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→‎Non-tumour: reorganization of vascular diseases
(→‎Epilepsy: wikify)
(→‎Non-tumour: reorganization of vascular diseases)
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=Non-tumour=
=Non-tumour=
==Cerebral hemorrhage==
==Vascular disorders==
===Cerebral hemorrhage===
:See: ''[[Intracranial hematoma]]'' for intracranial bleeds
:See: ''[[Intracranial hematoma]]'' for intracranial bleeds


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*[[Intracerebral hematoma]]s.
*[[Intracerebral hematoma]]s.


==Duret hematoma==
===Duret hematoma===
*[[AKA]] Duret hemorrhage.
*[[AKA]] Duret hemorrhage.
===General===
====General====
*Bleed in the upper brainstem (midbrain and pons).
*Bleed in the upper brainstem (midbrain and pons).
**Thought to be due to transtentorial herniation secondary to supratentorial mass effect (e.g. supratentorial tumour, [[intracranial hemorrhage]]).<ref name=pmid11819006>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Parizel | first1 = PM. | last2 = Makkat | first2 = S. | last3 = Jorens | first3 = PG. | last4 = Ozsarlak | first4 = O. | last5 = Cras | first5 = P. | last6 = Van Goethem | first6 = JW. | last7 = van den Hauwe | first7 = L. | last8 = Verlooy | first8 = J. | last9 = De Schepper | first9 = AM. | title = Brainstem hemorrhage in descending transtentorial herniation (Duret hemorrhage). | journal = Intensive Care Med | volume = 28 | issue = 1 | pages = 85-8 | month = Jan | year = 2002 | doi = 10.1007/s00134-001-1160-y | PMID = 11819006 }}</ref>
**Thought to be due to transtentorial herniation secondary to supratentorial mass effect (e.g. supratentorial tumour, [[intracranial hemorrhage]]).<ref name=pmid11819006>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Parizel | first1 = PM. | last2 = Makkat | first2 = S. | last3 = Jorens | first3 = PG. | last4 = Ozsarlak | first4 = O. | last5 = Cras | first5 = P. | last6 = Van Goethem | first6 = JW. | last7 = van den Hauwe | first7 = L. | last8 = Verlooy | first8 = J. | last9 = De Schepper | first9 = AM. | title = Brainstem hemorrhage in descending transtentorial herniation (Duret hemorrhage). | journal = Intensive Care Med | volume = 28 | issue = 1 | pages = 85-8 | month = Jan | year = 2002 | doi = 10.1007/s00134-001-1160-y | PMID = 11819006 }}</ref>
*Often fatal.<ref name=pmid11098635>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Fujimoto | first1 = Y. | last2 = Aguiar | first2 = PH. | last3 = Freitas | first3 = AB. | last4 = de Andrade | first4 = AF. | last5 = Marino Júnior | first5 = R. | title = Recovery from Duret hemorrhage: a rare complication after craniotomy--case report. | journal = Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) | volume = 40 | issue = 10 | pages = 508-10 | month = Oct | year = 2000 | doi =  | PMID = 11098635 }}</ref>
*Often fatal.<ref name=pmid11098635>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Fujimoto | first1 = Y. | last2 = Aguiar | first2 = PH. | last3 = Freitas | first3 = AB. | last4 = de Andrade | first4 = AF. | last5 = Marino Júnior | first5 = R. | title = Recovery from Duret hemorrhage: a rare complication after craniotomy--case report. | journal = Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) | volume = 40 | issue = 10 | pages = 508-10 | month = Oct | year = 2000 | doi =  | PMID = 11098635 }}</ref>
===Gross===
====Gross====
*Extravasated blood in midbrain and pons - usu. ventral (anterior) and paramedian (adjacent to the midline).<ref name=pmid11819006/>
*Extravasated blood in midbrain and pons - usu. ventral (anterior) and paramedian (adjacent to the midline).<ref name=pmid11819006/>


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*[http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/jpeg5/CNS037.jpg Duret hemorrhage (med.utah.edu)].<ref>URL: [http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/EXAM/IMGQUIZ/npfrm.html http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/EXAM/IMGQUIZ/npfrm.html]. Accessed on: 4 December 2011.</ref>
*[http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/jpeg5/CNS037.jpg Duret hemorrhage (med.utah.edu)].<ref>URL: [http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/EXAM/IMGQUIZ/npfrm.html http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/EXAM/IMGQUIZ/npfrm.html]. Accessed on: 4 December 2011.</ref>


