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Microorganisms (view source)

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split-out Fungi
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==Fungi==
==Fungi==
{{Main|Fungi}}
*There are lots of 'em.  Below are a few of 'em.
*There are lots of 'em.  Below are a few of 'em.


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===Tissue invasive fungi===
===Tissue invasive fungi===
Typically:<ref>CM 17 Apr 2009.</ref>
Typically:<ref>CM 17 Apr 2009.</ref>
*Mucor
*Mucor.
*Aspergillus
*Aspergillus.


==Histoplasmosis==
===List===
*''Histoplasma capulatum'' - primative fungus, typical location: lung.
[[Histoplasmosis]]
** Often in yeast form in tissue 2-5 micrometres.<ref name=Ref_WMSP103>{{Ref WMSP|103}}</ref>
[[Coccidioidmycosis]]
** Nice bright red on PAS-D - [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Histoplasma_pas-d.jpg histoplasmosis (wikipedia.org)].
[[Pneumocystis pneumonia]]  
*** Have a "central dot"<ref>URL: [http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/jty1/opaq/PathQuiz/A6I001-PQ01-M.htm http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/jty1/opaq/PathQuiz/A6I001-PQ01-M.htm]. Accessed on: 19 October 2010</ref> - [http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/jty1/opaq/PathQuiz/PQ-Images/A6I001-3.gif histoplasma (ouhsc.edu)].
[[Cryptococcus]]
 
[[Cryptosporidiosis]]
==Coccidiomycosis==
[[Candidiasis]]
*''Coccidioides immitis'' - fungus, from soil, typical locations: lung, oral cavity.<ref name=Ref_WMSP3>{{Ref WMSP|3}}</ref>
[[Blastomycosis]]
** Forms spherules 60-80 micrometres in size.<ref name=Ref_WMSP103>{{Ref WMSP|103}}</ref>
[[Mucormycosis]]
** [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mature_spherule_with_endospores_of_Coccidioides_immitis_PHIL_480_lores.jpg Coccidioides (commons.wikimedia.org)].
 
==Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) ==
*''Pneumocystis jirovecii'' (used to be called ''Pneumocystis carinii'') - fungus (that used to be considered a parasite), typical location: lung.
**Clinical: Opportunistic infection. May have subtle finding on chest x-ray.
**"Dented ping-pong ball" appearance;<ref name=Ref_WMSP103>{{Ref WMSP|103}}</ref> - remember '''P'''C'''P''' = '''p'''ing-'''p'''ong.
**Approximately 7-8 micrometres in size - [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pneumocystosis_carinii_of_lung_in_AIDS_959_lores.jpg PCP (WP)].  [http://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&search=Pneumocystis+carinii&go=Go Several images are here (WC)].
 
==Cryptococcus==
*Usually ''C. neoformans'', fungus - opportunistic infection, typical location: lung.
*Most common fungus seen in CSF specimens.<ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref>
 
Appearance:
*Yeast:
**Round/ovoid 5-15 micrometres (may resemble Histoplasma or Candida -- but often larger).
**Thick mucopolysacchardie capsule + refractile centre.<ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref>
**"Tear drop-shapped" budding pattern (useful to differentiate from Blastomyces, Histoplasma).<ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref>
 
Images:
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cryptococcosis_of_lung_in_patient_with_AIDS._Mucicarmine_stain_962_lores.jpg Micrograph of crytococcosis - mucicarmine stain (WC)].
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cryptococcosis_of_lung_in_patient_with_AIDS_Methenamine_silver_stain_963_lores.jpg Micrograph of crytococcosis - methenamine silver stain (WC)].
 
Notes:
*May be confused with corpora amylacea in the CNS, esp. as they (like cryptococci) stain for methenamine silver, Alcian blue, and PAS.<ref>URL: [http://flylib.com/books/en/2.953.1.17/1/ http://flylib.com/books/en/2.953.1.17/1/]. Accessed on: 15 December 2010.</ref>
 
==Cryptosporidiosis==
===General===
*Caused by cryptosporidium.
*Fecal-oral transmission.
*Usu. in immunoincompetent individuals, e.g. [[HIV|HIV/AIDS]].
 
===Microscopic===
Features:
*Uniform spherical nodules 2-4 micrometres in diameter, typical location - GI tract brush border.
**Bluish staining of brush border '''key feature''' - low power.
 
Images:
*[http://www.co.hennepin.mn.us/portal/site/HCInternet/menuitem.3f94db53874f9b6f68ce1e10b1466498/?vgnextoid=bab360a6bb9fc010VgnVCM1000000f094689RCRD Micrograph of cryptosporidium in the gallbladder (hennepin.mn.us)].
*[http://www.tulane.edu/~wiser/protozoology/notes/images/cp_path.gif Schematic picture of cryptosporidium & bowel (tulane.edu)].
*[http://www.brown.edu/Courses/Digital_Path/systemic_path/GI/cryptosporidiosis.html Micrograph of cryptosporidiosis (brown.edu)].
*[http://www.sciencephoto.com/images/download_lo_res.html?id=670052525 Cryptosporidium - colon (sciencephoto.com)].
 
Notes:
*Cryptosporidium parvum?<ref>[http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/HTML/Cryptosporidiosis.htm http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/HTML/Cryptosporidiosis.htm]</ref>
 
==Candidiasis==
*Commonly ''Candida albicans'' - yeast (fungus), locations: oral cavity, vagina.
*''Dimorphic'' - seen in two forms:
**Pseudohyphae<ref name=Ref_WMSP3>{{Ref WMSP|3}}</ref>  - collections of many ''C. albicans'' cells in a branching pattern.
**Yeast form - single cells, 10 to 12 micrometres in diameter, gram positive.<ref>[http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mycology/mycology-3.htm http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mycology/mycology-3.htm]</ref>
*Stains: PAS, methenamine silver.
*Images:
**[http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mycology/candi4.jpg Candida (pseudohyphae) - methenamine silver (med.sc.edu)].
**[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Candida_pap_1.jpg Candida on Pap test (WC)].
 
==Blastomycosis==
*Usually ''Blastomyces dermatitidis'' - fungus.
*May be in the oral cavity.<ref name=Ref_WMSP3>{{Ref WMSP|3}}</ref>
*Histology = '''B'''road-based budding yeast -- is '''B'''lastomyces.<ref name=pmid12375640>PMID 12375640</ref>
**The interface between two separating fungi, i.e. fungi in the process of reproducing, is very large.
*Images:
**[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blastomycosis_cropped.JPG Blastomycosis (wikimedia.org)].
**[http://www.pathguy.com/lectures/blastomycosis.jpg Blastomycosis - budding (pathguy.com)].
**[http://www.lahey.org/Medical/InfectiousDiseases/ID_Blastomycosis.asp Blastomycosis - with broad budding (lahey.org)].
 
 
==Mucormycosis==
===General===
*Causative organism: Mucorales.
**Kingdom: Fungi.
**AKA ''Zygomycota'' (zygomycosis).
*Assoc. with diabetes, immunodeficiency.
 
===Histology===
Features:<ref name=Ref_APBR682>{{Ref APBR|682}}</ref>
*Branching hyphae variable width.
*Granulomata associated.
 
Image:
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Zygomycosis.jpg Zygomycosis - cytology (WC)].
*[http://granuloma.homestead.com/ZygoHE_02.jpg Mucormycosis (homestead.com)].


==Worms & stuff==
==Worms & stuff==
Michael
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