<ref>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Rushing | first1 = EJ. | last2 = Bouffard | first2 = JP. | last3 = McCall | first3 = S. | last4 = Olsen | first4 = C. | last5 = Mena | first5 = H. | last6 = Sandberg | first6 = GD. | last7 = Thompson | first7 = LD. | title = Primary extracranial meningiomas: an analysis of 146 cases. | journal = Head Neck Pathol | volume = 3 | issue = 2 | pages = 116-30 | month = Jun | year = 2009 | doi = 10.1007/s12105-009-0118-1 | PMID = 19644540 }}
</ref>


==Perineurioma==
==Perineurioma==
===General===
{{Main|Perineurioma}}
*Benign tumour derived from perineurial cells.
 
===Microscopic===
Features:<ref name=Ref_Sternberg5_424>{{Ref Sternberg5|424}}</ref>
*Perineural epithelioid cells.
**Abundant pale, fuffy appearing cytoplasm.
 
Note:
*May be intraneural.<ref name=Ref_Sternberg5_424>{{Ref Sternberg5|424}}</ref>
 
DDx:
*[[Neuroma]].
*[[Neurofibroma]].
*[[Schwannoma]].
**S100 +ve, EMA -ve.<ref name=Ref_Sternberg5_424>{{Ref Sternberg5|424}}</ref>
 
Images:
*[http://www.conganat.org/seap/reuniones/almagro2000/scruz/tnerviog5.htm Perineuroma (conganat.org)].
 
===IHC===
Features:<ref name=pmid15958848>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Hornick | first1 = JL. | last2 = Fletcher | first2 = CD. | title = Soft tissue perineurioma: clinicopathologic analysis of 81 cases including those with atypical histologic features. | journal = Am J Surg Pathol | volume = 29 | issue = 7 | pages = 845-58 | month = Jul | year = 2005 | doi =  | PMID = 15958848 }}</ref><ref name=pmid1497116>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Tsang | first1 = WY. | last2 = Chan | first2 = JK. | last3 = Chow | first3 = LT. | last4 = Tse | first4 = CC. | title = Perineurioma: an uncommon soft tissue neoplasm distinct from localized hypertrophic neuropathy and neurofibroma. | journal = Am J Surg Pathol | volume = 16 | issue = 8 | pages = 756-63 | month = Aug | year = 1992 | doi =  | PMID = 1497116 }}</ref>
*S100 -ve.
*EMA +ve.
*CD34 ~65% +ve.<ref name=pmid15958848/>


==Traumatic neuroma==
==Traumatic neuroma==
===General===
:May be referred to as ''[[neuroma]]''.
*Consequence of trauma - diagnosis requires history of trauma.
{{Main|Traumatic neuroma}}
 
===Microscopic===
Features:
*Nerve with adjacent small organized micro-fascicles in collagen - as seen in regeneration.
*+/-Axonal swellings (ovoid pink/purple blobs).
 
DDx:
*[[Morton neuroma]] (foot).
 
Images:
*[http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case502.html Traumatic neuroma - several images (upmc.edu)].


==Palisaded encapsulated neuroma==
==Palisaded encapsulated neuroma==
*Abbreviated ''PEN''.
*Abbreviated ''PEN''.
*[[AKA]] ''palisaded and encapsulated neuroma''.
*[[AKA]] ''palisaded and encapsulated neuroma''.
*[[AKA]] ''solitary circumscribed neuroma''.
===General===
===General===
*Flesh-colour papule - classically on the face.<ref name=Ref_Derm536>{{Ref Derm|536}}</ref>
*Flesh-colour [[papule]] - classically on the face.<ref name=Ref_Derm536>{{Ref Derm|536}}</ref>
*Isolated finding - not associated with a systemic disease or malignancy.<ref name=pmid18718196>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Newman | first1 = MD. | last2 = Milgraum | first2 = S. | title = Palisaded encapsulated neuroma (PEN): an often misdiagnosed neural tumor. | journal = Dermatol Online J | volume = 14 | issue = 7 | pages = 12 | month =  | year = 2008 | doi =  | PMID = 18718196 }}</ref>
*Isolated finding - not associated with a systemic disease or malignancy.<ref name=pmid18718196>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Newman | first1 = MD. | last2 = Milgraum | first2 = S. | title = Palisaded encapsulated neuroma (PEN): an often misdiagnosed neural tumor. | journal = Dermatol Online J | volume = 14 | issue = 7 | pages = 12 | month =  | year = 2008 | doi =  | PMID = 18718196 }}</ref>
*Superficial skin.<ref>S. Sade. 8 September 2011.</ref>
*Superficial skin papule.<ref>S. Sade. 8 September 2011.</ref>
*It is considered hyperplastic rather than neoplastic. <ref>Rosai & Ackermann, Surgical Pathology, 10th ed. p183</ref>


