Difference between revisions of "Renal failure"

Latest revision as of 16:07, 31 December 2018

Nodular glomerulosclerosis in diabetes, a common cause of chronic renal failure. H&E stain. (WC/KGH)

Renal failure, also kidney failure, is dysfunction of the kidneys.

It can be subdivided in a number of different ways.

Acutity

Acute kidney injury (abbreviated AKI) - previously acute renal failure (abbreviated ARF).
Chronic renal failure (CRF).

Acute kidney injury

Acute tubular necrosis.
Acute cardiac failure, e.g. myocardial infarction.
Cholesterol embolism.^[1]
Hepatorenal syndrome.

Chronic renal failure

Diabetic nephropathy (diabetes mellitus).
IgA nephropathy.
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease.
Lupus nephritis (systemic lupus erythematosus).
Wegener's granulomatosis.
Chronic cardiac insufficiency (congestive heart failure).

Note:

The cause of end-stage renal disease (like end-stage liver disease) may be difficult to determine.

Anatomical cause

Renal failure 101:

Pre-renal.
Renal.
Post-renal.

Pre-renal

Hypotension due to blood loss (e.g. blunt force trauma, sharp force trauma, gunshot wound).
Reduced cardiac output, e.g. myocardial infarction.
Renal artery stenosis.

Renal

Post-renal

Nodular hyperplasia of the prostate.
Obstruction due to abdominal malignancy.
Posterior urethral valves.

References

↑ Saric M, Kronzon I (November 2011). "Cholesterol embolization syndrome". Curr. Opin. Cardiol. 26 (6): 472–9. doi:10.1097/HCO.0b013e32834b7fdd. PMID 21993354.

[1] Saric M, Kronzon I (November 2011). "Cholesterol embolization syndrome". Curr. Opin. Cardiol. 26 (6): 472–9. doi:10.1097/HCO.0b013e32834b7fdd. PMID 21993354.

[1]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+[[Image:Diabetic glomerulosclerosis (1) HE.jpg|thumb|right|[[Nodular glomerulosclerosis]] in diabetes, a common cause of chronic renal failure. [[H&E stain]]. (WC/KGH)]]
 '''Renal failure''', also '''kidney failure''', is dysfunction of the kidneys.
-It can be subdivided in a number of different ways:
+It can be subdivided in a number of different ways.
 ==Acutity==
-*Chronic renal failure.
+*Acute kidney injury (abbreviated ''AKI'') - previously ''acute renal failure'' (abbreviated ''ARF'').
-*Acute renal failure.
+*Chronic renal failure (CRF).
+===Acute kidney injury===
+*[[Acute tubular necrosis]].
+*Acute cardiac failure, e.g. [[myocardial infarction]].
+*[[Cholesterol embolism]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Saric M, Kronzon I |title=Cholesterol embolization syndrome |journal=Curr. Opin. Cardiol. |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=472–9 |year=2011 |month=November |pmid=21993354 |doi=10.1097/HCO.0b013e32834b7fdd |url=}}</ref>
+*[[Hepatorenal syndrome]].
+===Chronic renal failure===
+*[[Diabetic nephropathy]] ([[diabetes mellitus]]).
+*[[IgA nephropathy]].
+*[[Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease]].
+*[[Lupus nephritis]] ([[systemic lupus erythematosus]]).
+*[[Wegener's granulomatosis]].
+*Chronic cardiac insufficiency ([[congestive heart failure]]).
+Note:
+*The cause of [[end-stage renal disease]] (like end-stage liver disease) may be difficult to determine.
 ==Anatomical cause==
+''Renal failure 101'':
 *Pre-renal.
 *Renal.
 *Post-renal.
+===Pre-renal===
+*Hypotension due to blood loss (e.g. [[blunt force trauma]], [[sharp force trauma]], [[gunshot wound]]).
+*Reduced cardiac output, e.g. [[myocardial infarction]].
+*Renal artery stenosis.
+===Renal===
+*[[Diabetic nephropathy]].
+*[[Lupus nephritis]].
+===Post-renal===
+*[[Nodular hyperplasia of the prostate]].
+*Obstruction due to abdominal malignancy.
+*Posterior urethral valves.
 ==See also==
 *[[Medical renal disease]].
+*[[End-stage kidney]].
+==References==
+{{Reflist|1}}
 [[Category:Genitourinary pathology]]