===Microscopic===
====Microscopic====
Features:
Features:
*RBC extravasation.  
*RBC extravasation.  
*+/-Hemosiderin-laden macrophages.
*+/-Hemosiderin-laden macrophages.
*+/-Ischemic neurons.
*+/-Ischemic neurons.
===Cerebral amyloid angiopathy===
====General====
*Abbreviated ''CAA''.
*Disease of the old.
*Strong association with ''[[lobar haemorrhage]]'' (bleeds of the cerebellar cortex and cerebral cortex).<ref name=pmid16982664>{{cite journal |author=Thanvi B, Robinson T |title=Sporadic cerebral amyloid angiopathy--an important cause of cerebral haemorrhage in older people |journal=Age Ageing |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=565–71 |year=2006 |month=November |pmid=16982664 |doi=10.1093/ageing/afl108 |url=}}</ref>
Etiology:
*[[Amyloid]] deposition in the basal lamina of smooth muscle (in the cerebellar cortex and cerebral cortex).
====Gross====
*Bleeds typically superficial (cortex and subcortical white matter) and in the frontal lobe or parietal lobe.<ref name=pmid17297004>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Haacke | first1 = EM. | last2 = DelProposto | first2 = ZS. | last3 = Chaturvedi | first3 = S. | last4 = Sehgal | first4 = V. | last5 = Tenzer | first5 = M. | last6 = Neelavalli | first6 = J. | last7 = Kido | first7 = D. | title = Imaging cerebral amyloid angiopathy with susceptibility-weighted imaging. | journal = AJNR Am J Neuroradiol | volume = 28 | issue = 2 | pages = 316-7 | month = Feb | year = 2007 | doi =  | PMID = 17297004 | URL = http://www.ajnr.org/content/28/2/316.long }}</ref>
====Microscopic====
Features:
*Amorphous, acellular eosinophilic material within walls of small arteries.
**This is a high power diagnosis with congo red staining.
Notes:
*Amyloidosis is seen in all individuals with [[Alzheimer's disease]]; the amount of amyloid is what differs -- in CAA it is lots and lots.
*The white matter is typically spared by CAA.<ref name=pmid19225408>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Schröder | first1 = R. | last2 = Deckert | first2 = M. | last3 = Linke | first3 = RP. | title = Novel isolated cerebral ALlambda amyloid angiopathy with widespread subcortical distribution and leukoencephalopathy due to atypical monoclonal plasma cell proliferation, and terminal systemic gammopathy. | journal = J Neuropathol Exp Neurol | volume = 68 | issue = 3 | pages = 286-99 | month = Mar | year = 2009 | doi = 10.1097/NEN.0b013e31819a87f9 | PMID = 19225408 }}
</ref>
====Images====
<gallery>
Image:Cerebral_amyloid_angiopathy_-_very_high_mag.jpg |CAA - congo red - very high mag. (WC)
Image:Cerebral_amyloid_angiopathy_-_low_mag.jpg |CAA - congo red - low mag. (WC)
Image:Cerebral_amyloid_angiopathy_-2b-_amyloid_beta_-_high_mag.jpg |CAA - beta-amyloid - high mag. (WC)
</gallery>
====Stains====
*[[Congo red]].
====IHC====
*Abeta-amyloid (AKA beta-amyloid).
===Vascular malformations===
{{Main|Vascular malformations}}
Types:<ref name=pmid17076525>{{cite journal |author=Prayson RA, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK |title=An algorithmic approach to the brain biopsy--part II |journal=Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. |volume=130 |issue=11 |pages=1639–48 |year=2006 |month=November |pmid=17076525 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Vascular_malformations#Arteriovenous_malformation|Arteriovenous malformation]].
*Varix.
*Venous angioma.
*[[Vascular_malformations#Cavernous_hemangioma|Cavernous hemangioma]]  (Cavernoma).
*Capillary teleangiectasia.
Also see: ''[[Sturge-Weber syndrome]]''.
===Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy===
*Abbreviated ''HIE''.
{{Main|Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy}}
**Hypoxia: reduction in oxygen supply or utilization.
**Ischemia: reduction in blood supply.
===Cerebrovascular accident===
*Abbreviated ''CVA''.
*[[AKA]] ''stroke''.
{{Main|Cerebrovascular accident}}
*Stroke includes:
**Infarction (ischemia in defined vascular distribution persisting for at least 24hrs).
**Intracrebral hemorrhage (focal blood accumulation in the brain parenchyma).
**Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH).
**Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT).


