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This article deals with '''stains'''. H&E isn't the only stain out there...
[[Image:Corpora amylacea high mag.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Hematoxylin and eosin stain]] of benign [[prostate gland]].]]
This article deals with '''stains'''. The H&E stain is only one of many stains that are used in pathology.


==Where to start...==
Non-H&E stains are often referred to as '''''special stains'''''.
===Principles===
 
=Where to start...=
==Principles==
When considering additional (i.e. special) stains one should (in order) do the following:<ref>LAE. 13 July 2010.</ref>
When considering additional (i.e. special) stains one should (in order) do the following:<ref>LAE. 13 July 2010.</ref>
# Make sure one has exhausted the clinical history; history is considered the best special stain.
# Make sure one has exhausted the clinical history; history is considered the best special stain.
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# Molecular testing, electron microscopy.
# Molecular testing, electron microscopy.


===Common stains===
==Common stains==
# [[H&E stain]].
# [[H&E stain]].
# [[PAS stain]].
# [[PAS stain]].
# [[PAS-D stain]].
# [[PAS-D stain]].
# [[AFB stain]].
# [[AFB stains]], e.g. [[Ziehl-Neelsen stain]].
# [[Congo red]].
# [[Congo red]].
# [[GMS stain]].
# [[GMS stain]].
# [[Gram stain]].
# [[Gram stain]].


==Immunohistochemistry==
=Immunohistochemistry=
{{main|Immunohistochemistry}}
{{main|Immunohistochemistry}}
===General===
==General==
*Abbreviated ''IHC''.
*Abbreviated ''IHC''.


===Interpretation===
==Interpretation==
Simple version:
Simple version:
*Positive is (usually): ''brown''.
*Positive is (usually): ''brown''.
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*The edge of the tissue may have light staining - ''edge effect''.
*The edge of the tissue may have light staining - ''edge effect''.
*If everything is brown... suspect that it didn't work.
*If everything is brown... suspect that it didn't work.
*In some situations you're blessed with an ''internal control'', e.g. in renal tumours CD10 will stain [[RCC]] and the ''proximal tubule'', in GISTs - CD117 the mast cells are positive.
*In some situations you're blessed with an ''internal control'', e.g. in renal tumours CD10 will stain [[RCC]] and the ''proximal tubule'', in GISTs - CD117 the [[mast cell]]s are positive.


==Work-up of infection==
=Work-up of infection=
It often not possible to be definitive by staining.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Woods GL, Walker DH |title=Detection of infection or infectious agents by use of cytologic and histologic stains |journal=Clin. Microbiol. Rev. |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=382-404 |year=1996 |month=July |pmid=8809467 |pmc=172900 |doi= |url=http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=8809467}}</ref>
It often not possible to be definitive by staining.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Woods GL, Walker DH |title=Detection of infection or infectious agents by use of cytologic and histologic stains |journal=Clin. Microbiol. Rev. |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=382-404 |year=1996 |month=July |pmid=8809467 |pmc=172900 |doi= |url=http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=8809467}}</ref>


Basic panel:
Basic panel:
*Gram stain - for bacteria.
*Gram stain - for bacteria.
*GMS stain - fungal stain.
*GMS stain - [[fungi|fungal]] stain.
*PAS (''or'' PAS-D) - fungal stain.
*PAS (''or'' PAS-D) - fungal stain.


===Fungi===
==Fungi==
{{main|Microorganisms}}
{{main|Fungi}}
 
Fungi are a type of [[microorganisms]].  They are seen by pathologist every once in a while.


==Specific stains==
=Specific stains=
What follows is a big list... of stains.
What follows is a big list... of stains.


==Haematoxylin and eosin stain==
==Haematoxylin and eosin stain==
===General===
*Abbreviated ''H&E''.
*Abbreviated ''H&E''.
*Standard bearer in most pathology departments.
{{Main|Hematoxylin and eosin stain}}
 
===Intepretation===
*Blue (haematoxylin) = nucleus.
*Pink (eosin) = cytoplasm.


==Haematoxylin phyloxin saffron stain==
==Haematoxylin phyloxin saffron stain==
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===Interpretation===
===Interpretation===
*Haematoxylin = blue -- stains nucleus.
*Haematoxylin = blue -- stains nucleus.
*Phyloxin = pink.
*Phyloxin = pink -- stains muscle and cytoplasm.
*Saffron = yellow -- stains collagen.
*Saffron = yellow -- stains collagen.
*An alternative to H&E stain.
*An alternative to H&E stain.
**Fibrosis is easier to see on HPS than H&E... as one can see the collagen.
**Fibrosis is easier to see on HPS than H&E... as one can see the collagen.


====Images====
<gallery>
Image:Perineural_invasion_prostate_high_mag.jpg | Perineural invasion - prostate - HPS stain (WC)
Image:Meningioma_high_mag.jpg | Meningioma - HPS stain (WC)
Image:Endoneurial_fibrosis_-_very_high_mag_-_cropped.jpg | Endoneurial fibrosis - HPS stain (WC)
</gallery>
==Periodic acid Schiff stain==
==Periodic acid Schiff stain==
*Abbreviated ''PAS''.
*Abbreviated ''PAS''.
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===Utility===
===Utility===
*Stains - basement membranes, fungi, glycogen, (neutral) mucin.  
*Stains - lipofuscin,<ref name=pmid5463681 >{{cite journal |author=Kovi J, Leifer C |title=Lipofuscin pigment accumulation in spontaneous mammary carcinoma of A/Jax mouse |journal=J Natl Med Assoc |volume=62 |issue=4 |pages=287–90 |year=1970 |month=July |pmid=5463681 |pmc=2611776 |doi= |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2611776/pdf/jnma00512-0077.pdf}}</ref> basement membranes, fungi, glycogen, (neutral) mucin.  


===Interpretation===
===Interpretation===
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*Blue = nuclei.
*Blue = nuclei.


Image: [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Metanephric_adenoma_high_mag.jpg Metanephric adenoma - PAS (WC)].
Ref.:<ref>[http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/PAS.PDF http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/PAS.PDF]</ref>
====Image====
<gallery>
Image:Metanephric_adenoma_high_mag.jpg | Metanephric adenoma - PAS (WC)
File:Liver biopsy of glycogen storage disorder PAS positive.jpg | Liver biopsy with glycogen storage disease - PAS (WC)
File:Esophageal candidiasis (2) PAS stain.jpg | Esophageal candidiasis - PAS (WC)
</gallery>
 
==Periodic acid Schiff fungal stain==
*Abbreviated ''PASF''.
 
===Primary application===
*Look for [[fungi|fungal organisms]].
 
===Interpretation===
*Light purple = fungi.
*Light green = background.
*Washed-out light purple = Gram positive bacilli.
 
Note:
*This is much improved over the ''PAS'' in the context of skin, as the background is similar to the fungal organisms.


Ref.:<ref>[http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/PAS.PDF http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/PAS.PDF]</ref>
<gallery>
Image:Fungal_infection_-_PASF_-_very_high_mag.jpg | Fungal organisms. PASF stain.
</gallery>


==Periodic acid Schiff with diastase==
==Periodic acid Schiff with diastase==
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===General===
===General===
*Diastase digests the glycogen.
*Diastase digests the glycogen.
*"PAS diastase resistant"<ref name=pmid6189389>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Qizilbash | first1 = A. | last2 = Young-Pong | first2 = O. | title = Alpha 1 antitrypsin liver disease differential diagnosis of PAS-positive, diastase-resistant globules in liver cells. | journal = Am J Clin Pathol | volume = 79 | issue = 6 | pages = 697-702 | month = Jun | year = 1983 | doi =  | PMID = 6189389 }}</ref> ''implies'' PASD +ve and [[PAS stain|PAS]] +ve.


