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Microorganisms (view source)

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split-out viruses
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==Viruses==
==Viruses==
Many virus afflicit humans.  Only a few of them can be diagnosed histologically.
{{Main|Virus}}
 
This is a fairly big topic.  There are about half a dozen viral inclusions (e.g. CMV, HSV, VZV, adenovirus) a decent pathologist ought to be able to identify.  The ''virus'' article cover's em.
==Viral inclusions==
Cowdry types:<ref>URL: [http://www.pathconsultddx.com/pathCon/largeImage?pii=S1559-8675%2806%2970864-6&figureId=fig3&ecomponentId=mmc3 http://www.pathconsultddx.com/pathCon/largeImage?pii=S1559-8675%2806%2970864-6&figureId=fig3&ecomponentId=mmc3]. Accessed: 12 January 2010.</ref>
*Cowdry type A inclusion:<ref>URL: [http://www.whonamedit.com/synd.cfm/3495.html http://www.whonamedit.com/synd.cfm/3495.html]. Accessed on: 22 January 2010.</ref>
**Round eosinophilic material surrounded by a clear halo.
*Cowdry type B inclusion:<ref>[http://www.whonamedit.com/synd.cfm/3496.html http://www.whonamedit.com/synd.cfm/3496.html]. Accessed on: 22 January 2010.</ref>
**Neuropathology thingy. (???)
 
Images:
*[http://www.daff.gov.au/animal-plant-health/pests-diseases-weeds/aquatic_animal_diseases_significant_to_australia_identification_field_guide/diseases_of_crustaceans/viral_diseases_of_crustaceans/infectious_hypodermal_and_haematopoietic_necrosis/histological_page_for_infectious_hypodermal_and_haematopoietic_necrosis Cowdry A inclusion (daff.gov.au)].
*[http://focosi.altervista.org/pathohomoprocess_regressive.html Cowdry type A & type B inclusions (altervista.org)].
 
==Herpes simplex virus (HSV)==
*Canker sores - usually HSV-1.
*Genital herpes - usually HSV-2.
 
===Histology/cytology===
Features:<ref>SM. 11 January 2010.</ref>
*Clear "ground glass" nuclei.
**Rim of peripheral chromatin.
*Nuclear inclusions.
*Multinucleation with nuclear molding, i.e. multiple nuclei that touch over a large surface area.
 
Mnemonic - 3 Ms: Margination, Multinucleation, Molding.
 
Images:
*[http://www.virology.org/sbpgphoto2.html Herpes simplex virus - multinucleation (virology.org)].
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Herpes_simplex_virus_pap_test.jpg HSV on a Pap test - showing multinucleation (WC)].
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Herpes_esophagitis_-_very_high_mag.jpg HSV esophagitis - very high mag. (WC)].
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Herpes_esophagitis_-_intermed_mag.jpg HSV esophagitis - intermed. mag. (WC)].
 
==Cytomegalovirus (CMV)==
 
===Microscopic===
Features:
*Very large nucleus (as the name implies) with clearing.
*Granular cytoplasmic inclusions (red on H&E sections).
 
Notes:
*Classically in endothelial cells.
**In the context of [[esophagus|esophageal ulcers]], it is therefore useful to biopsy the base of the ulcer - if this is suspected.
 
Images:
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:CMV_placentitis2_mini.jpg CMV placentitis (WC)].
 
==Human papilloma virus==
*Abbreviated ''HPV''.
 
===Microscopic===
Features:
*Koilocytes:
** Perinuclear clearing.
** Nuclear changes.
*** Size similar (or larger) to those in the basal layer of the epithelium.
*** Nuclear enlargement should be evident on low power, i.e. 25x. [7]
*** Central location - nucleus should be smack in the middle of the cell.
 
Images:
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Low-grade_squamous_intraepithelial_lesion.jpg LSIL (WC)].
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Low-grade_sil_and_endocx.jpg LSIL & endocervix (WC)].
 
See: [[cervix]], [[esophagus]].
 
==Adenovirus==
===General===
*Common in kids.
**May be seen in the context of [[adenovirus appendicitis|(adenovirus) appendicitis]].
 
===Microscopic===
Features:
*"Smudge" cells<ref>URL: [http://www.pathguy.com/lectures/infect.htm http://www.pathguy.com/lectures/infect.htm]. Accessed on: 8 July 2010.</ref> - black/blue blob ~ 10-15 micrometers. (???)
 
Notes:
*May be morphologically similar to ''CMV'', ''HSV'', ''VZV'' inclusions.
 
Images:
*[http://img.medscape.com/fullsize/migrated/438/534/cc438534.haur.fig1.jpg Adenovirus (medscape.com)].<ref>URL:[http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/438534_2 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/438534_2]. Accessed on: 8 July 2010.</ref>
*[http://wiki.medpedia.com/Image:Ab14.jpg?filetimestamp=20091014175858 Smudge cell (medpedia.com)].
*[http://www.flickr.com/photos/ckrishnan/3746778145/in/photostream/ Necrosis in germinal centre - low mag. (flickr.com)].
*[http://www.flickr.com/photos/ckrishnan/3746778007/in/photostream/ Viral inclusions - high mag. (flickr.com)].
*[http://www.flickr.com/photos/ckrishnan/3747567554/in/photostream/ IHC for adenovirus (flickr.com)]
 
==Parvo B19==
Features:
*Big red nuclear inclusion.<ref>URL: [http://www.pathguy.com/lectures/infect.htm http://www.pathguy.com/lectures/infect.htm]. Accessed on: 8 July 2010.</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Staining]].
*[[Staining]].
*[[Immunohistochemistry]].
*[[Immunohistochemistry]].
*[[Viruses]].


==References==
==References==
Michael
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