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→Epilepsy: FCD added
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==Epilepsy== | ==Epilepsy== | ||
{{Main|Epilepsy}} | {{Main|Epilepsy}} | ||
===Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD)=== | |||
*Localized malformations of the cortex. | |||
*Frequently associated with epilepsy in children. | |||
*Includes cortical dyslamination, cytoarchitectural changes and white matter abnormalities. | |||
*Current consensus: ILAE classification scheme 2011 <ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Blümcke | first1 = I. | last2 = Aronica | first2 = E. | last3 = Miyata | first3 = H. | last4 = Sarnat | first4 = HB. | last5 = Thom | first5 = M. | last6 = Roessler | first6 = K. | last7 = Rydenhag | first7 = B. | last8 = Jehi | first8 = L. | last9 = Krsek | first9 = P. | title = International recommendation for a comprehensive neuropathologic workup of epilepsy surgery brain tissue: A consensus Task Force report from the ILAE Commission on Diagnostic Methods. | journal = Epilepsia | volume = 57 | issue = 3 | pages = 348-58 | month = Mar | year = 2016 | doi = 10.1111/epi.13319 | PMID = 26839983 }} | |||
</ref>(based on previous classification by Palmini 2004): | |||
*Type I FCD (focal) | |||
**Ia: Abnormal radial cortical lamination. | |||
**Ib: Abnormal tangential cortical lamination. | |||
**Ic: Abnormal radial and tangential cortical lamination. | |||
*Type II FCD (focal) | |||
**IIa: Presence of dysmorphic neurons. | |||
**IIb: Presence of dysmorphic neurons and balloon cells. | |||
*Type III FCD (associated with other lesion) | |||
**IIIa: FCD associated with [[hippocampal sclerosis]]. | |||
**IIIb: FCD adjacent to a brain tumor. | |||
**IIIc: FCD adjacent to vascular malformation. | |||
**IIIc: FCD associated with previous injury (trauma, inflammation...). | |||
<gallery> | |||
File:FCDIIa dysmorphic neurons HE.jpg|Dysmorphic neurons in FCD (HE) | |||
File:FCDIIa neuronal heterotopia neun.jpg|Heterotopic neurons (NeuN) | |||
</gallery> | |||
==Cerebrovascular accident== | ==Cerebrovascular accident== | ||