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Stains (view source)

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This article deals with '''stains'''. H&E isn't the only stain out there...
[[Image:Corpora amylacea high mag.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Hematoxylin and eosin stain]] of benign [[prostate gland]].]]
This article deals with '''stains'''. The H&E stain is only one of many stains that are used in pathology.
 
Non-H&E stains are often referred to as '''''special stains'''''.  


=Where to start...=
=Where to start...=
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==Haematoxylin and eosin stain==
==Haematoxylin and eosin stain==
===General===
*Abbreviated ''H&E''.
*Abbreviated ''H&E''.
*Standard bearer in most pathology departments.
{{Main|Hematoxylin and eosin stain}}
 
===Intepretation===
*Blue (haematoxylin) = nucleus.
*Pink (eosin) = cytoplasm.


==Haematoxylin phyloxin saffron stain==
==Haematoxylin phyloxin saffron stain==
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**Fibrosis is easier to see on HPS than H&E... as one can see the collagen.
**Fibrosis is easier to see on HPS than H&E... as one can see the collagen.


Images:
====Images====
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Perineural_invasion_prostate_high_mag.jpg Perineural invasion - prostate - HPS stain (WC)].
<gallery>
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Meningioma_high_mag.jpg Meningioma - HPS stain (WC)].
Image:Perineural_invasion_prostate_high_mag.jpg | Perineural invasion - prostate - HPS stain (WC)
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Endoneurial_fibrosis_-_very_high_mag_-_cropped.jpg Endoneurial fibrosis - HPS stain (WC)].
Image:Meningioma_high_mag.jpg | Meningioma - HPS stain (WC)
 
Image:Endoneurial_fibrosis_-_very_high_mag_-_cropped.jpg | Endoneurial fibrosis - HPS stain (WC)
</gallery>
==Periodic acid Schiff stain==
==Periodic acid Schiff stain==
*Abbreviated ''PAS''.
*Abbreviated ''PAS''.
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*Blue = nuclei.
*Blue = nuclei.


Image: [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Metanephric_adenoma_high_mag.jpg Metanephric adenoma - PAS (WC)].
Ref.:<ref>[http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/PAS.PDF http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/PAS.PDF]</ref>
====Image====
<gallery>
Image:Metanephric_adenoma_high_mag.jpg | Metanephric adenoma - PAS (WC)
File:Liver biopsy of glycogen storage disorder PAS positive.jpg | Liver biopsy with glycogen storage disease - PAS (WC)
File:Esophageal candidiasis (2) PAS stain.jpg | Esophageal candidiasis - PAS (WC)
</gallery>
 
==Periodic acid Schiff fungal stain==
*Abbreviated ''PASF''.
 
===Primary application===
*Look for [[fungi|fungal organisms]].
 
===Interpretation===
*Light purple = fungi.
*Light green = background.
*Washed-out light purple = Gram positive bacilli.
 
Note:
*This is much improved over the ''PAS'' in the context of skin, as the background is similar to the fungal organisms.


Ref.:<ref>[http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/PAS.PDF http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/PAS.PDF]</ref>
<gallery>
Image:Fungal_infection_-_PASF_-_very_high_mag.jpg | Fungal organisms. PASF stain.
</gallery>


==Periodic acid Schiff with diastase==
==Periodic acid Schiff with diastase==
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Notes: <Ref>[http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/PASD.PDF http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/PASD.PDF]</ref>
Notes: <Ref>[http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/PASD.PDF http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/PASD.PDF]</ref>
===Interpretation===
*Light purple = fungi.
*Light blue/pink = background. ???


==Gomori methenamine-silver stain==
==Gomori methenamine-silver stain==
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***Histoplasma = black, round balls.
***Histoplasma = black, round balls.


