Difference between revisions of "Intraductal carcinoma of the prostate"

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'''Intraductal carcinoma of the prostate''', abbreviated '''IDCP''', is a proliferation of [[malignant]] [[prostate gland|prostate]] cells within glands that have an intact basal cell layer.
{{ Infobox diagnosis
| Name      = {{PAGENAME}}
| Image      = Intraductal carcinoma of prostate - 2 -- high mag.jpg
| Width      =
| Caption    = Intraductal carcinoma of prostate. [[H&E stain]].
| Synonyms  =
| Micro      = see ''microscopic'' section
| Subtypes  =
| LMDDx      = invasive [[prostatic carcinoma]], [[high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia]]
| Stains    =
| IHC        = basal cells are present (CK34betaE12 +ve, p63 +ve)
| EM        =
| Molecular  = +/-BRCA2 mutation
| IF        =
| Gross      =
| Grossing  =
| Site      = [[prostate gland]]
| Assdx      =
| Syndromes  =
| Clinicalhx =
| Signs      =
| Symptoms  =
| Prevalence = uncommon
| Bloodwork  = PSA typically elevated
| Rads      =
| Endoscopy  =
| Prognosis  = poor, strongly suggestive invasion if not present
| Other      =
| ClinDDx    =
| Tx        =
}}
'''Intraductal carcinoma of the prostate''', abbreviated '''IDC-P''', is a proliferation of [[malignant]] [[prostate gland|prostate]] cells within glands that have an intact basal cell layer.
 
It should '''not''' be confused with ''[[ductal adenocarcinoma of the prostate gland]]''.


