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Immunohistochemical staining (view source)
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**OCT4. | **OCT4. | ||
***PLAP ([[placental alkaline phosphatase]]) - not very sensitive.<ref name=pmid18045648>{{cite journal |author=Iczkowski KA, Butler SL, Shanks JH, ''et al'' |title=Trials of new germ cell immunohistochemical stains in 93 extragonadal and metastatic germ cell tumors |journal=Hum. Pathol. |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=275-81 |year=2008 |month=February |pmid=18045648 |doi=10.1016/j.humpath.2007.07.002 |url=}}</ref> | ***PLAP ([[placental alkaline phosphatase]]) - not very sensitive.<ref name=pmid18045648>{{cite journal |author=Iczkowski KA, Butler SL, Shanks JH, ''et al'' |title=Trials of new germ cell immunohistochemical stains in 93 extragonadal and metastatic germ cell tumors |journal=Hum. Pathol. |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=275-81 |year=2008 |month=February |pmid=18045648 |doi=10.1016/j.humpath.2007.07.002 |url=}}</ref> | ||
**Glypican 3 +ve. | **[[Glypican 3]] +ve. | ||
*Neuroendocrine carcinoma. | *Neuroendocrine carcinoma. | ||
**Chromogranin A. | **Chromogranin A. | ||
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**[[CD56]]. | **[[CD56]]. | ||
**CD57.<ref name=pmid12727026>{{Cite journal | last1 = Kurokawa | first1 = M. | last2 = Nabeshima | first2 = K. | last3 = Akiyama | first3 = Y. | last4 = Maeda | first4 = S. | last5 = Nishida | first5 = T. | last6 = Nakayama | first6 = F. | last7 = Amano | first7 = M. | last8 = Ogata | first8 = K. | last9 = Setoyama | first9 = M. | title = CD56: a useful marker for diagnosing Merkel cell carcinoma. | journal = J Dermatol Sci | volume = 31 | issue = 3 | pages = 219-24 | month = May | year = 2003 | doi = | PMID = 12727026 }}</ref> | **CD57.<ref name=pmid12727026>{{Cite journal | last1 = Kurokawa | first1 = M. | last2 = Nabeshima | first2 = K. | last3 = Akiyama | first3 = Y. | last4 = Maeda | first4 = S. | last5 = Nishida | first5 = T. | last6 = Nakayama | first6 = F. | last7 = Amano | first7 = M. | last8 = Ogata | first8 = K. | last9 = Setoyama | first9 = M. | title = CD56: a useful marker for diagnosing Merkel cell carcinoma. | journal = J Dermatol Sci | volume = 31 | issue = 3 | pages = 219-24 | month = May | year = 2003 | doi = | PMID = 12727026 }}</ref> | ||
*Melanoma. | *[[Melanoma]]. | ||
**S-100, HMB-45, Melan A (MART-1). | **S-100, HMB-45, Melan A (MART-1). | ||
***Additional: melanoma cocktail (HMB-45, MART-1)<ref name=pmid18360125>{{cite journal |author=Jani P, Chetty R, Ghazarian DM |title=An unusual composite pilomatrix carcinoma with intralesional melanocytes: differential diagnosis, immunohistochemical evaluation, and review of the literature |journal=Am J Dermatopathol |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=174–7 |year=2008 |month=April |pmid=18360125 |doi=10.1097/DAD.0b013e318165b8fe |url=}}</ref>, microphthalmia,<ref>URL: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim/156845 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim/156845]. Accessed on: 18 August 2010.</ref> tyrosinase.<ref name=pmid17227112>{{Cite journal | last1 = Roma | first1 = AA. | last2 = Magi-Galluzzi | first2 = C. | last3 = Zhou | first3 = M. | title = Differential expression of melanocytic markers in myoid, lipomatous, and vascular components of renal angiomyolipomas. | journal = Arch Pathol Lab Med | volume = 131 | issue = 1 | pages = 122-5 | month = Jan | year = 2007 | doi = 10.1043/1543-2165(2007)131[122:DEOMMI]2.0.CO;2 | PMID = 17227112 }}</ref> | ***Additional: melanoma cocktail (HMB-45, MART-1)<ref name=pmid18360125>{{cite journal |author=Jani P, Chetty R, Ghazarian DM |title=An unusual composite pilomatrix carcinoma with intralesional melanocytes: differential diagnosis, immunohistochemical evaluation, and review of the literature |journal=Am J Dermatopathol |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=174–7 |year=2008 |month=April |pmid=18360125 |doi=10.1097/DAD.0b013e318165b8fe |url=}}</ref>, microphthalmia,<ref>URL: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim/156845 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim/156845]. Accessed on: 18 August 2010.</ref> tyrosinase.<ref name=pmid17227112>{{Cite journal | last1 = Roma | first1 = AA. | last2 = Magi-Galluzzi | first2 = C. | last3 = Zhou | first3 = M. | title = Differential expression of melanocytic markers in myoid, lipomatous, and vascular components of renal angiomyolipomas. | journal = Arch Pathol Lab Med | volume = 131 | issue = 1 | pages = 122-5 | month = Jan | year = 2007 | doi = 10.1043/1543-2165(2007)131[122:DEOMMI]2.0.CO;2 | PMID = 17227112 }}</ref> | ||
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===Prostate gland=== | ===Prostate gland=== | ||