===Use===
===Use===
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Notes: <Ref>[http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/PASD.PDF http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/PASD.PDF]</ref>
Notes: <Ref>[http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/PASD.PDF http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/PASD.PDF]</ref>
===Interpretation===
*Light purple = fungi.
*Light blue/pink = background. ???


==Gomori methenamine-silver stain==
==Gomori methenamine-silver stain==
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===Use===
===Use===
*Useful for fungi.  
*Useful for fungi.  
**Pneumocystis jirovecii - cause of ''PCP'' - pneumocystic pneumonia.
**Pneumocystis jirovecii - cause of [[pneumocystis pneumonia]] (PCP).
**Histoplasma - cause of histoplasmosis.
**Histoplasma - cause of [[histoplasmosis]].
***Histoplasma = black, round balls.
***Histoplasma = black, round balls.


Image: [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Histoplasma_in_granuloma_gms.jpg GMS showing histoplasma (WC)].
====Image====
 
<gallery>
Image:Histoplasma_in_granuloma_gms.jpg | GMS showing histoplasma (WC/Nephron)
</gallery>
==Acid-fast bacilli stains==
==Acid-fast bacilli stains==
*Abbreviated: ''AFB''.
*Abbreviated: ''AFB''.


There are several AFB stains:
There are several AFB stains:
*Ziehl-Neelson stain - used to look for Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
*Ziehl-Neelson stain - used to look for ''[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]''.
*Fite stain - used to look for Mycobacterium laprae.<ref>[http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/FITES.PDF http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/FITES.PDF]</ref>
*Fite stain - used to look for ''[[Mycobacterium leprae]]''<ref>URL: [http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/FITES.PDF http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/FITES.PDF]. Accessed on: 19 May 2011.</ref> and preferred stain for ''[[Mycobacterium avium complex]]''.<ref name=pmid21327589>{{cite journal |authors=Ilyas S, Youssef D, Chaudhary H, Al-Abbadi MA |title=Myocbacterium-avium intracellulare associated inflammatory pseudotumor of the anterior nasal cavity |journal=Head Neck Pathol |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=296–301 |date=September 2011 |pmid=21327589 |pmc=3173547 |doi=10.1007/s12105-011-0248-0 |url=}}</ref>
*Auramine rhodamine.
*Auramine-rhodamine stain.


===Ziehl-Neelsen stain===
===Ziehl-Neelsen stain===
*Most popular acid-fast bacilli stain.
*Most popular acid-fast bacilli stain.
*Stains other mycobacteria -- not specific for tuberculosis.
*Stains other mycobacteria -- not specific for tuberculosis.
**Stains nocardia.<ref>[http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/LUNGHTML/LUNG024.html http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/LUNGHTML/LUNG024.html]</ref>
**Stains ''Nocardia''.<ref>URL: [http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/LUNGHTML/LUNG024.html http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/LUNGHTML/LUNG024.html]. Accessed on: 19 May 2011.</ref>


====Image====
<gallery>
Image:Mycobacterium_tuberculosis_Ziehl-Neelsen_stain_02.jpg | ZN stain. (WC/CDC)
</gallery>
===Fite stain===
===Fite stain===
Interpretation:
Interpretation:
*Red = AFB.
*Red = AFB.
*Blue = background.
*Blue = background.
===Auramine-rhodamine stain===
*Fluorescent stain.
====Image====
<gallery>
Image:Cryptosporidium_parvum_auramine-rhodamine_labeled.jpg | AR stain. (WC/CDC)
</gallery>
===Kinyoun stain===
*Another AFB stain<ref name=pmid7536216>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Kehl | first1 = KS. | last2 = Cicirello | first2 = H. | last3 = Havens | first3 = PL. | title = Comparison of four different methods for detection of Cryptosporidium species. | journal = J Clin Microbiol | volume = 33 | issue = 2 | pages = 416-8 | month = Feb | year = 1995 | doi =  | PMID = 7536216 }}</ref> - useful for [[cryptosporidiosis]] and [[microsporidiosis]].<ref name=pmid9003613>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Ignatius | first1 = R. | last2 = Lehmann | first2 = M. | last3 = Miksits | first3 = K. | last4 = Regnath | first4 = T. | last5 = Arvand | first5 = M. | last6 = Engelmann | first6 = E. | last7 = Futh | first7 = U. | last8 = Hahn | first8 = H. | last9 = Wagner | first9 = J. | title = A new acid-fast trichrome stain for simultaneous detection of Cryptosporidium parvum and microsporidial species in stool specimens. | journal = J Clin Microbiol | volume = 35 | issue = 2 | pages = 446-9 | month = Feb | year = 1997 | doi =  | PMID = 9003613 }}
</ref>


==Congo red stain==
==Congo red stain==
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**Mnemonic: ''CRAP'' = congo red amyloid protein.
**Mnemonic: ''CRAP'' = congo red amyloid protein.
*An alternate stain for amyloid is ''Thioflavin T''.
*An alternate stain for amyloid is ''Thioflavin T''.
Note:
*[[Cutting|Thick sections]] (~10 micrometers) are considered a requirement for the stain to work properly.<ref>URL: [http://www.ihcworld.com/_protocols/special_stains/congo_red_bennhold.htm http://www.ihcworld.com/_protocols/special_stains/congo_red_bennhold.htm]. Accessed on: 26 January 2012.</ref>
**If the section is too thin... it doesn't work.


===Interpretation===
===Interpretation===
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Ref.:<ref>URL: [http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/CONGORED.PDF http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/CONGORED.PDF]. Accessed on: 4 December 2010.</ref>
Ref.:<ref>URL: [http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/CONGORED.PDF http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/CONGORED.PDF]. Accessed on: 4 December 2010.</ref>


Image: [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cerebral_amyloid_angiopathy_-_very_high_mag.jpg Congo red stain - cerebral amyloid angiopathy (WC)].
====Image====
<gallery>
Image:Cerebral_amyloid_angiopathy_-_very_high_mag.jpg | Congo red staining in [[cerebral amyloid angiopathy]]. (WC)
</gallery>
 
==Thioflavin T stain==
===Use===
*Used to look for [[amyloid]].
 
===Interpretation===
*Amyloid = green.
 
Image: [http://inano.au.dk/research/annual-reports/annual-report-2004/7-cases/protein-fibrils/ Amyloid (inano.au.dk)].


==Gram stain==
==Gram stain==
Use:
===Use===
*"It is useless for finding bacteria."<ref>SMH handout.</ref>
*"It is useless for finding bacteria."<ref>St. Michael's Hospital - Stains Handout.</ref>
**I suppose this is as you find 'em on H&E... or microbiology finds 'em.
**If they are to be seen... they'll be visible on H&E.
 
Note:
*Microbiology is better at finding organisms than pathology.
**They have one significant advantage -- if a small amount of bugs are present... they grows into a large (obviously visible) colony.
 
====DDx for common patterns====
A short list of bacteria and their characteristics:<ref>URL: [http://www.atsu.edu/faculty/chamberlain/Website/pnebact.htm http://www.atsu.edu/faculty/chamberlain/Website/pnebact.htm]. Accessed on: 7 May 2013.</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Shape\Gram stain
! Positive
! Negative
! Variable or negative
|-
| Bacilli
| Clostridium difficile, Bacillus anthracis, Nocardia spp.
| Escherichia coli, [[Helicobacter pylori]], Yersinia pestis, Hemophilus influenzae
| [[Tuberculosis|Mycobacterium tuberulosis]], Legionella pneumophila<ref>URL: [http://meded.ucsd.edu/isp/1999/CAP/legion.html http://meded.ucsd.edu/isp/1999/CAP/legion.html]. Accessed on: 7 May 2013.</ref>
|-
| Cocci
| Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus
| Neisseria meningitidis, Moraxella catarrhalis
|
|}


===Interpretation===
===Interpretation===
*Purple (or blue) = Gram positive organisms.
*Purple (or blue) = Gram positive organisms.
*Red = Gram negative organisms, nuclei
*Red = Gram negative organisms, nuclei.<ref>URL: [http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/GRAM.PDF http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/GRAM.PDF]. Accessed on: 7 May 2013.</ref>
*Yellow = background.
*Yellow = background.


