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Difference between revisions of "Urothelium"
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→Approach: risks for UCC
(→Urothelial carcinoma in situ: subdivide) |
(→Approach: risks for UCC) |
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*Urothelial carcinoma of the bladder may be confused with a ''paraganglioma of the bladder''. | *Urothelial carcinoma of the bladder may be confused with a ''paraganglioma of the bladder''. | ||
**Way to differentiate: paraganglioma = ''stippled chromatin'', UCC = ''single nucleoli''. | **Way to differentiate: paraganglioma = ''stippled chromatin'', UCC = ''single nucleoli''. | ||
==Risk factors for UCC== | |||
Risk factors for UCC: | |||
*Smoking. | |||
*Toxins. | |||
*Drugs, e.g. cyclophosphamide. | |||
*Marijuana.<ref name=pmid16413342>PMID 16413342.</ref> | |||
*Chinese Herbs.<ref>URL: [http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/343/17/1268 http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/343/17/1268]. Accessed on: 27 May 2010.</ref> | |||
==Premalignant/Hyperplasic/Reactive changes== | ==Premalignant/Hyperplasic/Reactive changes== | ||