===Microscopic===
===Microscopic===
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**#Not vacuolated.
**#Not vacuolated.
**#Nuclei have pointy ends.
**#Nuclei have pointy ends.
**#Sometimes epitheloid appearance.
*Intralesional clefts.
*Intralesional clefts.
**Useful to differentiate from schwannoma.
**Useful to differentiate from schwannoma.
Line 155: Line 55:
Images:
Images:
*[http://dermatology.cdlib.org/147/case_presentation/pen/2.jpg PEN (cdlib.org)].<ref name=pmid18718196>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Newman | first1 = MD. | last2 = Milgraum | first2 = S. | title = Palisaded encapsulated neuroma (PEN): an often misdiagnosed neural tumor. | journal = Dermatol Online J | volume = 14 | issue = 7 | pages = 12 | month =  | year = 2008 | doi =  | PMID = 18718196 }}</ref>
*[http://dermatology.cdlib.org/147/case_presentation/pen/2.jpg PEN (cdlib.org)].<ref name=pmid18718196>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Newman | first1 = MD. | last2 = Milgraum | first2 = S. | title = Palisaded encapsulated neuroma (PEN): an often misdiagnosed neural tumor. | journal = Dermatol Online J | volume = 14 | issue = 7 | pages = 12 | month =  | year = 2008 | doi =  | PMID = 18718196 }}</ref>
<gallery>
File:Palisaded_and_Encapsulated_Neuroma_(3952635881).jpg | Palisaded and encapsulated neuroma (Ed Uthman)
File:Palisaded_and_Encapsulated_Neuroma,_S-100_Immunostain_(3953412396).jpg| PEN, S-100 staining (Ed Uthman)
</gallery>
[[File:569 dp sl 1.png| Palisading/encapcuslated neuroma]]
[[File:569 dp sl 2.png| Palisading/encapcuslated neuroma]]<br>
Palisading/encapsulated (Reed’s) neuroma. A. A dermal nodule shows an attenuated capsule (black arrows) about a fasciculated spindle cell lesion with artefactual clefts (green arrows). B. The bland spindled nuclei, amid clear cytoplasm with thin eosinophilic wisps, are often wavy (black arrows), with pointed ends (green arrows); leiomyomas have blunt ended nuclei and more eosinophilic cytoplasm.  These benign neoplasms, unlike neurofibromas, lack an association with neurofibromatosis.


===IHC===
===IHC===
Line 162: Line 71:


==Neurofibroma==
==Neurofibroma==
===General===
{{Main|Neurofibroma}}
*May be a part of [[neurofibromatosis]] 1 (NF1).
Includes discussion of ''plexiform neurofibroma''.
*A [[painful skin lesion]].
*Composed of Schwann cells, axons, fibrous material.<ref name=pmid17893219/>
 
Classification:<ref name=pmid15486243>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Wilkinson | first1 = LM. | last2 = Manson | first2 = D. | last3 = Smith | first3 = CR. | title = Best cases from the AFIP: plexiform neurofibroma of the bladder. | journal = Radiographics | volume = 24 Suppl 1 | issue =  | pages = S237-42 | month = Oct | year = 2004 | doi = 10.1148/rg.24si035170 | PMID = 15486243 }}</ref>
#Localized - sporatic.
#Diffuse - usu. poorly defined, young adults and children; sporatic.
#Plexiform - assoc. with NF1.
 
