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Difference between revisions of "Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma"
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Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (view source)
Revision as of 08:49, 24 April 2015
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'''Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma''', abbreviated '''PXA''', is [[neuropathology tumour]] classically associated with seizures. | '''Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma''', abbreviated '''PXA''', is [[neuropathology tumour]] classically associated with seizures in children. | ||
==General== | ==General== | ||
Features: | Features: | ||
*Rare (less than 1% of all astrocytic tumors). | |||
*Classically in the temporal lobe in children and young adults. | *Classically in the temporal lobe in children and young adults. | ||
*Associated with seizures. | *Associated with seizures. | ||
*Moderately aggressive (WHO Grade II).<ref name=pmid11465399>{{Cite journal | last1 = Fouladi | first1 = M. | last2 = Jenkins | first2 = J. | last3 = Burger | first3 = P. | last4 = Langston | first4 = J. | last5 = Merchant | first5 = T. | last6 = Heideman | first6 = R. | last7 = Thompson | first7 = S. | last8 = Sanford | first8 = A. | last9 = Kun | first9 = L. | title = Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma: favorable outcome after complete surgical resection. | journal = Neuro Oncol | volume = 3 | issue = 3 | pages = 184-92 | month = Jul | year = 2001 | doi = | PMID = 11465399 | URL = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1920613/pdf/11465399.pdf}}</ref> | *Moderately aggressive (WHO Grade II).<ref name=pmid11465399>{{Cite journal | last1 = Fouladi | first1 = M. | last2 = Jenkins | first2 = J. | last3 = Burger | first3 = P. | last4 = Langston | first4 = J. | last5 = Merchant | first5 = T. | last6 = Heideman | first6 = R. | last7 = Thompson | first7 = S. | last8 = Sanford | first8 = A. | last9 = Kun | first9 = L. | title = Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma: favorable outcome after complete surgical resection. | journal = Neuro Oncol | volume = 3 | issue = 3 | pages = 184-92 | month = Jul | year = 2001 | doi = | PMID = 11465399 | URL = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1920613/pdf/11465399.pdf}}</ref> | ||
*ICD-O: 9424/3. | |||
==Gross== | ==Gross== | ||
*Temporal lobe - classic. | *Temporal lobe - classic. | ||
*Usually assoc. with the leptomeninges,<ref name=pmid11465399/> i.e. superficial. | *Usually assoc. with the leptomeninges,<ref name=pmid11465399/> i.e. superficial (in up 96%). | ||
<gallery> | |||
File:405663-PLEOMORPHIC XANTHOASTROCYTOMA.jpg | Typical appearance is one of a superficially situated tumor, here a mural nodule, associated with an underlying cyst (AFIP) | |||
File:Pleomorphic-xanthoastrocytoma-002.jpg | Hemorrhagic pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (PXA), MRI (WC/RadsWiki) | |||
</gallery> | |||
==Microscopic== | ==Microscopic== | ||
Features:<ref name=Ref_PBoD8_1333>{{Ref PBoD8|1333}}</ref> | Features:<ref name=Ref_PBoD8_1333>{{Ref PBoD8|1333}}</ref> | ||
* | *Fibrillary background. | ||
*Large cells with marked nuclear atypia. | |||
*Multinuclear cells possible. | |||
*Reticulin meshwork. | |||
*Lipidized cells. | |||
*Eosinophilic granular bodies - very common.<ref name=pmid11465399/> | *Eosinophilic granular bodies - very common.<ref name=pmid11465399/> | ||
* | *Inflammatory cells (lymophocytic perivascular cuffs). | ||
*Mitotic activity is low (except in anaplastic PXA, more than 5/10 HPF). | |||
*Usually no necrosis (except in anaplastic PXA). | |||
Notes: | Notes: | ||
| Line 55: | Line 68: | ||
===Images=== | ===Images=== | ||
<gallery> | <gallery> | ||
Image:Pleo xantho.jpg | PXA. (WC/AFIP) | Image:Pleo xantho.jpg | HE smear of a PXA. (WC/AFIP) | ||
File:PXA HE frozen high mag.jpg | HE intraoperative frozen section of PXA. (WC/jensflorian) | |||
File:PXA HE 40x-2.jpg | The tumor is aptly named due to ist pleomorphic cells. HE, high magnification. (WC/marvin101) | |||
File:PXA HE pleomorphic cells.jpg | The pleomorphic cells must not be confused with a higly anaplastic glioma. HE, intermed magnification.(WC/jensflorian) | |||
File:PXA HE xanthomatous cells.jpg| Focal xanthomatous cells as in the name PXA. HE, intermed magnification.(WC/jensflorian) | |||
File:PXA HE X10.jpg | Perivascular lymphocytic cuffs are not uncommon. HE, intermed-low magnification.(WC/jensflorian) | |||
File:PXA HE x20.jpg | Eosionophilc granular bodies in a PXA. HE, intermed magnification.(WC/jensflorian) | |||
File:PXA Gomori Reticulin Stain.jpg | A delicate meshowork of retiulin fibers in PXA. Gomori, intermed magnification.(WC/jensflorian) | |||
File:PXA GFAP IHC.jpg | GFAP IHC is often heterogenous in PXA. Intermed magnification.(WC/jensflorian) | |||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
www: | www: | ||
| Line 71: | Line 92: | ||
==IHC== | ==IHC== | ||
*GFAP +ve. | *GFAP +ve. | ||
*S-100 +ve. | |||
*CD68 +ve. | *CD68 +ve. | ||
*CD34 frequently. | |||
*MAP2+ve and Synapto+ve pleomorphic cells | |||
*MIB-1 usually low. | |||
==Molecular== | |||
* BRAF V600E mutation in 2/3 of the cases<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Schindler | first1 = G. | last2 = Capper | first2 = D. | last3 = Meyer | first3 = J. | last4 = Janzarik | first4 = W. | last5 = Omran | first5 = H. | last6 = Herold-Mende | first6 = C. | last7 = Schmieder | first7 = K. | last8 = Wesseling | first8 = P. | last9 = Mawrin | first9 = C. | title = Analysis of BRAF V600E mutation in 1,320 nervous system tumors reveals high mutation frequencies in pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, ganglioglioma and extra-cerebellar pilocytic astrocytoma. | journal = Acta Neuropathol | volume = 121 | issue = 3 | pages = 397-405 | month = Mar | year = 2011 | doi = 10.1007/s00401-011-0802-6 | PMID = 21274720 }}</ref> | |||
**(mostly in temporal, reticulin-fiber rich tumors)<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Koelsche | first1 = C. | last2 = Sahm | first2 = F. | last3 = Wöhrer | first3 = A. | last4 = Jeibmann | first4 = A. | last5 = Schittenhelm | first5 = J. | last6 = Kohlhof | first6 = P. | last7 = Preusser | first7 = M. | last8 = Romeike | first8 = B. | last9 = Dohmen-Scheufler | first9 = H. | title = BRAF-mutated pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma is associated with temporal location, reticulin fiber deposition and CD34 expression. | journal = Brain Pathol | volume = 24 | issue = 3 | pages = 221-9 | month = Apr | year = 2014 | doi = 10.1111/bpa.12111 | PMID = 24345274 }}</ref> | |||
DDx: | |||
*[[Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma]] | |||
*[[Ganglioglioma]] | |||
*[[Glioblastoma]] | |||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||