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'''Emphysema''' is a common [[medical lung diseases|medical lung disease]] strongly associated with [[smoking]]. | |||
:''Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease'', abbreviated ''COPD'', redirects here. | |||
==General== | |||
*Usually due to [[smoking]]. | |||
*Often lumped together with ''[[chronic bronchitis]]'' and called ''chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)''.<ref name=Ref_PCPBoD8_386>{{Ref PCPBoD8|368}}</ref> | |||
Causes of emphysema other than smoking:<ref name=pmid12546267>{{Cite journal | last1 = Lee | first1 = P. | last2 = Gildea | first2 = TR. | last3 = Stoller | first3 = JK. | title = Emphysema in nonsmokers: alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency and other causes. | journal = Cleve Clin J Med | volume = 69 | issue = 12 | pages = 928-9, 933, 936 passim | month = Dec | year = 2002 | doi = | PMID = 12546267 | URL = http://www.ccjm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12546267 }}</ref> | |||
*[[Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency]] | |||
*[[Connective tissue diseases]]. | |||
**[[Marfan syndrome]]. | |||
**[[Ehlers-Danlos syndrome]]. | |||
*[[IVDU]]. | |||
*[[HIV]]. | |||
===Pathologic classification=== | |||
Based on morphology:<ref name=Ref_PCPBoD8_368>{{Ref PCPBoD8|368}}</ref> | |||
#Centriacinar (centrilobular) emphysema - associated with heavy smoking. | |||
#Panacinar (panlobular) emphysema - associated with [[alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency]]. | |||
#Distal (paraseptal) acinar emphysema - associated with spontaneous pneumothorax. | |||
#Irregular emphysema - usu. insignificant. | |||
*Q. Why does smoking lead to centriacinar emphysema? | |||
*A. The bad stuff from smoking gets enters the acinus at the centre; ergo, this is the location of the most damage. | |||
==Gross== | |||
*Holes (blebs, bullae), usually upper lung field predominant. | |||
*Lungs may overlap the heart.<ref name=Ref_PCPBoD8_369>{{Ref PCPBoD8|369}}</ref> | |||
Notes: | |||
*Bleb = (small) [[vesicle]].<ref>URL: [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/bleb http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/bleb]. Accessed on: 3 August 2011.</ref> | |||
*Bulla = large vesicle.<ref>URL: [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/bulla http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/bulla]. Accessed on: 3 August 2011.</ref> | |||
==Microscopic== | |||
Features:<ref name=Ref_PCPBoD8_369>{{Ref PCPBoD8|369}}</ref> | |||
*Large alveoli. | |||
*Thin septa (no interstitial thickening). | |||
===Images=== | |||
<gallery> | |||
Image:Emphysema_low_mag.jpg | Emphysema. (WC) | |||
</gallery> | |||
==See also== | |||
*[[Medical lung diseases]]. | |||
==References== | |||
{{Reflist|2}} | |||
[[Category:Medical lung diseases]] | |||
[[Category:Diagnosis]] | [[Category:Diagnosis]] | ||