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*Memory device: '''p'''urple = '''p'''ositive.
*Memory device: '''p'''urple = '''p'''ositive.


Ref.:<ref>[http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/GRAM.PDF http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/GRAM.PDF]</ref>
====Images====
 
<gallery>
Image:Gram_stain_01.jpg | Gram positive cocci. (WC)
Image:Gram_Stain_Anthrax.jpg | Gram positive rods - anthrax. (WC)
</gallery>
==Luxol fast blue stain==
==Luxol fast blue stain==
*Abbreviated ''LFB''.
*Abbreviated ''LFB''.
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**Lack of blue (where it ought to be) = demyelination.
**Lack of blue (where it ought to be) = demyelination.
*Purple = nerve cell (e.g. neuron).
*Purple = nerve cell (e.g. neuron).
*Neutrophils = pink.
*[[Neutrophil]]s = pink.


Image: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Globus_pallidus_and_putamen_-_very_low_mag.jpg Globus pallidus and putamen - H&E-LFB (WC)].
Ref.:<ref>[http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/LFB.PDF http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/LFB.PDF]</ref>


Ref.:<ref>[http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/LFB.PDF http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/LFB.PDF]</ref>
====Image====
<gallery>
Image:Globus_pallidus_and_putamen_-_very_low_mag.jpg | Globus pallidus and putamen - H&E-LFB. (WC)
File:LFB_CNS_cortex_supratentorial.jpg | Normal cortex - LFB only. (WC/jensflorian)
File:LFB_CNS_cortex_grey-white_matter_junction.jpg | White-grey matter junction - LFB. (WC/jensflorian)
</gallery>


==Giemsa stain==
==Giemsa stain==
===Use===
===Use===
*Useful for finding mast cells.
*Useful for finding [[mast cell]]s.
*Useful for finding donovan bodies and leishmania.<ref>URL: [http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/STAINS/STAINS.html http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/STAINS/STAINS.html]. Accessed on: April 6, 2009.</ref>
*Useful for finding ''[[Donovan bodies]]'' and ''[[Leishmania]]''.<ref>URL: [http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/STAINS/STAINS.html http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/STAINS/STAINS.html]. Accessed on: April 6, 2009.</ref>


===Interpretation===
===Interpretation===
*Tissue is light blue/green.
*Tissue is light blue/green.
*Goblet cells are purple.<ref>URL: [http://www.kennedy.ox.ac.uk/facilities/histology/histology-information http://www.kennedy.ox.ac.uk/facilities/histology/histology-information]. Accessed on: 17 August 2015.</ref>
Image:
*[http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case196/images/figure12.jpg Giemsa - colon (amser.org)].<ref>URL: [http://amser.org/index.php?P=AMSER--ResourceFrame&resourceId=6018 http://amser.org/index.php?P=AMSER--ResourceFrame&resourceId=6018]. Accessed on: 17 August 2015.</ref>


==Reticulin stain==
==Reticulin stain==
===Use===
===Use===
*Liver biopsy, medical.
*Liver biopsy, medical.
**Demonstrates the reticular fibers (in cirrhosis the fibers are disrupted).
**Demonstrates the reticular fibers (in [[cirrhosis]] the fibers are disrupted).
*Before IHC, reticulin was used to differentiate ''sarcomas'' from ''carcinomas'':<ref name=pmid13536209>{{cite journal |author=MACKENZIE DH |title=Reticulin patterns in the diagnosis of carcinomas and sarcomas |journal=Br. J. Cancer |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=14–9 |year=1958 |month=March |pmid=13536209 |pmc=2074006 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*Before IHC, reticulin was used to differentiate ''sarcomas'' from ''carcinomas'':<ref name=pmid13536209>{{cite journal |author=MACKENZIE DH |title=Reticulin patterns in the diagnosis of carcinomas and sarcomas |journal=Br. J. Cancer |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=14–9 |year=1958 |month=March |pmid=13536209 |pmc=2074006 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
**Sarcomas have reticulin around ''each'' cell.
**Sarcomas have reticulin around ''each'' cell.
**Carcinomas have reticulin around clusters of cells.
**Carcinomas have reticulin around clusters of cells.
*Commonly used in neuropathology.
** In adenoma, reticulin highlights the lost acinar structure of normal pituitary gland.
** Paraganglioma (Zellballen architecture)
** Separating schwannoma (basement membrane around each cell) from meingioma in cerebellopontine angle.
** Separating desmoplastic medulloblastoma from classic/anaplastic forms.


===Interpretation===
===Interpretation===
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Notes:<ref>[http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/RETIC.PDF http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/RETIC.PDF]</ref>
Notes:<ref>[http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/RETIC.PDF http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/RETIC.PDF]</ref>


==Cresyl violet==
====Images====
<gallery>
Image:Liver_reticulin.jpg | [[Liver]]. Reticulin stain. (WC)
Image:Hepatic_adenoma_high_mag_reticulin.jpg | [[Hepatic adenoma]]. Reticulin stain. (WC)
File:Zellballen paraganglioma.jpg | Reticulin stain highlighting the "Zellballen" architecture of paraganglioma. (WC/jensflorian)
File:Desmoplastic medulloblastoma reticulin stain pale island.jpg | Reticulin staina round the "pale islands" of a desmoplastic medulloblastoma. (WC/jensflorian)
</gallery>
 
==Cresyl violet stain==
===Use===
*Used at some places (e.g. SMH) to look for Helicobacter organisms.
 
===Interpretation===
*Everything is shades of blue.
*Everything is shades of blue.
*Used at some places (e.g. SMH) to look for Helicobacter organisms.
**Helicobacter stains blue.
**Helicobacter stains blue.


==Prussian blue stain==
==Prussian blue stain==
*AKA ''Perl's iron stain''.
*AKA ''Perl's iron stain''.
===Use===
*Useful for iron and hemosiderin; useful for differentiating brown pigments (melanin, lipofuscin, tattoo pigment, hemosiderin).
*Useful for iron and hemosiderin; useful for differentiating brown pigments (melanin, lipofuscin, tattoo pigment, hemosiderin).
===Interpretation===
*Blue = iron.


Image:
Image:
Line 218: Line 340:
*Described well by ''vetmed.vt.edu''.<ref>Prussian blue stain. URL:[http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/curriculum/VM8054/labs/Lab2/Examples/exprussb.htm [http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/curriculum/VM8054/labs/Lab2/Examples/exprussb.htm]. Accessed on: 5 May 2010.</ref>
*Described well by ''vetmed.vt.edu''.<ref>Prussian blue stain. URL:[http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/curriculum/VM8054/labs/Lab2/Examples/exprussb.htm [http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/curriculum/VM8054/labs/Lab2/Examples/exprussb.htm]. Accessed on: 5 May 2010.</ref>
*DDx of brown pigment: Fontana-Masson (melanin), Kluver-Barrera stain (lipofuscin).
*DDx of brown pigment: Fontana-Masson (melanin), Kluver-Barrera stain (lipofuscin).
====Images====
<gallery>
Image:Hemosiderosis_high_mag.jpg | Liver [[hemosiderosis]]. Prussian blue stain. (WC/Nephron)
File:Siderophage iron stain CSF.jpg | CSF Siderophages in subarachnoid hemorrhage. (WC/jensflorian)
</gallery>


==Kluver-Barrera stain==
==Kluver-Barrera stain==
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*Useful for differentiating brown pigments (melanin, lipofuscin, tattoo pigment, hemosiderin).
*Useful for differentiating brown pigments (melanin, lipofuscin, tattoo pigment, hemosiderin).
**Stains lipofuscin.
**Stains lipofuscin.
*Useful to detect demyelinating lesions in the CNS.
Notes:
*[[PAS stain|PAS]] also stains lipofuscin and is more commonly available.