===Gross/radiologic===
Gross features (plexiform NF):<ref name=pmid15486243>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Wilkinson | first1 = LM. | last2 = Manson | first2 = D. | last3 = Smith | first3 = CR. | title = Best cases from the AFIP: plexiform neurofibroma of the bladder. | journal = Radiographics | volume = 24 Suppl 1 | issue =  | pages = S237-42 | month = Oct | year = 2004 | doi = 10.1148/rg.24si035170 | PMID = 15486243 }}</ref>
*"Bag of worms" appearance.
 
Radiologic:<ref name=pmid15486243/>
*Fusiform mass.
 
===Microscopic===
Features:
*Spindle cells with wavy nuclei without pleomorphism - '''key feature'''.
*May be arranged in fascicles and intermixed with collagen.
**Often no pattern is apparent.
*Moderate increase of cellularity vis-a-vis normal dermis. (???)
*May be poorly or well-circumscribed.
*+/-Plexiform growth pattern - "bag of worms".<ref name=pmid17893219/>
*Mast cells<ref name=pmid20233971>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Staser | first1 = K. | last2 = Yang | first2 = FC. | last3 = Clapp | first3 = DW. | title = Mast cells and the neurofibroma microenvironment. | journal = Blood | volume = 116 | issue = 2 | pages = 157-64 | month = Jul | year = 2010 | doi = 10.1182/blood-2009-09-242875 | PMID = 20233971 }}</ref> - one has to look for them at high power.
 
DDx:
*[[Schwannoma]].
*[[Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans]] (DFSP) - S-100 -ve, CD34 +ve.
*[[Ganglioneuroma]].
 
Images:
*[[WC]]:
**[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Neurofibroma_(1).jpg Neurofibroma - low mag. (WC)].
**[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Neurofibroma_(2).jpg Neurofibroma - high mag. (WC)].
**[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Neurofibroma_(3).jpg Neurofibroma - high mag. (WC)].
*www:
**[http://radiographics.rsna.org/content/24/suppl_1/S237/F9.expansion.html Plexiform neurofibroma (rsna.org)].
**[http://radiographics.rsna.org/content/24/suppl_1/S237/F10.expansion.html Plexiform neurofibroma (rsna.org)].
*[http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case304/micro.html Plexiform neurofibroma - several images (upmc.edu)].
 
===IHC===
Features:<ref name=pmid12692193>{{cite journal |author=Hirose T, Tani T, Shimada T, Ishizawa K, Shimada S, Sano T |title=Immunohistochemical demonstration of EMA/Glut1-positive perineurial cells and CD34-positive fibroblastic cells in peripheral nerve sheath tumors |journal=Mod. Pathol. |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=293–8 |year=2003 |month=April |pmid=12692193 |doi=10.1097/01.MP.0000062654.83617.B7 |url=http://www.nature.com/modpathol/journal/v16/n4/full/3880761a.html }}</ref>
*S100 +ve.
*CD34 +ve.
*Glut1 +ve.
*EMA +ve/-ve.


==Neurothekeoma==
==Neurothekeoma==
*[[AKA]] ''myxoma of the nerve sheath'', [[AKA]] ''nerve sheath myxoma''.
{{Main|Neurothekeoma}}
===General===
*Rare.
*Female > male.
 
===Microscopic===
Features:<ref name=pmid17325474>{{cite journal |author=Hornick JL, Fletcher CD |title=Cellular neurothekeoma: detailed characterization in a series of 133 cases |journal=Am. J. Surg. Pathol. |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=329–40 |year=2007 |month=March |pmid=17325474 |doi=10.1097/01.pas.0000213360.03133.89 |url=}}</ref>
*Superficial dermal lesion:
**Usu. lobulated or micronodular architecture - '''key feature'''.
***+/-Focal sheeting.
**Spindle/epithelioid morphology with pale eosinophilic cytoplasm - '''key feature'''.
**+/-Inflammation around lesion.
**+/-Surrounded by collagen.
 