==General==
==General==
*May represent a precursor to invasive [[prostate carcinoma]].<ref name=pmid24966964>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Miyai | first1 = K. | last2 = Divatia | first2 = MK. | last3 = Shen | first3 = SS. | last4 = Miles | first4 = BJ. | last5 = Ayala | first5 = AG. | last6 = Ro | first6 = JY. | title = Heterogeneous clinicopathological features of intraductal carcinoma of the prostate: a comparison between "precursor-like" and "regular type" lesions. | journal = Int J Clin Exp Pathol | volume = 7 | issue = 5 | pages = 2518-26 | month =  | year = 2014 | doi =  | PMID = 24966964 }}</ref>
*Associated with a poor prognosis.<ref name=pmid19246509>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Henry | first1 = PC. | last2 = Evans | first2 = AJ. | title = Intraductal carcinoma of the prostate: a distinct histopathological entity with important prognostic implications. | journal = J Clin Pathol | volume = 62 | issue = 7 | pages = 579-83 | month = Jul | year = 2009 | doi = 10.1136/jcp.2009.065003 | PMID = 19246509 }}</ref>
*Associated with a poor prognosis.<ref name=pmid19246509>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Henry | first1 = PC. | last2 = Evans | first2 = AJ. | title = Intraductal carcinoma of the prostate: a distinct histopathological entity with important prognostic implications. | journal = J Clin Pathol | volume = 62 | issue = 7 | pages = 579-83 | month = Jul | year = 2009 | doi = 10.1136/jcp.2009.065003 | PMID = 19246509 }}</ref>
*Strong association with aggressive invasive carcinomas on prostatectomy when identified in isolation on biopsy.<ref name=pmid20723921>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Robinson | first1 = BD. | last2 = Epstein | first2 = JI. | title = Intraductal carcinoma of the prostate without invasive carcinoma on needle biopsy: emphasis on radical prostatectomy findings. | journal = J Urol | volume = 184 | issue = 4 | pages = 1328-33 | month = Oct | year = 2010 | doi = 10.1016/j.juro.2010.06.017 | PMID = 20723921 }}</ref>
*Strong association with aggressive invasive carcinomas on prostatectomy when identified in isolation on biopsy.<ref name=pmid20723921>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Robinson | first1 = BD. | last2 = Epstein | first2 = JI. | title = Intraductal carcinoma of the prostate without invasive carcinoma on needle biopsy: emphasis on radical prostatectomy findings. | journal = J Urol | volume = 184 | issue = 4 | pages = 1328-33 | month = Oct | year = 2010 | doi = 10.1016/j.juro.2010.06.017 | PMID = 20723921 }}</ref>
*High interobserver variability among experts ~43% agreement.<ref name=pmid25263387>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Iczkowski | first1 = KA. | last2 = Egevad | first2 = L. | last3 = Ma | first3 = J. | last4 = Harding-Jackson | first4 = N. | last5 = Algaba | first5 = F. | last6 = Billis | first6 = A. | last7 = Camparo | first7 = P. | last8 = Cheng | first8 = L. | last9 = Clouston | first9 = D. | title = Intraductal carcinoma of the prostate: interobserver reproducibility survey of 39 urologic pathologists. | journal = Ann Diagn Pathol | volume = 18 | issue = 6 | pages = 333-42 | month = Dec | year = 2014 | doi = 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2014.08.010 | PMID = 25263387 }}</ref>
*High interobserver variability among experts ~43% agreement.<ref name=pmid25263387>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Iczkowski | first1 = KA. | last2 = Egevad | first2 = L. | last3 = Ma | first3 = J. | last4 = Harding-Jackson | first4 = N. | last5 = Algaba | first5 = F. | last6 = Billis | first6 = A. | last7 = Camparo | first7 = P. | last8 = Cheng | first8 = L. | last9 = Clouston | first9 = D. | title = Intraductal carcinoma of the prostate: interobserver reproducibility survey of 39 urologic pathologists. | journal = Ann Diagn Pathol | volume = 18 | issue = 6 | pages = 333-42 | month = Dec | year = 2014 | doi = 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2014.08.010 | PMID = 25263387 }}</ref>
**For comparison: HGPIN ~70% agreement, invasive carcinoma ~73% agreement.
**For comparison: HGPIN ~70% agreement, invasive carcinoma ~73% agreement.
*Uncommon finding ~ 3% of cases in a series of 1176 prostate biopsies.<ref name=pmid23931616>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Watts | first1 = K. | last2 = Li | first2 = J. | last3 = Magi-Galluzzi | first3 = C. | last4 = Zhou | first4 = M. | title = Incidence and clinicopathological characteristics of intraductal carcinoma detected in prostate biopsies: a prospective cohort study. | journal = Histopathology | volume = 63 | issue = 4 | pages = 574-9 | month = Oct | year = 2013 | doi = 10.1111/his.12198 | PMID = 23931616 }}</ref>
===Prevalence===
Prevalence varies by risk/stage - based on a systematic review by Porter ''et al.'':<ref name=pmid28342640>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Porter | first1 = LH. | last2 = Lawrence | first2 = MG. | last3 = Ilic | first3 = D. | last4 = Clouston | first4 = D. | last5 = Bolton | first5 = DM. | last6 = Frydenberg | first6 = M. | last7 = Murphy | first7 = DG. | last8 = Pezaro | first8 = C. | last9 = Risbridger | first9 = GP. | title = Systematic Review Links the Prevalence of Intraductal Carcinoma of the Prostate to Prostate Cancer Risk Categories. | journal = Eur Urol | volume = 72 | issue = 4 | pages = 492-495 | month = Oct | year = 2017 | doi = 10.1016/j.eururo.2017.03.013 | PMID = 28342640 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Group
! Prevalence
|-
| WHO1 †
| 2%
|-
| WHO2 † or WHO3 †
| 23%
|-
| WHO4 † or WHO5 †
| 37%
|-
| Metastasis or biochemical recurrence
| 56%
|}
† WHO1 = WHO [[prostate cancer grading|grade group]] 1 (Gleason score 6), WHO2 = WHO grade group 2 or 3 (Gleason score 7 (3+4 or 4+3), WHO3 = WHO grade group 4 or 5 (Gleason score 8, 9 or 10)


