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[[Image:Diabetic glomerulosclerosis (1) HE.jpg|thumb|right|[[Nodular glomerulosclerosis]] in diabetes, a common cause of chronic renal failure. [[H&E stain]]. (WC/KGH)]] | |||
'''Renal failure''', also '''kidney failure''', is dysfunction of the kidneys. | '''Renal failure''', also '''kidney failure''', is dysfunction of the kidneys. | ||
It can be subdivided in a number of different ways | It can be subdivided in a number of different ways. | ||
==Acutity== | ==Acutity== | ||
*Chronic renal failure. | *Acute kidney injury (abbreviated ''AKI'') - previously ''acute renal failure'' (abbreviated ''ARF''). | ||
*Acute renal failure. | *Chronic renal failure (CRF). | ||
===Acute kidney injury=== | |||
*[[Acute tubular necrosis]]. | |||
*Acute cardiac failure, e.g. [[myocardial infarction]]. | |||
*[[Cholesterol embolism]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Saric M, Kronzon I |title=Cholesterol embolization syndrome |journal=Curr. Opin. Cardiol. |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=472–9 |year=2011 |month=November |pmid=21993354 |doi=10.1097/HCO.0b013e32834b7fdd |url=}}</ref> | |||
*[[Hepatorenal syndrome]]. | |||
===Chronic renal failure=== | |||
*[[Diabetic nephropathy]] ([[diabetes mellitus]]). | |||
*[[IgA nephropathy]]. | |||
*[[Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease]]. | |||
*[[Lupus nephritis]] ([[systemic lupus erythematosus]]). | |||
*[[Wegener's granulomatosis]]. | |||
*Chronic cardiac insufficiency ([[congestive heart failure]]). | |||
Note: | |||
*The cause of [[end-stage renal disease]] (like end-stage liver disease) may be difficult to determine. | |||
==Anatomical cause== | ==Anatomical cause== | ||
''Renal failure 101'': | |||
*Pre-renal. | *Pre-renal. | ||
*Renal. | *Renal. | ||
*Post-renal. | *Post-renal. | ||
===Pre-renal=== | |||
*Hypotension due to blood loss (e.g. [[blunt force trauma]], [[sharp force trauma]], [[gunshot wound]]). | |||
*Reduced cardiac output, e.g. [[myocardial infarction]]. | |||
*Renal artery stenosis. | |||
===Renal=== | |||
*[[Diabetic nephropathy]]. | |||
*[[Lupus nephritis]]. | |||
===Post-renal=== | |||
*[[Nodular hyperplasia of the prostate]]. | |||
*Obstruction due to abdominal malignancy. | |||
*Posterior urethral valves. | |||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
*[[Medical renal disease]]. | *[[Medical renal disease]]. | ||
*[[End-stage kidney]]. | |||
==References== | |||
{{Reflist|1}} | |||
[[Category:Genitourinary pathology]] | [[Category:Genitourinary pathology]] |
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