Image: [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Histoplasma_in_granuloma_gms.jpg GMS showing histoplasma (WC)].
====Image====
 
<gallery>
Image:Histoplasma_in_granuloma_gms.jpg | GMS showing histoplasma (WC/Nephron)
</gallery>
==Acid-fast bacilli stains==
==Acid-fast bacilli stains==
*Abbreviated: ''AFB''.
*Abbreviated: ''AFB''.
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There are several AFB stains:
There are several AFB stains:
*Ziehl-Neelson stain - used to look for ''[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]''.
*Ziehl-Neelson stain - used to look for ''[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]''.
*Fite stain - used to look for ''[[Mycobacterium leprae]]''.<ref>URL: [http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/FITES.PDF http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/FITES.PDF]. Accessed on: 19 May 2011.</ref>
*Fite stain - used to look for ''[[Mycobacterium leprae]]''<ref>URL: [http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/FITES.PDF http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/FITES.PDF]. Accessed on: 19 May 2011.</ref> and preferred stain for ''[[Mycobacterium avium complex]]''.<ref name=pmid21327589>{{cite journal |authors=Ilyas S, Youssef D, Chaudhary H, Al-Abbadi MA |title=Myocbacterium-avium intracellulare associated inflammatory pseudotumor of the anterior nasal cavity |journal=Head Neck Pathol |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=296–301 |date=September 2011 |pmid=21327589 |pmc=3173547 |doi=10.1007/s12105-011-0248-0 |url=}}</ref>
*Auramine-rhodamine stain.
*Auramine-rhodamine stain.


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**Stains ''Nocardia''.<ref>URL: [http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/LUNGHTML/LUNG024.html http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/LUNGHTML/LUNG024.html]. Accessed on: 19 May 2011.</ref>
**Stains ''Nocardia''.<ref>URL: [http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/LUNGHTML/LUNG024.html http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/LUNGHTML/LUNG024.html]. Accessed on: 19 May 2011.</ref>


Image: [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mycobacterium_tuberculosis_Ziehl-Neelsen_stain_02.jpg ZN stain (WC/CDC)].
====Image====
<gallery>
Image:Mycobacterium_tuberculosis_Ziehl-Neelsen_stain_02.jpg | ZN stain. (WC/CDC)
</gallery>
===Fite stain===
===Fite stain===
Interpretation:
Interpretation:
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*Fluorescent stain.
*Fluorescent stain.


Image: [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cryptosporidium_parvum_auramine-rhodamine_labeled.jpg AR stain (WC/CDC)].
====Image====
 
<gallery>
Image:Cryptosporidium_parvum_auramine-rhodamine_labeled.jpg | AR stain. (WC/CDC)
</gallery>
===Kinyoun stain===
===Kinyoun stain===
*Another AFB stain<ref name=pmid7536216>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Kehl | first1 = KS. | last2 = Cicirello | first2 = H. | last3 = Havens | first3 = PL. | title = Comparison of four different methods for detection of Cryptosporidium species. | journal = J Clin Microbiol | volume = 33 | issue = 2 | pages = 416-8 | month = Feb | year = 1995 | doi =  | PMID = 7536216 }}</ref> - useful for [[cryptosporidiosis]] and [[microsporidiosis]].<ref name=pmid9003613>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Ignatius | first1 = R. | last2 = Lehmann | first2 = M. | last3 = Miksits | first3 = K. | last4 = Regnath | first4 = T. | last5 = Arvand | first5 = M. | last6 = Engelmann | first6 = E. | last7 = Futh | first7 = U. | last8 = Hahn | first8 = H. | last9 = Wagner | first9 = J. | title = A new acid-fast trichrome stain for simultaneous detection of Cryptosporidium parvum and microsporidial species in stool specimens. | journal = J Clin Microbiol | volume = 35 | issue = 2 | pages = 446-9 | month = Feb | year = 1997 | doi =  | PMID = 9003613 }}
*Another AFB stain<ref name=pmid7536216>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Kehl | first1 = KS. | last2 = Cicirello | first2 = H. | last3 = Havens | first3 = PL. | title = Comparison of four different methods for detection of Cryptosporidium species. | journal = J Clin Microbiol | volume = 33 | issue = 2 | pages = 416-8 | month = Feb | year = 1995 | doi =  | PMID = 7536216 }}</ref> - useful for [[cryptosporidiosis]] and [[microsporidiosis]].<ref name=pmid9003613>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Ignatius | first1 = R. | last2 = Lehmann | first2 = M. | last3 = Miksits | first3 = K. | last4 = Regnath | first4 = T. | last5 = Arvand | first5 = M. | last6 = Engelmann | first6 = E. | last7 = Futh | first7 = U. | last8 = Hahn | first8 = H. | last9 = Wagner | first9 = J. | title = A new acid-fast trichrome stain for simultaneous detection of Cryptosporidium parvum and microsporidial species in stool specimens. | journal = J Clin Microbiol | volume = 35 | issue = 2 | pages = 446-9 | month = Feb | year = 1997 | doi =  | PMID = 9003613 }}
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Note:
Note:
*Thick sections (~10 micrometers) are considered a requirement for the stain to work properly.<ref>URL: [http://www.ihcworld.com/_protocols/special_stains/congo_red_bennhold.htm http://www.ihcworld.com/_protocols/special_stains/congo_red_bennhold.htm]. Accessed on: 26 January 2012.</ref>
*[[Cutting|Thick sections]] (~10 micrometers) are considered a requirement for the stain to work properly.<ref>URL: [http://www.ihcworld.com/_protocols/special_stains/congo_red_bennhold.htm http://www.ihcworld.com/_protocols/special_stains/congo_red_bennhold.htm]. Accessed on: 26 January 2012.</ref>
**If the section is too thin... it doesn't work.
**If the section is too thin... it doesn't work.