==Microscopic==
==Microscopic==
===Major criteria===
===Epstein criteria===
Epstein's IDCP criteria:<ref name=pmid16980940>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Guo | first1 = CC. | last2 = Epstein | first2 = JI. | title = Intraductal carcinoma of the prostate on needle biopsy: Histologic features and clinical significance. | journal = Mod Pathol | volume = 19 | issue = 12 | pages = 1528-35 | month = Dec | year = 2006 | doi = 10.1038/modpathol.3800702 | PMID = 16980940 }}</ref>
*"Large" acini or ducts with basal cells and one of the following:
# Solid growth pattern or "dense"  cribriform pattern.
# Micropapillary pattern or "loose" cribriform pattern with one of the following:
##Marked atypia 6x normal (area).‡
##Non-focal comedonecrosis.
 
Notes:
*† "Dense" is defined as "more solid than luminal areas"; >50% of the lesion area is cells, as opposed to empty space.
*‡ Epstein's paper does not explicitly state that it is the area; however, there is near consensus in an ENUP survey that this is the case.<ref>Varma M, Egevad L, Berney D, Bubendorf L, Compérat EM, Hes O, van Leenders G, Kristiansen G, Intraductal Carcinoma of the Prostate (IDCP) Reporting Practice: A Survey of Practicing Pathologists. United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology Annual Meeting 2018. Available at: [https://www.xcdsystem.com/uscap/program/2018/index.cfm?pgid=1&qfixed=1&SessionType=Platform%20Presentation https://www.xcdsystem.com/uscap/program/2018/index.cfm?pgid=1&qfixed=1&SessionType=Platform%20Presentation].</ref> The equivalent diameter multiplier is ''sqrt(6)'' ~ 2.45; 6x area ~= 2.45x diameter.
 
===Zhou criteria===
====Major criteria====
Required major criteria:<ref name=pmid22692290>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Shah | first1 = RB. | last2 = Zhou | first2 = M. | title = Atypical cribriform lesions of the prostate: clinical significance, differential diagnosis and current concept of intraductal carcinoma of the prostate. | journal = Adv Anat Pathol | volume = 19 | issue = 4 | pages = 270-8 | month = Jul | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1097/PAP.0b013e31825c6c0e | PMID = 22692290 }}</ref><ref name=pmid17616999>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Cohen | first1 = RJ. | last2 = Wheeler | first2 = TM. | last3 = Bonkhoff | first3 = H. | last4 = Rubin | first4 = MA. | title = A proposal on the identification, histologic reporting, and implications of intraductal prostatic carcinoma. | journal = Arch Pathol Lab Med | volume = 131 | issue = 7 | pages = 1103-9 | month = Jul | year = 2007 | doi = 10.1043/1543-2165(2007)131[1103:APOTIH]2.0.CO;2 | PMID = 17616999 }}</ref>  
Required major criteria:<ref name=pmid22692290>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Shah | first1 = RB. | last2 = Zhou | first2 = M. | title = Atypical cribriform lesions of the prostate: clinical significance, differential diagnosis and current concept of intraductal carcinoma of the prostate. | journal = Adv Anat Pathol | volume = 19 | issue = 4 | pages = 270-8 | month = Jul | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1097/PAP.0b013e31825c6c0e | PMID = 22692290 }}</ref><ref name=pmid17616999>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Cohen | first1 = RJ. | last2 = Wheeler | first2 = TM. | last3 = Bonkhoff | first3 = H. | last4 = Rubin | first4 = MA. | title = A proposal on the identification, histologic reporting, and implications of intraductal prostatic carcinoma. | journal = Arch Pathol Lab Med | volume = 131 | issue = 7 | pages = 1103-9 | month = Jul | year = 2007 | doi = 10.1043/1543-2165(2007)131[1103:APOTIH]2.0.CO;2 | PMID = 17616999 }}</ref>  
#Glands 2x normal (peripheral zone) glands.
#Glands 2x normal (peripheral zone) glands.
Line 19: Line 87:
*Comedo[[necrosis]].
*Comedo[[necrosis]].