===Interpretation===
===Interpretation===
Line 235: Line 367:
*Described well by ''vetmed.vt.edu''.<ref>Kluver-Barrera stain. URL:[http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/curriculum/VM8054/labs/Lab2/Examples/exkluvbarr.htm http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/curriculum/VM8054/labs/Lab2/Examples/exkluvbarr.htm]. Accessed on: 5 May 2010.</ref>
*Described well by ''vetmed.vt.edu''.<ref>Kluver-Barrera stain. URL:[http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/curriculum/VM8054/labs/Lab2/Examples/exkluvbarr.htm http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/curriculum/VM8054/labs/Lab2/Examples/exkluvbarr.htm]. Accessed on: 5 May 2010.</ref>
*DDx of brown pigment: Fontana-Masson (melanin), Prussian blue stain (hemosiderin).
*DDx of brown pigment: Fontana-Masson (melanin), Prussian blue stain (hemosiderin).
<gallery>
File:MS Demyelinisation KB 10x.jpg | Encephalomyelitis disseminata (Klüver-Barrera)
</gallery>


==Oil red O stain==
==Oil red O stain==
===Use===
===Use===
*Stain adipose tissue.
*Stains adipose tissue.
*Corroborate diagnosis of [[lipoid pneumonia]].<ref name=pmid25374742>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Yampara Guarachi | first1 = GI. | last2 = Barbosa Moreira | first2 = V. | last3 = Santos Ferreira | first3 = A. | last4 = Sias | first4 = SM. | last5 = Rodrigues | first5 = CC. | last6 = Teixeira | first6 = GH. | title = Lipoid pneumonia in a gas station attendant. | journal = Case Rep Pulmonol | volume = 2014 | issue =  | pages = 358761 | month =  | year = 2014 | doi = 10.1155/2014/358761 | PMID = 25374742 }}</ref>
*Screen for [[GERD]] - positive staining seen in macrophages from [[BAL]] specimens.<ref name=pmid20466562>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Hopkins | first1 = PM. | last2 = Kermeen | first2 = F. | last3 = Duhig | first3 = E. | last4 = Fletcher | first4 = L. | last5 = Gradwell | first5 = J. | last6 = Whitfield | first6 = L. | last7 = Godinez | first7 = C. | last8 = Musk | first8 = M. | last9 = Chambers | first9 = D. | title = Oil red O stain of alveolar macrophages is an effective screening test for gastroesophageal reflux disease in lung transplant recipients. | journal = J Heart Lung Transplant | volume = 29 | issue = 8 | pages = 859-64 | month = Aug | year = 2010 | doi = 10.1016/j.healun.2010.03.015 | PMID = 20466562 }}</ref>
*Uncommon.


Notes:
Notes:
*Must be done on fresh tissue, i.e. it cannot be fixed in formulin.
*Must be done on fresh tissue, i.e. it cannot be fixed in [[formalin]].
 
===Interpretation===
*Red = fat.
 
====Images====
<gallery>
Image:Differentiated_3T3-L1_Cell_line_stained_with_Oil_O_Red.jpg | Oil red O stain. (WC)
</gallery>


==Warthin-Starry stain==
==Warthin-Starry stain==
Line 255: Line 401:
*Background - yellow.
*Background - yellow.


Image:
====Image====
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pylorigastritis.jpg Helicobacter gastritis - Warthin-Starry stain (WC)].
<gallery>
 
Image:Pylorigastritis.jpg | Helicobacter gastritis - Warthin-Starry stain. (WC)
</gallery>
Notes:
Notes:
*Considered a "dirty" stain - picks-up junk in the background.<ref>DB. 4 August 2010.</ref>
*Considered a "dirty" stain - picks-up junk in the background.<ref>DB. 4 August 2010.</ref>
Line 264: Line 411:
Considered a variant of the ''Steiner stain''.<ref>URL: [http://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com/test-catalog/Overview/80327 http://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com/test-catalog/Overview/80327]. Accessed on: 8 August 2010.</ref>
Considered a variant of the ''Steiner stain''.<ref>URL: [http://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com/test-catalog/Overview/80327 http://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com/test-catalog/Overview/80327]. Accessed on: 8 August 2010.</ref>
===Use===
===Use===
*Find spirochetes, e.g. syphilis (Treponema pallidum),<ref name=Ref_WMSP455>{{Ref WMSP|455}}</ref> donovan bodies (leishmaniasis),<ref>URL: [http://www.mondofacto.com/facts/dictionary?Dieterle%27s+stain http://www.mondofacto.com/facts/dictionary?Dieterle%27s+stain]. Accessed on: 4 August 2010.</ref> Helicobacter pylori and Bartonella henselae (Cat-scratch disease).<ref>URL: [http://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com/test-catalog/Overview/80327 http://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com/test-catalog/Overview/80327]. Accessed on: 8 August 2010.</ref>
*Find spirochetes, e.g. [[syphilis]] (Treponema pallidum),<ref name=Ref_WMSP455>{{Ref WMSP|455}}</ref> donovan bodies (leishmaniasis),<ref>URL: [http://www.mondofacto.com/facts/dictionary?Dieterle%27s+stain http://www.mondofacto.com/facts/dictionary?Dieterle%27s+stain]. Accessed on: 4 August 2010.</ref> Helicobacter pylori and Bartonella henselae (Cat-scratch disease).<ref>URL: [http://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com/test-catalog/Overview/80327 http://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com/test-catalog/Overview/80327]. Accessed on: 8 August 2010.</ref>


===Interpretation===
===Interpretation===
Line 270: Line 417:
*Background - yellow.
*Background - yellow.


Images: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Treponema_pallidum_-_very_high_mag_-_extreme_crop.jpg Dieterle stain - T. pallidum (WC)], [http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/trepo.jpg Treponema (med.sc.edu)], [http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/fox/spiro-neisseria.htm Spirochetes - several images (med.sc.edu)].
====Images====
<gallery>
Image:Treponema_pallidum_-_very_high_mag_-_extreme_crop.jpg | Dieterle stain - T. pallidum. (WC)
</gallery>
www:
*[http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/trepo.jpg Treponema (med.sc.edu)].
*[http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/fox/spiro-neisseria.htm Spirochetes - several images (med.sc.edu)].


==Bielschowsky stain==
==Bielschowsky stain==
Line 283: Line 436:
*Brown/dark brown = plaque, vascular amyloid.
*Brown/dark brown = plaque, vascular amyloid.
*Yellow/brown = other.
*Yellow/brown = other.
Image: [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cerebellum_-_biel_-_very_high_mag.jpg Bielschowsky stain (WC)].


Ref.: <ref>[http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/BIELSCH.PDF http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/BIELSCH.PDF]</ref>
Ref.: <ref>[http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/BIELSCH.PDF http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/BIELSCH.PDF]</ref>
 
====Image====
==Mucicarmine==
<gallery>
Image:Cerebellum_-_biel_-_very_high_mag.jpg | Bielschowsky stain. (WC/Nephron)
</gallery>
==Mucicarmine stain==
*Stains some mucins... uses the dye ''carmine''.
*Stains some mucins... uses the dye ''carmine''.