Notes:
*No atypia.
*Mitoses rare/none.
*Often poorly circumscribed.
 
Subtypes:<ref name=pmid10555009>{{cite journal |author=Wang AR, May D, Bourne P, Scott G |title=PGP9.5: a marker for cellular neurothekeoma |journal=Am. J. Surg. Pathol. |volume=23 |issue=11 |pages=1401–7 |year=1999 |month=November |pmid=10555009 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*Cellular.
*[[Myxoid]].
*Intermediate.
 
DDx:
*[[Dermatofibroma]].
*[[Angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma]] -- have cystic blood filled spaces, inflammation.<ref>URL: [http://surgpathcriteria.stanford.edu/softfib/angiomatoid_fibrous_histiocytoma/ http://surgpathcriteria.stanford.edu/softfib/angiomatoid_fibrous_histiocytoma/]. Accessed on: 11 May 2011.</ref>
 
Images:
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neurothekeoma2.JPG Neurothekeoma (WP)].
*[http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case586.html Neurothekeoma - several images (upmc.edu)].
 
===IHC===
Features:<ref name=pmid17325474/>
*NKI/C3 ([[AKA]] NKI-C3) +ve.
*NSE +/-ve.
 
Others:<ref name=pmid17592278>{{cite journal |author=Fetsch JF, Laskin WB, Hallman JR, Lupton GP, Miettinen M |title=Neurothekeoma: an analysis of 178 tumors with detailed immunohistochemical data and long-term patient follow-up information |journal=Am. J. Surg. Pathol. |volume=31 |issue=7 |pages=1103–14 |year=2007 |month=July |pmid=17592278 |doi=10.1097/PAS.0b013e31802d96af |url=}}</ref>
*Vimentin +ve.
*CD10 +ve.
*Microphthalmia transcription factor +ve.
*PGP9.5 +ve.
 
Exclusionary:
*S100 -ve.
**Exclude other peripheral nerve sheath tumours. (???)


==Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour==
==Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour==
*[[AKA]] ''neurofibrosarcoma''.<ref name=pmid21317712>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Mills | first1 = AM. | last2 = Karamchandani | first2 = JR. | last3 = Vogel | first3 = H. | last4 = Longacre | first4 = TA. | title = Endocervical fibroblastic malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (neurofibrosarcoma): report of a novel entity possibly related to endocervical CD34 fibrocytes. | journal = Am J Surg Pathol | volume = 35 | issue = 3 | pages = 404-12 | month = Mar | year = 2011 | doi = 10.1097/PAS.0b013e318208f72e | PMID = 21317712 }}</ref>
{{Main|Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour}}
*Commonly abbreviated ''MPNST''.
 
===General===
*Malignant - as the name implies.
*Usu. assoc. with a peripheral nerve.{{Fact}}
*May be seen in the context of [[neurofibromatosis type 1]].
 
===Microscopic===
Features:
*Cellular.
*Nuclear atypia.
*Mitoses.
*+/-Herring bone pattern.
 
Notes:
*May be diagnosed in a poorly diff. tumour if patient has [[NF1]].
 
DDx:
*Cellular [[schwannoma]].
*Plexiform schwannoma.
 
DDx of herring bone:
*MPNST.
*[[Synovial sarcoma]].
*[[Fibrosarcoma]].
 
Images:
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Malignant_peripheral_nerve_sheath_tumour_-_intermed_mag.jpg MPNST - intermed. mag. (WC)].
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Malignant_peripheral_nerve_sheath_tumour_-_high_mag.jpg MPNST - high mag. (WC)].
*[http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case112/micro.html MPNST - several images (upmc.edu)].
*[http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case406.html MPNST - case 2 - several images (upmc.edu)].
 