===Minor criteria===
====Minor criteria====
Minor criteria:<ref name=pmid22692290/>
Minor criteria:<ref name=pmid22692290/>
#Branching of ducts at right angles.
#Branching of ducts at right angles.
Line 27: Line 95:
#*Benign population (smaller nuclei, no nucleoli) = central location in gland.
#*Benign population (smaller nuclei, no nucleoli) = central location in gland.


DDx:
===DDx===
*[[High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia]] (HGPIN).
*[[High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia]] (HGPIN).
*Invasive [[prostate adenocarcinoma]].
*Invasive [[prostate adenocarcinoma]].
===Images===
====Case 1====
<gallery>
Image: Intraductal carcinoma of prostate - 2 -- low mag.jpg | IDCP - low mag.
Image: Intraductal carcinoma of prostate - 2a -- intermed mag.jpg | IDCP - intermed. mag.
Image: Intraductal carcinoma of prostate - 2b -- intermed mag.jpg | IDCP - intermed. mag.
Image: Intraductal carcinoma of prostate - 2 -- high mag.jpg | IDCP - high mag.
Image: Intraductal carcinoma of prostate - 2a -- very high mag.jpg | IDCP - very high mag.
Image: Intraductal carcinoma of prostate - 2b -- very high mag.jpg | IDCP - very high mag.
</gallery>
====Case 2====
<gallery>
Image: Intraductal carcinoma of prostate -- intermed mag.jpg | IDCP - intermed. mag.
Image: Intraductal carcinoma of prostate -- high mag.jpg | IDCP - high mag.
Image: Intraductal carcinoma of prostate -- very high mag.jpg | IDCP - very high mag.
Image: Intraductal carcinoma of prostate - alt -- very high mag.jpg | IDCP - very high mag.
</gallery>


==IHC==
==IHC==
Features - basal cells present:
Features - basal cells present:
*CK34betaE12 +ve.
*[[CK34betaE12]] +ve.
*p63 +ve.
*[[p63]] +ve.
 
==Molecular==
*+/-[[BRCA2 mutation]].<ref name=pmid28067867>{{cite journal |authors=Taylor RA, Fraser M, Livingstone J, Espiritu SM, Thorne H, Huang V, Lo W, Shiah YJ, Yamaguchi TN, Sliwinski A, Horsburgh S, Meng A, Heisler LE, Yu N, Yousif F, Papargiris M, Lawrence MG, Timms L, Murphy DG, Frydenberg M, Hopkins JF, Bolton D, Clouston D, McPherson JD, van der Kwast T, Boutros PC, Risbridger GP, Bristow RG |title=Germline BRCA2 mutations drive prostate cancers with distinct evolutionary trajectories |journal=Nat Commun |volume=8 |issue= |pages=13671 |date=January 2017 |pmid=28067867 |pmc=5227331 |doi=10.1038/ncomms13671 |url=}}</ref>
 
Note:
*BRCA1 associated prostate cancer seems to be less common/less studied.<ref name=pmid29433453>{{cite journal |authors=Ibrahim M, Yadav S, Ogunleye F, Zakalik D |title=Male BRCA mutation carriers: clinical characteristics and cancer spectrum |journal=BMC Cancer |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=179 |date=February 2018 |pmid=29433453 |pmc=5809938 |doi=10.1186/s12885-018-4098-y |url=https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-018-4098-y }}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Intraductal carcinoma]].
*[[Intraductal carcinoma]].
*[[Prostate carcinoma]].
*[[Prostate carcinoma]].
*[[Ductal adenocarcinoma of the prostate]].
*[[Cribriform pattern within invasive prostate carcinoma]].


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 14:54, 4 August 2022

Intraductal carcinoma of the prostate
Diagnosis in short

Intraductal carcinoma of prostate. H&E stain.
LM see microscopic section
LM DDx invasive prostatic carcinoma, high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia
IHC basal cells are present (CK34betaE12 +ve, p63 +ve)
Molecular +/-BRCA2 mutation
Site prostate gland
Prevalence uncommon
Blood work PSA typically elevated
Prognosis poor, strongly suggestive invasion if not present

Intraductal carcinoma of the prostate, abbreviated IDC-P, is a proliferation of malignant prostate cells within glands that have an intact basal cell layer.