Line 301: Line 455:
**Red = mucin.<ref>[http://www.medschool.lsuhsc.edu/pathology/pathist/SURGPATH/special%20stains/assets/mucicarmine3.jpg http://www.medschool.lsuhsc.edu/pathology/pathist/SURGPATH/special%20stains/assets/mucicarmine3.jpg]</ref>
**Red = mucin.<ref>[http://www.medschool.lsuhsc.edu/pathology/pathist/SURGPATH/special%20stains/assets/mucicarmine3.jpg http://www.medschool.lsuhsc.edu/pathology/pathist/SURGPATH/special%20stains/assets/mucicarmine3.jpg]</ref>


Images:
====Images====
<gallery>
Image:Cryptococcosis of lung in patient with AIDS. Mucicarmine stain 962 lores.jpg | [[Cryptococcosis]]. Mucicarmine stain. (WC/CDC)
</gallery>
www:
*[http://www.medschool.lsuhsc.edu/pathology/pathist/SURGPATH/special%20stains/Pages/page6.htm Mucicarmine stained bowel (medschool.lsuhsc.edu)].  
*[http://www.medschool.lsuhsc.edu/pathology/pathist/SURGPATH/special%20stains/Pages/page6.htm Mucicarmine stained bowel (medschool.lsuhsc.edu)].  
*[http://www.nature.com/modpathol/journal/v14/n5/fig_tab/3880332f4.html Mucicarmine stained pancreatic adenosquamous carcinoma (nature.com)].
*[http://www.nature.com/modpathol/journal/v14/n5/fig_tab/3880332f4.html Mucicarmine stained pancreatic adenosquamous carcinoma (nature.com)].


==Alcian blue==
==Alcian blue stain==
===General===
===General===
*Stains acidic mucin (pH=2.5); '''A'''lcian blue = '''A'''cidic.
*Stains acidic mucin (pH=2.5); '''A'''lcian blue = '''A'''cidic.
**A variant uses pH=1.0.<ref name=Ref_WMSP682>{{Ref WMSP|682}}</ref>
**A variant uses pH=1.0.<ref name=Ref_WMSP682>{{Ref WMSP|682}}</ref>


Note:
*''Alcian blue'' (not otherwise specified) usu. refers to the pH=2.5.<ref>URL: [http://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/stainsalcianblue.html http://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/stainsalcianblue.html]. Accessed on: 11 October 2012.</ref>
===Use===
*Identify ''[[intestinal metaplasia]]'' in the [[intestinal metaplasia of the stomach|stomach]] and [[Barrett esophagus|esophagus]] -- goblets = blue.
Note:
*Esophageal submucosal glands - alcian blue positive.
===Interpretation===
*Blue = acidic mucins.<ref>URL: [http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/ALCIAN.PDF http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/ALCIAN.PDF]. Accessed on: 20 December 2011.</ref>
Notes:
*Mucin stains:
**[[Alcian blue stain]], [[PASD stain]], [[Mucicarmine stain]].
====Image====
<gallery>
Image:Barrett's_mucosa,_PAS-Alcian_blue_stain.jpg | [[Barrett's esophagus|Barrett's type mucosa]]. Alcian blue stain. (WC/AFIP)
Image:Barrett's_mucosa,_higher_magnification,_Alcian_blue_stain_.jpg | [[Barrett's esophagus|Barrett's type mucosa]]. Alcian blue stain. (WC/AFIP)
</gallery>
==Sodium sulphate-alcian blue stain==
:''Sulfated alcian blue'' (abbreviated '''SAB'') redirects here.
===Use===
===Use===
*Identify ''intestinal metaplasia'' in the [[stomach]] -- goblets = blue.
*Identify [[amyloid]].<ref name=pmid55419>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Pomerance | first1 = A. | last2 = Slavin | first2 = G. | last3 = McWatt | first3 = J. | title = Experience with the sodium sulphate-Alcian Blue stain for amyloid in cardiac pathology. | journal = J Clin Pathol | volume = 29 | issue = 1 | pages = 22-6 | month = Jan | year = 1976 | doi =  | PMID = 55419 }}</ref><ref>URL: [http://www.polyrnd.com/products/reagent-assembly-kits/conventional/amyloid-stain---sulfated-alcian-blue-(sab).aspx http://www.polyrnd.com/products/reagent-assembly-kits/conventional/amyloid-stain---sulfated-alcian-blue-(sab).aspx]. Accessed on: October 15, 2014.</ref>
*Less [[specificity|specific]] than [[congo red stain|congo red]] but equally [[sensitivity|sensitive]].
*Does not require polarized light.


===Interpretation===
===Interpretation===
*Blue = acidic mucins.
*Green = amyloid.<ref name=pmid55419/>
**Other things that are green: [[mast cell]]s, mucoid degeneration, basophilic myofibre degeneration, califications.
*Yellow = background.
 
Image:
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC475937/figure/F1/ SAB (nih.gov)].


Notes:<ref>[http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/ALCIAN.PDF http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/ALCIAN.PDF]</ref>
==Movat's stain==
==Movat's stain==
===Use===
===Use===
Line 333: Line 521:


How to remember? A.: Primary colours (red, blue, yellow) + black.
How to remember? A.: Primary colours (red, blue, yellow) + black.
==Masson's trichrome==
 
===General use===
====Images====
<gallery>
Image:Cardiac_amyloidosis_very_high_mag_movat.jpg | [[Cardiac amyloidosis]] - Movat stain. (WC/Nephron)
Image:Cystic_medial_degeneration_-_movat_-_low_mag.jpg | [[Cystic medial degeneration]] - Movat stain - low mag. (WC/Nephron)
Image:Cystic_medial_degeneration_-_movat_-_intermed_mag.jpg | Cystic medial degeneration - Movat stain - intermed. mag. (WC/Nephron)
Image:Cystic medial degeneration - movat - high mag.jpg | Cystic medial degeneration - Movat stain - high mag. (WC/Nephron)
</gallery>
 
==Masson's trichrome stain==
*Should '''not''' be confused with the ''[[Mallory trichrome stain]]''.
*May be referred to as ''[[trichrome stain]]''.
===General===
*Collagen vs. muscle.
*Collagen vs. muscle.
===Site===
*Kidney Bx (to assess for fibrosis).
*Liver Bx (to assess for [[cirrhosis]]).


===Interpretation===
===Interpretation===
Line 345: Line 540:
*Red = muscle (smooth muscle actin).
*Red = muscle (smooth muscle actin).
*Baby blue = collagen.
*Baby blue = collagen.
*Blue gray = [[amyloid]].<ref name=pmid33002919>{{cite journal |authors=Kunnath-Velayudhan S, Larsen BT, Coley SM, De Michele S, Santoriello D, Colby TV, Bhagat G, Saqi A |title=Masson Trichrome and Sulfated Alcian Blue Stains Distinguish Light Chain Deposition Disease From Amyloidosis in the Lung |journal=Am J Surg Pathol |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=405–413 |date=March 2021 |pmid=33002919 |doi=10.1097/PAS.0000000000001593 |url=}}</ref>


Notes: <Ref>[http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/MASSONS.PDF http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/MASSONS.PDF]</ref>
Notes: <Ref>ULR: [http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/MASSONS.PDF http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/MASSONS.PDF]. Accessed on: 2 November 2011.</ref>


===Elastic trichrome===
===Elastic trichrome stain===
General:
General:
*"Elastic trichrome" is one important variant of ''Masson's trichrome''.
*"Elastic trichrome" is one important variant of ''Masson's trichrome''.
Line 355: Line 551:
*Black = nuclei and '''elastin'''.
*Black = nuclei and '''elastin'''.