====Grading====
*Can be graded histologically,<ref name=pmid14508395>{{cite journal |author=Zhou H, Coffin CM, Perkins SL, Tripp SR, Liew M, Viskochil DH |title=Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor: a comparison of grade, immunophenotype, and cell cycle/growth activation marker expression in sporadic and neurofibromatosis 1-related lesions |journal=Am. J. Surg. Pathol. |volume=27 |issue=10 |pages=1337–45 |year=2003 |month=October |pmid=14508395 |doi= |url=}}</ref> and this is prognostic.<ref name=pmid16923196>{{cite journal |author=Kar M, Deo SV, Shukla NK, ''et al.'' |title=Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST)--clinicopathological study and treatment outcome of twenty-four cases |journal=World J Surg Oncol |volume=4 |issue= |pages=55 |year=2006 |pmid=16923196 |pmc=1560134 |doi=10.1186/1477-7819-4-55 |url=}}</ref>
 
Sarcoma grading system<ref name=pmid6693192>{{cite journal |author=Trojani M, Contesso G, Coindre JM, ''et al.'' |title=Soft-tissue sarcomas of adults; study of pathological prognostic variables and definition of a histopathological grading system |journal=Int. J. Cancer |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=37–42 |year=1984 |month=January |pmid=6693192 |doi= |url=}}</ref> - based on:
*Tumour differentiation.
*Mitotic rate.
*[[Necrosis]].
 
===IHC===
Features:<ref name=pmid18636017>{{cite journal |author=Nonaka D, Chiriboga L, Rubin BP |title=Sox10: a pan-schwannian and melanocytic marker |journal=Am. J. Surg. Pathol. |volume=32 |issue=9 |pages=1291–8 |year=2008 |month=September |pmid=18636017 |doi=10.1097/PAS.0b013e3181658c14 |url=}}</ref>
*S-100 +ve ~ 30% of tumours.
*SOX10 +ve ~ 50% of tumours.
 
Others:<ref name=pmid14508395>{{cite journal |author=Zhou H, Coffin CM, Perkins SL, Tripp SR, Liew M, Viskochil DH |title=Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor: a comparison of grade, immunophenotype, and cell cycle/growth activation marker expression in sporadic and neurofibromatosis 1-related lesions |journal=Am. J. Surg. Pathol. |volume=27 |issue=10 |pages=1337–45 |year=2003 |month=October |pmid=14508395 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*p53.
*p16.
*p27.
*MIB1.


==Malignant triton tumour==
==Malignant triton tumour==
Line 321: Line 89:
*Prognosis worse that conventional MPNST.<ref name=pmid17149968/>
*Prognosis worse that conventional MPNST.<ref name=pmid17149968/>
**Five year survival ~14%.<ref name=pmid22253011>{{Cite journal  | last1 = McConnell | first1 = YJ. | last2 = Giacomantonio | first2 = CA. | title = Malignant triton tumors-complete surgical resection and adjuvant radiotherapy associated with improved survival. | journal = J Surg Oncol | volume =  | issue =  | pages =  | month = Jan | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1002/jso.23042 | PMID = 22253011 }}</ref>
**Five year survival ~14%.<ref name=pmid22253011>{{Cite journal  | last1 = McConnell | first1 = YJ. | last2 = Giacomantonio | first2 = CA. | title = Malignant triton tumors-complete surgical resection and adjuvant radiotherapy associated with improved survival. | journal = J Surg Oncol | volume =  | issue =  | pages =  | month = Jan | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1002/jso.23042 | PMID = 22253011 }}</ref>
*Diagnosis may require clinical information, i.e. individual has a history of [[neurofibromatosis type 1]].
*Diagnosis may require clinical information, i.e. individual has a history of [[neurofibromatosis type 1]] (NF1).


Note:
Note:
Line 331: Line 99:
# Schwann cell tumour characteristics.
# Schwann cell tumour characteristics.
# Rhabdomyoblasts.
# Rhabdomyoblasts.
#* Eosinophilic cytoplasm.
#* Eccentric nucleus.
#* Moderate amount of eosinophilic cytoplasm.
#* +/-Cross-striations.  
#* +/-Cross-striations.  