It should not be confused with ductal adenocarcinoma of the prostate gland.

General

  • May represent a precursor to invasive prostate carcinoma.[1]
  • Associated with a poor prognosis.[2]
  • Strong association with aggressive invasive carcinomas on prostatectomy when identified in isolation on biopsy.[3]
  • High interobserver variability among experts ~43% agreement.[4]
    • For comparison: HGPIN ~70% agreement, invasive carcinoma ~73% agreement.
  • Uncommon finding ~ 3% of cases in a series of 1176 prostate biopsies.[5]

Prevalence

Prevalence varies by risk/stage - based on a systematic review by Porter et al.:[6]

Group Prevalence
WHO1 † 2%
WHO2 † or WHO3 † 23%
WHO4 † or WHO5 † 37%
Metastasis or biochemical recurrence 56%

† WHO1 = WHO grade group 1 (Gleason score 6), WHO2 = WHO grade group 2 or 3 (Gleason score 7 (3+4 or 4+3), WHO3 = WHO grade group 4 or 5 (Gleason score 8, 9 or 10)

Microscopic

Epstein criteria

Epstein's IDCP criteria:[7]

  • "Large" acini or ducts with basal cells and one of the following:
  1. Solid growth pattern or "dense" cribriform pattern.
  2. Micropapillary pattern or "loose" cribriform pattern with one of the following:
    1. Marked atypia 6x normal (area).‡
    2. Non-focal comedonecrosis.

Notes:

  • † "Dense" is defined as "more solid than luminal areas"; >50% of the lesion area is cells, as opposed to empty space.
  • ‡ Epstein's paper does not explicitly state that it is the area; however, there is near consensus in an ENUP survey that this is the case.[8] The equivalent diameter multiplier is sqrt(6) ~ 2.45; 6x area ~= 2.45x diameter.

Zhou criteria

Major criteria

Required major criteria:[9][10]

  1. Glands 2x normal (peripheral zone) glands.
  2. Basal cells present (proven by IHC).
  3. "Cytologically malignant cells" = nuclear hyperchromasia, nuclear enlargement, nucleoli.
  4. Fills the lumen ("expansile") but does not have to be "solid".
    • Solid = no spaces between the cells.

Additional (major) criterion:[9]

Minor criteria

Minor criteria:[9]

  1. Branching of ducts at right angles.
  2. Rounded/smooth gland outlines.
  3. Two cell populations:
    • Malignant population (enlarged nuclei with hyperchromasia and nucleoli) = peripheral location in gland.
    • Benign population (smaller nuclei, no nucleoli) = central location in gland.

DDx

Images

Case 1

  • IDCP - low mag.

  • IDCP - intermed. mag.

  • IDCP - intermed. mag.

  • IDCP - high mag.

  • IDCP - very high mag.

  • IDCP - very high mag.

Case 2

  • IDCP - intermed. mag.

  • IDCP - high mag.

  • IDCP - very high mag.

  • IDCP - very high mag.

IHC

Features - basal cells present:

Molecular

Note:

  • BRCA1 associated prostate cancer seems to be less common/less studied.[12]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Miyai, K.; Divatia, MK.; Shen, SS.; Miles, BJ.; Ayala, AG.; Ro, JY. (2014). "Heterogeneous clinicopathological features of intraductal carcinoma of the prostate: a comparison between "precursor-like" and "regular type" lesions.". Int J Clin Exp Pathol 7 (5): 2518-26. PMID 24966964.
  2. ↑ Henry, PC.; Evans, AJ. (Jul 2009). "Intraductal carcinoma of the prostate: a distinct histopathological entity with important prognostic implications.". J Clin Pathol 62 (7): 579-83. doi:10.1136/jcp.2009.065003. PMID 19246509.
  3. ↑ Robinson, BD.; Epstein, JI. (Oct 2010). "Intraductal carcinoma of the prostate without invasive carcinoma on needle biopsy: emphasis on radical prostatectomy findings.". J Urol 184 (4): 1328-33. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2010.06.017. PMID 20723921.
  4. ↑ Iczkowski, KA.; Egevad, L.; Ma, J.; Harding-Jackson, N.; Algaba, F.; Billis, A.; Camparo, P.; Cheng, L. et al. (Dec 2014). "Intraductal carcinoma of the prostate: interobserver reproducibility survey of 39 urologic pathologists.". Ann Diagn Pathol 18 (6): 333-42. doi:10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2014.08.010. PMID 25263387.
  5. ↑ Watts, K.; Li, J.; Magi-Galluzzi, C.; Zhou, M. (Oct 2013). "Incidence and clinicopathological characteristics of intraductal carcinoma detected in prostate biopsies: a prospective cohort study.". Histopathology 63 (4): 574-9. doi:10.1111/his.12198. PMID 23931616.
  6. ↑ Porter, LH.; Lawrence, MG.; Ilic, D.; Clouston, D.; Bolton, DM.; Frydenberg, M.; Murphy, DG.; Pezaro, C. et al. (Oct 2017). "Systematic Review Links the Prevalence of Intraductal Carcinoma of the Prostate to Prostate Cancer Risk Categories.". Eur Urol 72 (4): 492-495. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2017.03.013. PMID 28342640.
  7. ↑ Guo, CC.; Epstein, JI. (Dec 2006). "Intraductal carcinoma of the prostate on needle biopsy: Histologic features and clinical significance.". Mod Pathol 19 (12): 1528-35. doi:10.1038/modpathol.3800702. PMID 16980940.
  8. ↑ Varma M, Egevad L, Berney D, Bubendorf L, Compérat EM, Hes O, van Leenders G, Kristiansen G, Intraductal Carcinoma of the Prostate (IDCP) Reporting Practice: A Survey of Practicing Pathologists. United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology Annual Meeting 2018. Available at: https://www.xcdsystem.com/uscap/program/2018/index.cfm?pgid=1&qfixed=1&SessionType=Platform%20Presentation.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Shah, RB.; Zhou, M. (Jul 2012). "Atypical cribriform lesions of the prostate: clinical significance, differential diagnosis and current concept of intraductal carcinoma of the prostate.". Adv Anat Pathol 19 (4): 270-8. doi:10.1097/PAP.0b013e31825c6c0e. PMID 22692290.
  10. ↑ Cohen, RJ.; Wheeler, TM.; Bonkhoff, H.; Rubin, MA. (Jul 2007). "A proposal on the identification, histologic reporting, and implications of intraductal prostatic carcinoma.". Arch Pathol Lab Med 131 (7): 1103-9. doi:10.1043/1543-2165(2007)131[1103:APOTIH]2.0.CO;2. PMID 17616999.
  11. ↑ Taylor RA, Fraser M, Livingstone J, Espiritu SM, Thorne H, Huang V, Lo W, Shiah YJ, Yamaguchi TN, Sliwinski A, Horsburgh S, Meng A, Heisler LE, Yu N, Yousif F, Papargiris M, Lawrence MG, Timms L, Murphy DG, Frydenberg M, Hopkins JF, Bolton D, Clouston D, McPherson JD, van der Kwast T, Boutros PC, Risbridger GP, Bristow RG (January 2017). "Germline BRCA2 mutations drive prostate cancers with distinct evolutionary trajectories". Nat Commun 8: 13671. doi:10.1038/ncomms13671. PMC 5227331. PMID 28067867. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5227331/.
  12. ↑ Ibrahim M, Yadav S, Ogunleye F, Zakalik D (February 2018). "Male BRCA mutation carriers: clinical characteristics and cancer spectrum". BMC Cancer 18 (1): 179. doi:10.1186/s12885-018-4098-y. PMC 5809938. PMID 29433453. https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-018-4098-y.
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