Difference between revisions of "Neurodegenerative diseases"

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Neurodegenerative diseases (view source)

Revision as of 10:50, 13 April 2015

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→‎Alzheimer disease: Staging method incorporated
(→‎Images: +images from WC, some of them already annotated)
(→‎Alzheimer disease: Staging method incorporated)
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**Stage III-IV: inferior aspect of brain.
**Stage III-IV: inferior aspect of brain.
**Stage V-VI: limbic system.
**Stage V-VI: limbic system.
Minimal sampling:
* Frontal, parietal & temporal lobe
* Hippocampus and entorhinal cortex
Additional sampling:
* Basal ganglia
* Cerebellum
* Midbrain (including substantia nigra)
* Occipital cortex


====Images====
====Images====
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Image:Alzheimers_brain.jpg | Alzheimer's brain. ([[WC]]/NIH)
Image:Alzheimers_brain.jpg | Alzheimer's brain. ([[WC]]/NIH)
Image:AD versus CO.jpg | Alzheimer's brain macroscopy (top) vs control (bottom). (WC/Hersenbank)
Image:AD versus CO.jpg | Alzheimer's brain macroscopy (top) vs control (bottom). (WC/Hersenbank)
Image:Neuritic plaque HE stain.jpg | Neuritic plaques with amyloid core in HE. (WC/jensflorian)
Image:Alzheimer neuritic plaque gallyas stain.jpg | Neuritic plaques in Gallays silver impregnation. (WC/jensflorian)
Image:Alzheimer dementia (3) presenile onset.jpg | Neuritic plaques with amyloid core in Bodian stain. (WC/KGH)
Image:Cerebral amyloid angiopathy -2a- amyloid beta - high mag.jpg | Plaques with Abeta IHC. (WC/Nephron)
Image:Neurofibrillary tangles in the Hippocampus of an old person with Alzheimer-related pathology, HE 3.JPG | Neurofibrillary tangles in HE. (WC/Patho)
File:Neurofibrillary tangles in the Hippocampus of an old person with Alzheimer-related pathology, immunohistochemistry for tau protein.JPG | Tau IHC highlighting tangles. (WC/Patho)
File:Neurofibrillary tangles in the Hippocampus of an old person with Alzheimer-related pathology, Gallyas silver stain.JPG | Tangles in Gallays silver impregnation.(WC/Patho)
File:Hirano bodies in the Hippocampus in an old person with Alzheimer-related pathology, HE 2.JPG | HE stain with ghost tangles and Hirano bodies in AD. (WC/Patho)
File:Granulovacuolar degeneration.JPG | HE stain with granulovaculolar degeneration in AD. (WC/Patho)
File:Alois Alzheimer 002.jpg | Alois Alzheimer provided a first description of the pathology. (NLM)
File:Alois Alzheimer 002.jpg | Alois Alzheimer provided a first description of the pathology. (NLM)
</gallery>
</gallery>
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#*Consists of ''tau''.
#*Consists of ''tau''.
#*Location: hippocampus, cerebral cortex, hypothalamus.
#*Location: hippocampus, cerebral cortex, hypothalamus.
#*Dementia severity correlates better with NF tangles number than senile plaque number.<ref>{{Ref PBoD8|1317}}</ref>
#*Six-tiered scoring method to assess tangle load <ref>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Braak | first1 = H. | last2 = Braak | first2 = E. | title = Neuropathological stageing of Alzheimer-related changes. | journal = Acta Neuropathol | volume = 82 | issue = 4 | pages = 239-59 | month =  | year = 1991 | doi =  | PMID = 1759558 }}</ref>
#*Images: [http://www.pakmed.net/academic/age/alz/plaques_tanglesBorder.jpg tangles - schematic (pakmed.net)]<ref name=pakmednet>URL: [http://www.pakmed.net/academic/age/alz/alz030.htm http://www.pakmed.net/academic/age/alz/alz030.htm]. Accessed on: 12 November 2010.</ref>, [http://faculty.washington.edu/alexbert/MEDEX/Fall/adtangle.jpg tangle (washington.edu)].<ref name=alexbert>URL: [http://faculty.washington.edu/alexbert/MEDEX/Fall/NeuroPath_Obj.htm http://faculty.washington.edu/alexbert/MEDEX/Fall/NeuroPath_Obj.htm]. Accessed on: 13 November 2010.</ref>