==HOPS stain==
==Mallory trichome stain==
*The name is an acronym for... ''haematoxylin'', ''orcein'', ''phyloxin'' and ''saffron''.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Perry JR, Bilbao JM, Gray T |title=Fatal basilar vasculopathy complicating bacterial meningitis |journal=Stroke |volume=23 |issue=8 |pages=1175–8 |year=1992 |pmid=1636194 |doi=}} [http://stroke.ahajournals.org/cgi/reprint/23/8/1175.pdf Free Full Text].</ref>
*Should '''not''' be confused with ''[[Masson trichrome stain]]''.
*May be referred to as ''[[trichrome stain]]''.
 
===General===
*Collagen vs. muscle.
*May be done with elastin.
 
===Site===
*Kidney Bx (to assess for fibrosis).
**Considered better than the [[Masson trichrome stain]].
*Liver Bx (to assess for [[cirrhosis]]).
*Cardiovascular/lung (to see differentiate the layers of the arteries, and arteries from veins).
 
===Interpretation===
*Black = nuclei.
*Red = muscle (smooth muscle actin).
*Green = collagen.
 
====Image====
<gallery>
Image:Cirrhosis_high_mag.jpg | [[Cirrhosis]]. Mallory trichrome. (WC/Nephron)
</gallery>
==Haematoxylin orcein phyloxin saffron stain==
*Abbreviated ''HOPS''.<ref name=pmid1636194>{{cite journal |author=Perry JR, Bilbao JM, Gray T |title=Fatal basilar vasculopathy complicating bacterial meningitis |journal=Stroke |volume=23 |issue=8 |pages=1175–8 |year=1992 |pmid=1636194 |doi=}} [http://stroke.ahajournals.org/cgi/reprint/23/8/1175.pdf Free Full Text].</ref>
*It should ''not'' be confused with the ''[[HPS stain]]''.
*It should ''not'' be confused with the ''[[HPS stain]]''.


Line 365: Line 584:
*Yellow (saffron) = collagen.
*Yellow (saffron) = collagen.


==Jones' stain==
==Jones stain==
*AKA ''PAS methenamine technique''.<ref name=pmid>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Jones | first1 = DB. | title = Nephrotic glomerulonephritis. | journal = Am J Pathol | volume = 33 | issue = 2 | pages = 313-29 | month =  | year =  | doi =  | PMID = 13402889 | PMC = 1934622 }}</ref>
*[[AKA]] ''Methenamine PAS'', abbreviated ''MPAS''.
 
===Use===
===Use===
*Visualize basement membrane in kidney biopsies.
*Visualize basement membrane in kidney biopsies.
**Especially useful for the diagnosis of [[membranous nephropathy]] (MN).


===Interpretation===
===Interpretation===
Line 374: Line 597:
*Pink = other structures/background.
*Pink = other structures/background.


Notes:<ref>[http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/JONES.PDF http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/JONES.PDF]</ref>
Notes:<ref>URL: [http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/JONES.PDF http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/JONES.PDF]. Accessed on: 19 May 2011.</ref>
 
====Images====
<gallery>
Image:Membranous_nephropathy_-_mpas_-_very_high_mag.jpg | [[Membranous nephropathy|MN]] demonstrated with a MPAS - very high mag. (WC/Nephron)
Image:Membranous_nephropathy_-_cropped_-_mpas_-_very_high_mag.jpg | MN demonstrated with a MPAS - very high mag. (WC/Nephron)
</gallery>


==Hale's colloidal iron==
==Hale's colloidal iron stain==
===Use===
*[[Renal cell carcinoma]] vs. oncocytoma; +ve in chromophobe [[renal cell carcinoma]].<ref name=pmid9537468>{{cite journal |author=Tickoo SK, Amin MB, Zarbo RJ |title=Colloidal iron staining in renal epithelial neoplasms, including chromophobe renal cell carcinoma: emphasis on technique and patterns of staining |journal=Am. J. Surg. Pathol. |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=419–24 |year=1998 |month=April |pmid=9537468 |doi= |url=http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0147-5185&volume=22&issue=4&spage=419}}</ref>


===Interpretation===
{{Main|Hale's colloidal iron stain}}
*Blue is positive.<ref name=Ref_WMSP682>{{Ref WMSP|682}}</ref>


Notes:
==von Kossa stain==
*A few staff think this is a totally useless stain.<ref>ALS several occasions - 2009.</ref>
===General===
*Type of silver stain.<ref name=pmid8360080>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Rungby | first1 = J. | last2 = Kassem | first2 = M. | last3 = Eriksen | first3 = EF. | last4 = Danscher | first4 = G. | title = The von Kossa reaction for calcium deposits: silver lactate staining increases sensitivity and reduces background. | journal = Histochem J | volume = 25 | issue = 6 | pages = 446-51 | month = Jun | year = 1993 | doi =  | PMID = 8360080 }}</ref>


==von Kossa==
===Use===
===Use===
*Look for calcium.
*Look for calcium.
*Actually stains phosphates and carbonates as a surrogate for calcium.


===Interpretation===
===Interpretation===
*Black = calcium.<ref name=Ref_WMSP682>{{Ref WMSP|682}}</ref>
*Black = calcium.<ref name=Ref_WMSP682>{{Ref WMSP|682}}</ref>


==Toluidine blue==
==Toluidine blue stain==
===Use===
===Use===
*May be useful in kidney biopsies.<ref name=pmid16799480>{{cite journal |author=Fischer EG, Moore MJ, Lager DJ |title=Fabry disease: a morphologic study of 11 cases |journal=Mod. Pathol. |volume=19 |issue=10 |pages=1295–301 |year=2006 |month=October |pmid=16799480 |doi=10.1038/modpathol.3800634 |url=http://www.nature.com/modpathol/journal/v19/n10/abs/3800634a.html}}</ref>
*May be useful in kidney biopsies.<ref name=pmid16799480>{{cite journal |author=Fischer EG, Moore MJ, Lager DJ |title=Fabry disease: a morphologic study of 11 cases |journal=Mod. Pathol. |volume=19 |issue=10 |pages=1295–301 |year=2006 |month=October |pmid=16799480 |doi=10.1038/modpathol.3800634 |url=http://www.nature.com/modpathol/journal/v19/n10/abs/3800634a.html}}</ref><ref name=pmid21659728>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Nicholas | first1 = SB. | last2 = Basgen | first2 = JM. | last3 = Sinha | first3 = S. | title = Using stereologic techniques for podocyte counting in the mouse: shifting the paradigm. | journal = Am J Nephrol | volume = 33 Suppl 1 | issue =  | pages = 1-7 | month =  | year = 2011 | doi = 10.1159/000327564 | PMID = 21659728 }}</ref>
*Stains [[mast cell]]s, [[pneumocystis jirovecii]].
*Stains [[mast cell]]s, [[pneumocystis jirovecii]].


===Interpretation===
===Interpretation===
*Dark blue - nuclei, mast cell granules.
*Dark blue - nuclei, mast cell granules (darker than nuclei).
*Light blue - cytoplasm.
*Light blue - cytoplasm.
*Red/magneta - cartilage. (???)


