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Cancer (view source)

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'''Cancer''' is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity.  It keeps pathologists busy.
[[Image:Colon cancer 2.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Gross]] image of a [[colon cancer]].]]
'''Cancer''' is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity.  It is what keeps pathologists busy.


This article deals with general concepts in cancer.  Specific forms of cancer are described by the site from which they arise.  This article discusses ''cancers of unknown primary''.
This article deals with general concepts in cancer.  Specific forms of cancer are dealt with in their own articles (e.g. [[colorectal adenocarcinoma]]) and/or the [[site|anatomical site]] articles.   
 
In addition to be an introduction to cancer, this article also deals with ''cancers of unknown primary''.


==Definition of cancer==
==Definition of cancer==
Robbins definition of cancer:<ref name=Ref_PCPBoD8_145>{{Ref PCPBoD8|145}}</ref>
The ''Robbins'' definition of cancer:<ref name=Ref_PCPBoD8_145>{{Ref PCPBoD8|145}}</ref>
*Tumour with the capacity to:
*Tumour with the capacity to:
*#Invade (infiltrate) and destroy adjacent tissue.  
*#Invade (infiltrate) and destroy adjacent tissue.  
*#Spread to other sites (metastasize).
*#Spread to other sites (metastasize).


Notes:
Note:
*Tumour = abnormal mass of tissue.<ref name=Ref_PCPBoD8_145>{{Ref PCPBoD8|145}}</ref>
*Tumour = abnormal mass of tissue.<ref name=Ref_PCPBoD8_145>{{Ref PCPBoD8|145}}</ref>
**Neoplasm = literally "new growth"; used interchangeably with ''tumour''.<ref name=Ref_PCPBoD8_145>{{Ref PCPBoD8|145}}</ref>
**Neoplasm = literally "new growth"; used interchangeably with ''tumour''.<ref name=Ref_PCPBoD8_145>{{Ref PCPBoD8|145}}</ref>


===Tumours===
===Tumours===
Tumours ''per Robbins''<ref name=Ref_PCPBoD8_145>{{Ref PCPBoD8|145}}</ref> consist of:  
Tumours per ''Robbins''<ref name=Ref_PCPBoD8_145>{{Ref PCPBoD8|145}}</ref> consist of:  
#Clonal expansions.
#Clonal expansions.
#Stromal components - controlled by the clonal component.
#Stromal components - controlled by the clonal component.
Note:
*''Tumour'' may be used to refer to a non-neoplastic process; one dictionary definition of ''tumour'' is ''abnormal swelling''.<ref>URL: [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/tumour?s=t http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/tumour?s=t]. Accessed on: 22 May 2012.</ref> Also see note in ''[[definition of cancer]]''.


==Clinical features of cancer==
==Clinical features of cancer==
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#Direct invasion/destruction of tissue.
#Direct invasion/destruction of tissue.
#Metastases.
#Metastases.
Notes:
*3 may or many not be present. Primary brain cancer rarely metastasizes.


==Theory==
==Theory==
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==Cancers of unknown primary==
==Cancers of unknown primary==
:''Undifferentiated malignancy'', ''unknown primary tumours'', and ''poorly differentiated malignancy'' redirect here.
===Clinical history===
===Clinical history===
#Past history of cancer, i.e. is it a recurrence?
#Past history of cancer, i.e. is it a recurrence?
#Family history of cancer?
#Family history of cancer?
#Symptoms/presentation.
#Symptoms/presentation.
#Occupation & documented exposures.
#Occupation & documented exposures - esp. [[smoking]], excessive [[alcohol]] use.
#Impression from clinician(s).
#Impression from clinician(s).
===Radiology/gross pathology===
===Radiology/gross pathology===
#Location of lesion(s).
#Where is the largest lesion?
#Location of the other lesions?
#Is the pattern of spread compatible with the suspected primary site?
#Is the tumour at a location of a common (primary) cancer in the individual's demographic group?


===Pathologic features===
===Pathologic features===
#Histomorphologic characteristics - see ''[[Basics]]'' article.
#Histomorphologic characteristics - see ''[[modified general morphologic DDx of malignancy]]''.
#Special [[stains]].
#Special [[stains]].
#[[Immunohistochemistry]].
#[[Immunohistochemistry]].
#[[Molecular pathology]].
#[[Molecular pathology]].
#[[Electron microscopy]].
==Incidence and deaths in Canada==
===Men===
Incidence:<ref name=ca_ca_stats2011>URL: [http://www.cancer.ca/Canada-wide/About%20cancer/Cancer%20statistics/~/media/CCS/Canada%20wide/Files%20List/English%20files%20heading/Powerpoint%20-%20Policy%20-%20Canadian%20Cancer%20Statistics%20-%20English%202011/2011%20Figures%201.1-3.2%20E.ashx http://www.cancer.ca/Canada-wide/About%20cancer/Cancer%20statistics/~/media/CCS/Canada%20wide/Files%20List/English%20files%20heading/Powerpoint%20-%20Policy%20-%20Canadian%20Cancer%20Statistics%20-%20English%202011/2011%20Figures%201.1-3.2%20E.ashx]. Accessed on: 24 September 2011.</ref>
#Prostate.
#Lung.
#Colorectal.
#Bladder.
#Non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
#Kidney.
#Melanoma.
#Leukemia.
#Oral.
#Pancreas.
#Stomach.
#Brain.
Death:<ref name=ca_ca_stats2011/>
#Lung.
#Colorectal.
#Prostate.
#Pancreas.
#Non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
#Leukemia.
#Esophagus.
#Bladder.
#Stomach.
#Kidney.
#Brain.
===Women===
Incidence:<ref name=ca_ca_stats2011/>
#Breast.
#Lung.
#Colorectal.
#Body of uterus.
#Thyroid.
#Non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
#Ovary.
#Melanoma.
#Pancreas.
#Leukemia.
#Kidney.
#Bladder.
#Cervix.
Death:<ref name=ca_ca_stats2011/>
#Lung.
#Breast.
#Colorectal.
#Pancreas.
#Ovary.
#Non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
#Leukemia.
#Body of uterus.
#Brain.
#Stomach.
#Multiple myeloma.
#Kidney.
#Bladder.


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Hamartoma]].
*[[Hamartoma]].
*[[Choristoma]].
*[[Choristoma]].
*[[Cancer staging systems]].
*[[Angiogenesis]].
*[[Metastasis]].
*[[Collision tumour]].
*[[Viruses and cancer]].


==References==
==References==
Michael
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