Line 338: Line 107:
*[[Adult fibrosarcoma]].
*[[Adult fibrosarcoma]].
*[[Synovial sarcoma]].
*[[Synovial sarcoma]].
*[[Rhabdomyosarcoma]].
*[[Carcinosarcoma]].


===IHC===
===IHC===
Line 354: Line 125:


==Morton neuroma==
==Morton neuroma==
===General===
:[[AKA]] ''plantar interdigital neuroma''.<ref name=pmid22995258>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Makki | first1 = D. | last2 = Haddad | first2 = BZ. | last3 = Mahmood | first3 = Z. | last4 = Shahid | first4 = MS. | last5 = Pathak | first5 = S. | last6 = Garnham | first6 = I. | title = Efficacy of corticosteroid injection versus size of plantar interdigital neuroma. | journal = Foot Ankle Int | volume = 33 | issue = 9 | pages = 722-6 | month = Sep | year = 2012 | doi = DOI: 10.3113/FAI.2012.0722 | PMID = 22995258 }}</ref>
*Benign foot condition.  
{{Main|Morton neuroma}}
*Uncommon.
*Usu. interdigital nerves.
 
Etiology:
*Indirect nerve trauma.
 
Clinical:<ref name=Ref_Sternberg4>{{Ref Sternberg4|243}}</ref>
*Foot pain.
 
===Microscopic===
Features:<ref name=Ref_Sternberg4>{{Ref Sternberg4|243}}</ref>
*Extensive fibrosis around and within the nerve.
*Digital artery:
**+/-[[Thrombosis]].
**+/-Arterial thickening.
 
DDx:
*[[Traumatic neuroma]].
 
Image:
*[http://www.tumorlibrary.com/case/detail.jsp?image_id=2324 Morton neuroma (tumorlibrary.com)].


==See also==
=See also=
*[[Neuropathology]].
*[[Neuropathology]].
*[[Gastrointestinal pathology]].
*[[Gastrointestinal pathology]].


==References==
=References=
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}


[[Category:Neuropathology]]
[[Category:Neuropathology]]
[[Category:Peripheral nerve sheath tumours]]

Latest revision as of 14:18, 29 August 2018

Peripheral nerve sheath tumours, abbreviated PNSTs, are common in neuropathology and occasionally show-up elsewhere. A very common PNST is the schwannoma.

Classification

A classification:[1]

Specific diagnoses

Schwannoma

Main article: Schwannoma

Perineurioma

Main article: Perineurioma

Traumatic neuroma

May be referred to as neuroma.
Main article: Traumatic neuroma

Palisaded encapsulated neuroma

  • Abbreviated PEN.
  • AKA palisaded and encapsulated neuroma.
  • AKA solitary circumscribed neuroma.

General

  • Flesh-colour papule - classically on the face.[2]
  • Isolated finding - not associated with a systemic disease or malignancy.[3]
  • Superficial skin papule.[4]
  • It is considered hyperplastic rather than neoplastic. [5]

Microscopic

Features:[2]

  • Encapsulated dermal spindle cell lesion.
    • Fasciular arrangement.
    • Neural-type spindle cells:
      1. Not vacuolated.
      2. Nuclei have pointy ends.
      3. Sometimes epitheloid appearance.
  • Intralesional clefts.
    • Useful to differentiate from schwannoma.

DDx:

  • Schwannoma:[2]
    • No intralesional clefts.
    • More variability in the cellularity.
    • May be deep.

Other considerations:

  • Leiomyoma - cytoplasm not vacuolated, nuclei more elliptical.

Images:

  • Palisaded and encapsulated neuroma (Ed Uthman)

  • PEN, S-100 staining (Ed Uthman)

Palisading/encapcuslated neuroma Palisading/encapcuslated neuroma
Palisading/encapsulated (Reed’s) neuroma. A. A dermal nodule shows an attenuated capsule (black arrows) about a fasciculated spindle cell lesion with artefactual clefts (green arrows). B. The bland spindled nuclei, amid clear cytoplasm with thin eosinophilic wisps, are often wavy (black arrows), with pointed ends (green arrows); leiomyomas have blunt ended nuclei and more eosinophilic cytoplasm. These benign neoplasms, unlike neurofibromas, lack an association with neurofibromatosis.