#*Images: [http://www.pakmed.net/academic/age/alz/plaques_tanglesBorder.jpg tangles - schematic (pakmed.net)]<ref name=pakmednet>URL: [http://www.pakmed.net/academic/age/alz/alz030.htm http://www.pakmed.net/academic/age/alz/alz030.htm]. Accessed on: 12 November 2010.</ref>, [http://faculty.washington.edu/alexbert/MEDEX/Fall/adtangle.jpg tangle (washington.edu)].<ref name=alexbert>URL: [http://faculty.washington.edu/alexbert/MEDEX/Fall/NeuroPath_Obj.htm http://faculty.washington.edu/alexbert/MEDEX/Fall/NeuroPath_Obj.htm]. Accessed on: 13 November 2010.</ref>
#*Dementia severity correlates better with NF tangles number than senile plaque number.<ref>{{Ref PBoD8|1317}}</ref>
#Senile plaques ([[AKA]] neuritic plaques).
#Senile plaques ([[AKA]] neuritic plaques).
#*Consists of two components:
#*Consists of two components:
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#*Considered to be more specific for Alzheimer's than NF tangles.
#*Considered to be more specific for Alzheimer's than NF tangles.
#**How to remember: '''s'''enile '''p'''laques = '''sp'''ecific.
#**How to remember: '''s'''enile '''p'''laques = '''sp'''ecific.
#*There is a staging system for plaques I (mild), II (moderate), III (severe).
#*There is a CERAD staging system for senile plaque load: 0 (none), I (mild), II (moderate), III (severe).<ref>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Mirra | first1 = SS. | last2 = Heyman | first2 = A. | last3 = McKeel | first3 = D. | last4 = Sumi | first4 = SM. | last5 = Crain | first5 = BJ. | last6 = Brownlee | first6 = LM. | last7 = Vogel | first7 = FS. | last8 = Hughes | first8 = JP. | last9 = van Belle | first9 = G. | title = The Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD). Part II. Standardization of the neuropathologic assessment of Alzheimer's disease. | journal = Neurology | volume = 41 | issue = 4 | pages = 479-86 | month = Apr | year = 1991 | doi =  | PMID = 2011243 }}</ref>
#*Images: [http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/jpeg5/CNS091.jpg senile plaques (utah.edu)]<ref>URL: [http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/EXAM/IMGQUIZ/npfrm.html http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/EXAM/IMGQUIZ/npfrm.html]. Accessed on: 5 December 2010.</ref> [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cerebral_amyloid_angiopathy_-2a-_amyloid_beta_-_high_mag.jpg senile plaques - beta-APP - high mag. (WC)].
#*Images: [http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/jpeg5/CNS091.jpg senile plaques (utah.edu)]<ref>URL: [http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/EXAM/IMGQUIZ/npfrm.html http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/EXAM/IMGQUIZ/npfrm.html]. Accessed on: 5 December 2010.</ref> [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cerebral_amyloid_angiopathy_-2a-_amyloid_beta_-_high_mag.jpg senile plaques - beta-APP - high mag. (WC)].
#Neuron loss.
#Neuron loss.
#+/-[[Cerebral amyloid angiopathy]].
#+/-[[Cerebral amyloid angiopathy]].
====Images====
<gallery>
Image:Neuritic plaque HE stain.jpg | Neuritic plaques with amyloid core in HE. (WC/jensflorian)
Image:Alzheimer neuritic plaque gallyas stain.jpg | Neuritic plaques in Gallays silver impregnation. (WC/jensflorian)
Image:Alzheimer dementia (3) presenile onset.jpg | Neuritic plaques with amyloid core in Bodian stain. (WC/KGH)
Image:Cerebral amyloid angiopathy -2a- amyloid beta - high mag.jpg | Plaques with Abeta IHC. (WC/Nephron)
Image:Neurofibrillary tangles in the Hippocampus of an old person with Alzheimer-related pathology, HE 3.JPG | Neurofibrillary tangles in HE. (WC/Patho)