Ref.: looks a bit sketchy - <ref>[http://www.molecularstation.com/protocol-links/articles/Toluidine-Blue-Stain-32.html http://www.molecularstation.com/protocol-links/articles/Toluidine-Blue-Stain-32.html]</ref>
Refs: looks a bit sketchy<ref>URL: [http://www.molecularstation.com/protocol-links/articles/Toluidine-Blue-Stain-32.html http://www.molecularstation.com/protocol-links/articles/Toluidine-Blue-Stain-32.html]. Accessed on: 17 March 2011.</ref>, <ref>URL: [http://www.dermnetnz.org/doctors/dermatopathology/stains.html http://www.dermnetnz.org/doctors/dermatopathology/stains.html]. Accessed on: 17 March 2011.</ref>


Image:
====Image====
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Smear_of_Pneumocystis_carinii._Toluidine_blue_stain_PHIL_596_lores.jpg PCP stained with toluidine blue (mediawiki.org)].
<gallery>
Image:Smear_of_Pneumocystis_carinii._Toluidine_blue_stain_PHIL_596_lores.jpg | [[PCP]] stained with toluidine blue. (WC)
</gallery>
www:
*[http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2407/5/121/figure/F3?highres=y Mast cells stained with toluidine blue (biomedcentral.com)].
*[http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2407/5/121/figure/F3?highres=y Mast cells stained with toluidine blue (biomedcentral.com)].


Line 412: Line 643:
*Many variants of this stain exist.
*Many variants of this stain exist.
*Specimens are air-dried.
*Specimens are air-dried.


Interpretation:<ref>{{cite journal |author=Horobin RW, Walter KJ |title=Understanding Romanowsky staining. I: The Romanowsky-Giemsa effect in blood smears |journal=Histochemistry |volume=86 |issue=3 |pages=331–6 |year=1987 |pmid=2437082 |doi= |url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/r81x25451m841866/}}</ref>
Interpretation:<ref>{{cite journal |author=Horobin RW, Walter KJ |title=Understanding Romanowsky staining. I: The Romanowsky-Giemsa effect in blood smears |journal=Histochemistry |volume=86 |issue=3 |pages=331–6 |year=1987 |pmid=2437082 |doi= |url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/r81x25451m841866/}}</ref>
Line 419: Line 649:
*Purple - nuclear chromatin, neutrophil granules, platelets.
*Purple - nuclear chromatin, neutrophil granules, platelets.


===Field's stain===
===Field stain===
*Variant of the ''Romanowsky stain'' for rapid processing.
*Variant of the ''Romanowsky stain'' for rapid processing.
*Tends to "blow-up" cell, i.e. cells are larger vis-a-vis ''[[Pap stain]]''.
*Tends to "blow-up" cell, i.e. cells are larger vis-a-vis ''[[Pap stain]]''.


===Diff-Quik===
===Diff-Quik===
:Pronounced ''Diff-Quick''.
*Proprietary variant of ''Romanowsky stain''.<ref>URL: [http://www.ihcworld.com/_protocols/special_stains/diff_quick_ellis.htm http://www.ihcworld.com/_protocols/special_stains/diff_quick_ellis.htm]. Accessed on: 4 January 2010.</ref>
*Proprietary variant of ''Romanowsky stain''.<ref>URL: [http://www.ihcworld.com/_protocols/special_stains/diff_quick_ellis.htm http://www.ihcworld.com/_protocols/special_stains/diff_quick_ellis.htm]. Accessed on: 4 January 2010.</ref>
*Use: cytopathology.
 
Uses:
*[[Cytopathology]].
*[[Helicobacter gastritis]] - organisms are dark blue against a light blue background.<ref>URL: [http://www.ihcworld.com/_protocols/special_stains/diff_quick_ellis.htm http://www.ihcworld.com/_protocols/special_stains/diff_quick_ellis.htm]. Accessed on: 30 August 2012.</ref>
 
====Images====
<gallery>
Image: Lung adenocarcinoma - Diff-Quik -- high mag.jpg | [[Pulmonary_cytopathology#Adenocarcinoma|Lung adenocarcinoma]] - DQ - high mag. (WC)
Image: Lung adenocarcinoma - Diff-Quik -- very high mag.jpg | Lung adenocarcinoma - DQ - very high mag. (WC)
Image: Lung small cell carcinoma - Diff-Quik -- very high mag.jpg | Lung SmCC - DQ - very high mag. (WC)
Image: Lung small cell carcinoma - Diff-Quik -- extremely high mag.jpg | Lung SmCC - DQ - extremely high mag. (WC)
</gallery>


===Wright stain===
===Wright stain===
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*Blood films.
*Blood films.


===May-Grünwald-Giemsa===
===May-Grünwald-Giemsa stain===
*A variant of the ''Romanowsky stain''; popular in Europe.
*A variant of the ''Romanowsky stain''; popular in Europe.
*Abbreviated ''MGG''.
*Abbreviated ''MGG''.
Line 442: Line 684:


==Papanicolaou stain==
==Papanicolaou stain==
*Often abbreviated ''Pap stain''.
*Abbreviated ''Pap stain''.
*Can be thought of as the H&E of cytopathology.
{{Main|Papanicolaou stain}}
**It is a modified H&E stain.
*Specimens are fixed in ethanol.
*Good for seeing nuclear detail.
*Out-of-focus cytoplasm is translucent; allows one to focus overlapped cells in different planes.
 
===Use===
*Cytopathology.
 
===Interpretation===
*Blue/purple = nucleus.
*Green/pink = cytoplasm.
*Orange = keratin.
 
Image:
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Urine_citology_urothelial_carcinoma_2.jpg Pap stain - urine cytology (wikimedia.org)].
 
==Fontana-Masson==
*AKA ''Fontana-Masson stain for melanin'', ''melanin stain''.
*A type of silver stain.
 
Stains:
#Melanin.
#"argentaffin granules" of the digestive tract.
 
===Use===
*Stain for melanin.
**Used to differentiate brown pigments (lipofuscin, hemosiderin, melanin).<ref>URL: [http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/curriculum/VM8054/labs/Lab2/Examples/exfontana.htm http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/curriculum/VM8054/labs/Lab2/Examples/exfontana.htm]. Accessed on: 5 May 2010.</ref>
***Many pathologists prefer IHC, i.e. ''Melan A'' over this stain.


Image:
==Fontana-Masson stain==
*[http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/curriculum/VM8054/labs/Lab2/Examples/exfontana.htm Fontana-Masson stain (vetmed.vt.edu)].
*[[AKA]] ''Masson-Fontana stain'',<ref name=pmid16081962>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Gaitanis | first1 = G. | last2 = Chasapi | first2 = V. | last3 = Velegraki | first3 = A. | title = Novel application of the masson-fontana stain for demonstrating Malassezia species melanin-like pigment production in vitro and in clinical specimens. | journal = J Clin Microbiol | volume = 43 | issue = 8 | pages = 4147-51 | month = Aug | year = 2005 | doi = 10.1128/JCM.43.8.4147-4151.2005 | PMID = 16081962 }}</ref> ''Fontana-Masson stain for melanin'', ''melanin stain''.
{{Main|Fontana-Masson stain}}


==Schmorl's stain==
==Schmorl's stain==
Line 482: Line 697:
Notes:<ref>URL: [http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/STAINS/STAINS.html http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/STAINS/STAINS.html]. Accessed on: 5 May 2010.</ref>
Notes:<ref>URL: [http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/STAINS/STAINS.html http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/STAINS/STAINS.html]. Accessed on: 5 May 2010.</ref>


==Martius scarlet blue==
==Martius scarlet blue stain==
===General===
===General===
*Stains connective tissue and fibrin.<ref>URL: [http://www.bris.ac.uk/vetpath/cpl/msb.html http://www.bris.ac.uk/vetpath/cpl/msb.html]. Accessed on: 26 November 2010.</ref>
*Stains connective tissue and fibrin.<ref>URL: [http://www.bris.ac.uk/vetpath/cpl/msb.html http://www.bris.ac.uk/vetpath/cpl/msb.html]. Accessed on: 26 November 2010.</ref>
Line 496: Line 711:


Image:
Image:
*[http://www.bris.ac.uk/vetpath/cpl/msb.jpg MSB (bris.ac.uk)].
*[https://www.ole.bris.ac.uk/bbcswebdav/institution/Faculty%20of%20Health%20Sciences/Veterinary%20Science/eLearning%20resources/Pathology%20Laboratory%20Protocols/hst/msb.html MSB (bris.ac.uk)].