*PSA - [[prostate gland|prostatic]]-specific antigen. | *[[PSA]] - [[prostate gland|prostatic]]-specific antigen. | ||
*PSAP - prostatic-specific acid phosphatase. | *PSAP - prostatic-specific acid phosphatase. | ||
**May be positive in hindgut [[neuroendocrine tumour]]s.<ref name=pmid>{{Cite journal | last1 = Azumi | first1 = N. | last2 = Traweek | first2 = ST. | last3 = Battifora | first3 = H. | title = Prostatic acid phosphatase in carcinoid tumors. Immunohistochemical and immunoblot studies. | journal = Am J Surg Pathol | volume = 15 | issue = 8 | pages = 785-90 | month = Aug | year = 1991 | doi = | PMID = 1712549 }}</ref> | **May be positive in hindgut [[neuroendocrine tumour]]s.<ref name=pmid>{{Cite journal | last1 = Azumi | first1 = N. | last2 = Traweek | first2 = ST. | last3 = Battifora | first3 = H. | title = Prostatic acid phosphatase in carcinoid tumors. Immunohistochemical and immunoblot studies. | journal = Am J Surg Pathol | volume = 15 | issue = 8 | pages = 785-90 | month = Aug | year = 1991 | doi = | PMID = 1712549 }}</ref> | ||
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===[[Colorectal tumours|Colorectal carcinoma]] markers=== | ===[[Colorectal tumours|Colorectal carcinoma]] markers=== | ||
*CK20. | *[[CK20]]. | ||
*CDX2. | *CDX2. | ||
**Uncommon in primary lung, breast, pancreas, kidney, gallbladder, liver, urinary bladder, thyroid gland.<ref name=pmid15205684 >{{Cite journal | last1 = Kaimaktchiev | first1 = V. | last2 = Terracciano | first2 = L. | last3 = Tornillo | first3 = L. | last4 = Spichtin | first4 = H. | last5 = Stoios | first5 = D. | last6 = Bundi | first6 = M. | last7 = Korcheva | first7 = V. | last8 = Mirlacher | first8 = M. | last9 = Loda | first9 = M. | title = The homeobox intestinal differentiation factor CDX2 is selectively expressed in gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas. | journal = Mod Pathol | volume = 17 | issue = 11 | pages = 1392-9 | month = Nov | year = 2004 | doi = 10.1038/modpathol.3800205 | PMID = 15205684 }}</ref> | **Uncommon in primary lung, breast, pancreas, kidney, gallbladder, liver, urinary bladder, thyroid gland.<ref name=pmid15205684 >{{Cite journal | last1 = Kaimaktchiev | first1 = V. | last2 = Terracciano | first2 = L. | last3 = Tornillo | first3 = L. | last4 = Spichtin | first4 = H. | last5 = Stoios | first5 = D. | last6 = Bundi | first6 = M. | last7 = Korcheva | first7 = V. | last8 = Mirlacher | first8 = M. | last9 = Loda | first9 = M. | title = The homeobox intestinal differentiation factor CDX2 is selectively expressed in gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas. | journal = Mod Pathol | volume = 17 | issue = 11 | pages = 1392-9 | month = Nov | year = 2004 | doi = 10.1038/modpathol.3800205 | PMID = 15205684 }}</ref> | ||
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===[[Kidney tumours|Kidney]]=== | ===[[Kidney tumours|Kidney]]=== | ||
[[Renal cell carcinoma]]: | [[Renal cell carcinoma]]: | ||
*RCC, EMA, CD10. | *RCC, [[EMA]], CD10. | ||
*CK7 -ve in clear cell RCC. | *[[CK7]] -ve in clear cell RCC. | ||
*[[AMACR]] +ve in papillary RCC. | *[[AMACR]] +ve in papillary RCC. | ||
*D2-40 +ve in ChRCC. | *D2-40 +ve in ChRCC. | ||
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Specific entities: | Specific entities: | ||
*[[EMA]] +ve: [[meningioma]], [[ependymoma]] (cytoplasm dot-like).<ref name=Ref_PSNP12>{{Ref PSNP|12}}</ref> | *[[EMA]] +ve: [[meningioma]], [[ependymoma]] (cytoplasm dot-like).<ref name=Ref_PSNP12>{{Ref PSNP|12}}</ref> | ||
*[[ATRX]] -ve: [[astrocytoma]] | *[[ATRX]] -ve: [[astrocytoma]]. | ||
*[[INI1]] -ve: [[AT/RT]] | *[[INI1]] -ve: [[AT/RT]]. | ||
Tumour (low-grade gliomas): | Tumour (low-grade gliomas): | ||
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===Prostate versus bladder=== | ===Prostate versus bladder=== | ||
Prostate adenocarcinoma vs. urothelial carcinoma: | Prostate adenocarcinoma vs. urothelial carcinoma: | ||
*Prostate adenocarcinoma: PSA +ve, PSAP +ve, AR +ve, CK7 -ve, CK20 -ve. | *Prostate adenocarcinoma: PSA +ve, PSAP +ve, AR +ve, CK7 -ve, CK20 -ve, GATA3 -ve. | ||
*Urothelial carcinoma: CK7 +ve, CK20 +ve, PSA -ve, PSAP -ve, AR -ve. | *Urothelial carcinoma: [[GATA3]] +ve, CK7 +ve, CK20 +ve, PSA -ve, PSAP -ve, AR -ve. | ||
===Breast versus ovary=== | ===Breast versus ovary=== | ||