Difference between revisions of "Neuropathology"

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→‎Epilepsy: +hamartia
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File:FCDIIa neuronal heterotopia neun.jpg|Heterotopic neurons (NeuN)
File:FCDIIa neuronal heterotopia neun.jpg|Heterotopic neurons (NeuN)
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==Epilepsy==
{{Main|Epilepsy}}
===Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD)===
*Localized malformations of the cortex.
*Frequently associated with epilepsy in children.
*Includes cortical dyslamination, cytoarchitectural changes and white matter abnormalities.
*Current consensus: ILAE classification scheme 2011 <ref>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Blümcke | first1 = I. | last2 = Aronica | first2 = E. | last3 = Miyata | first3 = H. | last4 = Sarnat | first4 = HB. | last5 = Thom | first5 = M. | last6 = Roessler | first6 = K. | last7 = Rydenhag | first7 = B. | last8 = Jehi | first8 = L. | last9 = Krsek | first9 = P. | title = International recommendation for a comprehensive neuropathologic workup of epilepsy surgery brain tissue: A consensus Task Force report from the ILAE Commission on Diagnostic Methods. | journal = Epilepsia | volume = 57 | issue = 3 | pages = 348-58 | month = Mar | year = 2016 | doi = 10.1111/epi.13319 | PMID = 26839983 }}
</ref>(based on previous classification by Palmini 2004):
*Type I FCD (focal)
**Ia: Abnormal radial cortical lamination.
**Ib: Abnormal tangential cortical lamination.
**Ic: Abnormal radial and tangential cortical lamination.
*Type II FCD (focal)
**IIa: Presence of dysmorphic neurons.
**IIb: Presence of dysmorphic neurons and balloon cells.
*Type III FCD (associated with other lesion)
**IIIa: FCD associated with [[Epilepsy#Hippocampal_sclerosis|hippocampal sclerosis]].
**IIIb: FCD adjacent to a brain tumor.
**IIIc: FCD adjacent to vascular malformation.
**IIIc: FCD associated with previous injury (trauma, inflammation...).
<gallery>
File:FCDIIa dysmorphic neurons HE.jpg|Dysmorphic neurons in FCD (HE)
File:FCDIIa neuronal heterotopia neun.jpg|Heterotopic neurons (NeuN)
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===Hamartia===
* Small collection of ectopic glioneuronal cells.
**Morpholology resembling oligodendroglial-like cells. <ref>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Kasper | first1 = BS. | last2 = Stefan | first2 = H. | last3 = Buchfelder | first3 = M. | last4 = Paulus | first4 = W. | title = Temporal lobe microdysgenesis in epilepsy versus control brains. | journal = J Neuropathol Exp Neurol | volume = 58 | issue = 1 | pages = 22-8 | month = Jan | year = 1999 | doi =  | PMID = 10068310 }}a/ref>
* Mostly amygdala, less common in hippocampus or temporal lobe.
* Can coexist with focal cortical dysplasia.


==Demyelination==
==Demyelination==
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