Ref.:<ref>URL: [http://www.bris.ac.uk/vetpath/cpl/msb.html http://www.bris.ac.uk/vetpath/cpl/msb.html]. Accessed on: 26 November 2010.</ref>
Ref.:<ref>URL: [http://www.bris.ac.uk/vetpath/cpl/msb.html http://www.bris.ac.uk/vetpath/cpl/msb.html]. Accessed on: 26 November 2010.</ref>


==Picro-Mallory==
==Picro-Mallory stain==
===General===
===General===
*Find fibrin.
*Find fibrin.
Line 512: Line 727:
*[http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_rlWIjG4vffU/S3FC7BNIJHI/AAAAAAAACDc/XfOz9X_bvbY/s1600-h/publicado+lengua%233.jpg Picro-Mallary (blogspot.com)].
*[http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_rlWIjG4vffU/S3FC7BNIJHI/AAAAAAAACDc/XfOz9X_bvbY/s1600-h/publicado+lengua%233.jpg Picro-Mallary (blogspot.com)].


==Verhoeff-van Gieson Stain==
==Verhoeff-van Gieson stain==
:''Verhoeff stain'' redirects here.
*[[AKA]] Elastic van Gieson stain, abbreviated ''EVG''.
===General===
===General===
*[[AKA]] Elastic van Gieson stain.
**Abbreviated ''EVG''.
*Similar to ''Masson Trichrome & Verhoeff stain''.<ref>URL: [http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/Curriculum/VM8054/Labs/Lab2/Examples/exvrmass.htm http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/Curriculum/VM8054/Labs/Lab2/Examples/exvrmass.htm]. Accessed on: 3 January 2011.</ref>
*Similar to ''Masson Trichrome & Verhoeff stain''.<ref>URL: [http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/Curriculum/VM8054/Labs/Lab2/Examples/exvrmass.htm http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/Curriculum/VM8054/Labs/Lab2/Examples/exvrmass.htm]. Accessed on: 3 January 2011.</ref>


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*Collagen = bright red.
*Collagen = bright red.
*Muscle = dull red.
*Muscle = dull red.
<gallery>
File:Cerebral aneurysm EVG stain.jpg |EVG stain of a cerebral aneurysm. (WC/jensflorian)
</gallery>


==Copper stain==
==Copper stain==
===General===
===General===
*Used in liver biopsies.
*Used in liver biopsies.
*May be seen in Wilson's disease.
*May be seen in [[Wilson's disease]].


Note:
Note:
Line 541: Line 760:


==Shikata stain==
==Shikata stain==
*[[AKA]] Orcein Stain for Copper-Protein, [[AKA]] Shikata-Cu,<ref>[http://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com/test-catalog/Overview/9836 http://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com/test-catalog/Overview/9836]. Accessed on: 24 January 2011.</ref> [[AKA]] Shikata's orcein staining.<ref>URL: [http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/00313027709085239?journalCode=pat http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/00313027709085239?journalCode=pat]. Accessed on: 24 January 2011.</ref>
*[[AKA]] Orcein stain for copper-protein.
*[[AKA]] Shikata-Cu,<ref>[http://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com/test-catalog/Overview/9836 http://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com/test-catalog/Overview/9836]. Accessed on: 24 January 2011.</ref>  
*[[AKA]] Shikata's orcein staining.<ref>URL: [http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/00313027709085239?journalCode=pat http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/00313027709085239?journalCode=pat]. Accessed on: 24 January 2011.</ref>


===General===
===General===
*Used in [[medical liver disease|medical liver]] biopsies - used to find copper.  
*Used in [[medical liver disease|medical liver]] biopsies - stains sulfhydrl groups and identifies:
**Copper-associated protein.
**Elastin.
**[[Hepatitis B]] surface antigen.<ref name=pmid7822848>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Ghosh | first1 = AK. | last2 = Dasgupta | first2 = A. | last3 = Raha | first3 = K. | last4 = Jana | first4 = A. | last5 = Majumdar | first5 = DN. | title = Hepatic histology in chronic liver disease in hepatitis B surface antigen positive cases. | journal = J Indian Med Assoc | volume = 92 | issue = 10 | pages = 333-5 | month = Oct | year = 1994 | doi =  | PMID = 7822848 }}</ref>


===Interpretation===
===Interpretation===
Features:<ref>URL: [http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/pathology/protocols/shikata.html http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/pathology/protocols/shikata.html]. Accessed on: 24 January 2011.</ref>
Features:<ref>URL: [http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/pathology/protocols/shikata.html http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/pathology/protocols/shikata.html]. Accessed on: 24 January 2011.</ref>
*Purple/brown = elastin fibres.
*Dark purple/brown = elastin fibres, HBsAg and copper-associated protein
*Red = Copper associated protein.
*Light purple = background
*Red = nuclei (only if counter-stain used)
 
==Gömöri Trichrome stain==
*Named after George Gömöri<ref>GOMORI, G. - A rapid one-step trichrome stain. Am. J. Clin. Path. 20: 661-664, 1950.</ref>
 
===General===
*Used in [[muscle biopsies]] - used to find abnormal mitochondrial deposits.
 
===Interpretation===
*Dark green = muscle fibers.
*Red = nuclei.
*Bright red = mitochondria, red blood cells.
 
Images:
<gallery>
File:Ragged red fibers in MELAS.jpg | Ragged red fibers in MELAS, a mitochondrial disease. (WC)
File:Dilated peri-tubular capillaries filled with sickled RBCs, original Gomori's trichrome stain.jpg | Sickle cell nephropathy. (WC)
</gallery>
 
==Miller stain==
===General===
*Stains elastin.
*Used to identify blood vessels and [[pleural invasion]] in [[lung cancer]].
 
===Interpretation===
Staining:<ref>URL: [https://www.ihcworld.com/_protocols/special_stains/miller's_elastic_ellis.htm https://www.ihcworld.com/_protocols/special_stains/miller's_elastic_ellis.htm]. Accessed on: 28 August 2015.</ref>
*Black = elastin fibres, granules in mast cells.
*Red = collagen.
*Yellow = muscle, fibrin, [[erythrocytes]].
*Green/brown = nuclei.
 
====Images====
<gallery>
Image: Normal visceral pleura of lung - Miller -- high mag.jpg | Miller stain showing lung tissue. (WC)
</gallery>


==See also==
=See also=
*[[Immunohistochemistry]].
*[[Immunohistochemistry]].
*[[Basics]].
*[[Basics]].


==References==
=References=
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}


==External links==
=External links=
*[http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/MANUALS.html Procedure manuals] - med.utah.edu.
*[http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/MANUALS.html Procedure manuals] - med.utah.edu.
*[http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/STAINS/STAINS.html Special stains (introduction)] - med.utah.edu.
*[http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/STAINS/STAINS.html Special stains (introduction)] - med.utah.edu.
*[http://www.histology-world.com/stains/stains.htm Stains] - histology-world.com.
*[http://www.histology-world.com/stains/stains.htm Stains] - histology-world.com.


[[Category:Basics of pathology]]
[[Category:Basics]]
[[Category:Stains|Stains]]
Michael
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