==Alcohol & CNS==
==Alcohol & CNS==
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</gallery>
</gallery>


==Cerebrovascular accident==
*Abbreviated ''CVA''.
*[[AKA]] ''stroke''.
{{Main|Cerebrovascular accident}}


==Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy==
*Abbreviated ''HIE''.
{{Main|Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy}}


==Multiple sclerosis==
==Multiple sclerosis==
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{{Main|Multiple sclerosis}}
{{Main|Multiple sclerosis}}


==Cerebral amyloid angiopathy==
===General===
*Abbreviated ''CAA''.
*Disease of the old.
*Strong association with ''[[lobar haemorrhage]]'' (bleeds of the cerebellar cortex and cerebral cortex).<ref name=pmid16982664>{{cite journal |author=Thanvi B, Robinson T |title=Sporadic cerebral amyloid angiopathy--an important cause of cerebral haemorrhage in older people |journal=Age Ageing |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=565–71 |year=2006 |month=November |pmid=16982664 |doi=10.1093/ageing/afl108 |url=}}</ref>


Etiology:
*[[Amyloid]] deposition in the basal lamina of smooth muscle (in the cerebellar cortex and cerebral cortex).
===Gross===
*Bleeds typically superficial (cortex and subcortical white matter) and in the frontal lobe or parietal lobe.<ref name=pmid17297004>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Haacke | first1 = EM. | last2 = DelProposto | first2 = ZS. | last3 = Chaturvedi | first3 = S. | last4 = Sehgal | first4 = V. | last5 = Tenzer | first5 = M. | last6 = Neelavalli | first6 = J. | last7 = Kido | first7 = D. | title = Imaging cerebral amyloid angiopathy with susceptibility-weighted imaging. | journal = AJNR Am J Neuroradiol | volume = 28 | issue = 2 | pages = 316-7 | month = Feb | year = 2007 | doi =  | PMID = 17297004 | URL = http://www.ajnr.org/content/28/2/316.long }}</ref>
===Microscopic===
Features:
*Amorphous, acellular eosinophilic material within walls of small arteries.
**This is a high power diagnosis with congo red staining.
Notes:
*Amyloidosis is seen in all individuals with [[Alzheimer's disease]]; the amount of amyloid is what differs -- in CAA it is lots and lots.
*The white matter is typically spared by CAA.<ref name=pmid19225408>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Schröder | first1 = R. | last2 = Deckert | first2 = M. | last3 = Linke | first3 = RP. | title = Novel isolated cerebral ALlambda amyloid angiopathy with widespread subcortical distribution and leukoencephalopathy due to atypical monoclonal plasma cell proliferation, and terminal systemic gammopathy. | journal = J Neuropathol Exp Neurol | volume = 68 | issue = 3 | pages = 286-99 | month = Mar | year = 2009 | doi = 10.1097/NEN.0b013e31819a87f9 | PMID = 19225408 }}
</ref>
====Images====
<gallery>
Image:Cerebral_amyloid_angiopathy_-_very_high_mag.jpg |CAA - congo red - very high mag. (WC)
Image:Cerebral_amyloid_angiopathy_-_low_mag.jpg |CAA - congo red - low mag. (WC)
Image:Cerebral_amyloid_angiopathy_-2b-_amyloid_beta_-_high_mag.jpg |CAA - beta-amyloid - high mag. (WC)
</gallery>
===Stains===
*[[Congo red]].
===IHC===
*Abeta-amyloid (AKA beta-amyloid).


==Central pontine myelinolysis==
==Central pontine myelinolysis==
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*[http://neuropathology-web.org/chapter6/images6/6-9l.jpg CPM (neuropathology-web.org)].<ref name=npw_ch6>URL: [http://neuropathology-web.org/chapter6/chapter6dCPM.html http://neuropathology-web.org/chapter6/chapter6dCPM.html]. Accessed on: 20 December 2011.</ref>
*[http://neuropathology-web.org/chapter6/images6/6-9l.jpg CPM (neuropathology-web.org)].<ref name=npw_ch6>URL: [http://neuropathology-web.org/chapter6/chapter6dCPM.html http://neuropathology-web.org/chapter6/chapter6dCPM.html]. Accessed on: 20 December 2011.</ref>
*[http://dartmed.dartmouth.edu/spring09/html/virtual_microscopy_we/ CPM (dartmouth.edu)].
*[http://dartmed.dartmouth.edu/spring09/html/virtual_microscopy_we/ CPM (dartmouth.edu)].
==Vascular malformations==
{{Main|Vascular malformations}}
Types:<ref name=pmid17076525>{{cite journal |author=Prayson RA, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK |title=An algorithmic approach to the brain biopsy--part II |journal=Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. |volume=130 |issue=11 |pages=1639–48 |year=2006 |month=November |pmid=17076525 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Vascular_malformations#Arteriovenous_malformation|Arteriovenous malformation]].
*Varix.
*Venous angioma.
*[[Vascular_malformations#Cavernous_hemangioma|Cavernous hemangioma]]  (Cavernoma).
*Capillary teleangiectasia.
Also see: ''[[Sturge-Weber syndrome]]''.


=Cysts=
=Cysts=
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