File:Neurofibrillary tangles in the Hippocampus of an old person with Alzheimer-related pathology, immunohistochemistry for tau protein.JPG | Tau IHC highlighting tangles. (WC/Patho)
File:Neurofibrillary tangles in the Hippocampus of an old person with Alzheimer-related pathology, Gallyas silver stain.JPG | Tangles in Gallays silver impregnation.(WC/Patho)
File:Hirano bodies in the Hippocampus in an old person with Alzheimer-related pathology, HE 2.JPG | HE stain with ghost tangles and Hirano bodies in AD. (WC/Patho)
File:Granulovacuolar degeneration.JPG | HE stain with granulovaculolar degeneration in AD. (WC/Patho)
</gallery>
===Classification===
NIA/AA Guidelines: "ABC" scoring method <ref>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Montine | first1 = TJ. | last2 = Phelps | first2 = CH. | last3 = Beach | first3 = TG. | last4 = Bigio | first4 = EH. | last5 = Cairns | first5 = NJ. | last6 = Dickson | first6 = DW. | last7 = Duyckaerts | first7 = C. | last8 = Frosch | first8 = MP. | last9 = Masliah | first9 = E. | title = National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association guidelines for the neuropathologic assessment of Alzheimer's disease: a practical approach. | journal = Acta Neuropathol | volume = 123 | issue = 1 | pages = 1-11 | month = Jan | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1007/s00401-011-0910-3 | PMID = 22101365 }}</ref>
* (A) assessment of amyloid b deposits
* (B) staging of neurofibrillary tangles
* (C) scoring of neuritic plaques
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! (A) abeta plaques (Thal phase)<ref>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Thal | first1 = DR. | last2 = Rüb | first2 = U. | last3 = Orantes | first3 = M. | last4 = Braak | first4 = H. | title = Phases of A beta-deposition in the human brain and its relevance for the development of AD. | journal = Neurology | volume = 58 | issue = 12 | pages = 1791-800 | month = Jun | year = 2002 | doi =  | PMID = 12084879 }}</ref>
! (B) Neurofibrillary tangles (Braak stage) <ref>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Braak | first1 = H. | last2 = Braak | first2 = E. | title = Neuropathological stageing of Alzheimer-related changes. | journal = Acta Neuropathol | volume = 82 | issue = 4 | pages = 239-59 | month =  | year = 1991 | doi =  | PMID = 1759558 }}</ref>
! (C) neuritic plaques (CERAD) <ref>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Mirra | first1 = SS. | last2 = Heyman | first2 = A. | last3 = McKeel | first3 = D. | last4 = Sumi | first4 = SM. | last5 = Crain | first5 = BJ. | last6 = Brownlee | first6 = LM. | last7 = Vogel | first7 = FS. | last8 = Hughes | first8 = JP. | last9 = van Belle | first9 = G. | title = The Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD). Part II. Standardization of the neuropathologic assessment of Alzheimer's disease. | journal = Neurology | volume = 41 | issue = 4 | pages = 479-86 | month = Apr | year = 1991 | doi =  | PMID = 2011243 }}</ref>
|-
| (A0) 0
| (B0) 0
| (C0) none
|-
| (A1) 1 (temporal),2 (+frontal, +CA1)
| (B1) I,II (transentorhinal)
| (C1) sparse (1–5 neuritic plaques/1 mm2)
|-
| (A2) 3 (+diencephalon, +striatum)
| (B2) III,IV (limbic)
| (C2) moderate(6–19 neuritic plaques/1 mm2)
|-
| (A3) 4 (+brainstem),5 (+cerebellum, +pons)
| (B3) V,VI (neocortical)
| (C3) frequent(>20 neuritic plaques/1 mm2)
|}
The ABC score is a good indicator for the likelihood of dementia.
Example:
Cerebellar abeta deposits (A3) +  tangles in entorhinal cortex and few temporal (B2), + 15 neuritic plaques per 1 mm2 (C2) -> (A3, B3, C2): intermediate  AD level change.


Notes:
Notes:
Jensflorian
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