IHC

Features:[3]

  • S100 +ve.
  • EMA +ve (capsule of lesion).

Neurofibroma

Main article: Neurofibroma

Includes discussion of plexiform neurofibroma.

Neurothekeoma

Main article: Neurothekeoma

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour

Main article: Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour

Malignant triton tumour

  • Abbreviated MTT.
  • AKA malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor with rhabdomyosarcomatous differentiation.[6]

General

  • Rare.
  • Considered to be a variant of MPNST.
  • Prognosis worse that conventional MPNST.[6]
    • Five year survival ~14%.[7]
  • Diagnosis may require clinical information, i.e. individual has a history of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1).

Note:

  • A handful of benign triton tumours are reported; these are considered neuromuscular hamartomas.[8]

Microscopic

Features - Woodruff criteria - all three required:[6]

  1. (a) Tumour arise from a peripheral nerve or (b) individual has NF1 or (c) lesion a metastasis arising in the context of (a) or (b).
  2. Schwann cell tumour characteristics.
  3. Rhabdomyoblasts.
    • Eccentric nucleus.
    • Moderate amount of eosinophilic cytoplasm.
    • +/-Cross-striations.

DDx:

IHC

Features:

  • S100 +ve/-ve -- usu. focal if positive.[6]
  • Leu-7 +ve/-ve.
  • Myelin basic protein +ve/-ve.

Rhabdomyoblastic differentiation:[6]

  • Desmin.
  • Actin.
  • Myogenin.

EM

  • +/-Sarcomeres.[6]

Morton neuroma

AKA plantar interdigital neuroma.[9]
Main article: Morton neuroma

See also

References

  1. ↑ Wippold FJ, Lubner M, Perrin RJ, Lämmle M, Perry A (October 2007). "Neuropathology for the neuroradiologist: Antoni A and Antoni B tissue patterns". AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 28 (9): 1633–8. doi:10.3174/ajnr.A0682. PMID 17893219. http://www.ajnr.org/cgi/reprint/28/9/1633.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Busam, Klaus J. (2009). Dermatopathology: A Volume in the Foundations in Diagnostic Pathology Series (1st ed.). Saunders. pp. 536. ISBN 978-0443066542.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Newman, MD.; Milgraum, S. (2008). "Palisaded encapsulated neuroma (PEN): an often misdiagnosed neural tumor.". Dermatol Online J 14 (7): 12. PMID 18718196.
  4. ↑ S. Sade. 8 September 2011.
  5. ↑ Rosai & Ackermann, Surgical Pathology, 10th ed. p183
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Stasik, CJ.; Tawfik, O. (Dec 2006). "Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor with rhabdomyosarcomatous differentiation (malignant triton tumor).". Arch Pathol Lab Med 130 (12): 1878-81. doi:10.1043/1543-2165(2006)130[1878:MPNSTW]2.0.CO;2. PMID 17149968.
  7. ↑ McConnell, YJ.; Giacomantonio, CA. (Jan 2012). "Malignant triton tumors-complete surgical resection and adjuvant radiotherapy associated with improved survival.". J Surg Oncol. doi:10.1002/jso.23042. PMID 22253011.
  8. ↑ Castro, DE.; Raghuram, K.; Phillips, CD. (Apr 2005). "Benign triton tumor of the trigeminal nerve.". AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 26 (4): 967-9. PMID 15814954.
  9. ↑ Makki, D.; Haddad, BZ.; Mahmood, Z.; Shahid, MS.; Pathak, S.; Garnham, I. (Sep 2012). "Efficacy of corticosteroid injection versus size of plantar interdigital neuroma.". Foot Ankle Int 33 (9): 722-6. doi:DOI: 10.3113/FAI.2012.0722. PMID 22995258.
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