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Ref.:<ref>URL: [http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/CONGORED.PDF http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/CONGORED.PDF]. Accessed on: 4 December 2010.</ref>
Ref.:<ref>URL: [http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/CONGORED.PDF http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/CONGORED.PDF]. Accessed on: 4 December 2010.</ref>


Image:
====Image====
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cerebral_amyloid_angiopathy_-_very_high_mag.jpg Congo red stain - cerebral amyloid angiopathy (WC)].
<gallery>
Image:Cerebral_amyloid_angiopathy_-_very_high_mag.jpg | Congo red staining in [[cerebral amyloid angiopathy]]. (WC)
</gallery>


==Thioflavin T stain==
==Thioflavin T stain==
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| Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus
| Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus
| Neisseria meningitidis, Moraxella catarrhalis  
| Neisseria meningitidis, Moraxella catarrhalis  
|
|}
|}


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*Memory device: '''p'''urple = '''p'''ositive.
*Memory device: '''p'''urple = '''p'''ositive.


Images:
====Images====
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gram_stain_01.jpg Gram positive cocci (WC)].
<gallery>
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gram_Stain_Anthrax.jpg Gram positive rods - anthrax (WC)].
Image:Gram_stain_01.jpg | Gram positive cocci. (WC)
 
Image:Gram_Stain_Anthrax.jpg | Gram positive rods - anthrax. (WC)
</gallery>
==Luxol fast blue stain==
==Luxol fast blue stain==
*Abbreviated ''LFB''.
*Abbreviated ''LFB''.
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**Lack of blue (where it ought to be) = demyelination.
**Lack of blue (where it ought to be) = demyelination.
*Purple = nerve cell (e.g. neuron).
*Purple = nerve cell (e.g. neuron).
*Neutrophils = pink.
*[[Neutrophil]]s = pink.


Image: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Globus_pallidus_and_putamen_-_very_low_mag.jpg Globus pallidus and putamen - H&E-LFB (WC)].
Ref.:<ref>[http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/LFB.PDF http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/LFB.PDF]</ref>


Ref.:<ref>[http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/LFB.PDF http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/LFB.PDF]</ref>
====Image====
<gallery>
Image:Globus_pallidus_and_putamen_-_very_low_mag.jpg | Globus pallidus and putamen - H&E-LFB. (WC)
File:LFB_CNS_cortex_supratentorial.jpg | Normal cortex - LFB only. (WC/jensflorian)
File:LFB_CNS_cortex_grey-white_matter_junction.jpg | White-grey matter junction - LFB. (WC/jensflorian)
</gallery>


==Giemsa stain==
==Giemsa stain==
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===Interpretation===
===Interpretation===
*Tissue is light blue/green.
*Tissue is light blue/green.
*Goblet cells are purple.<ref>URL: [http://www.kennedy.ox.ac.uk/facilities/histology/histology-information http://www.kennedy.ox.ac.uk/facilities/histology/histology-information]. Accessed on: 17 August 2015.</ref>
Image:
*[http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case196/images/figure12.jpg Giemsa - colon (amser.org)].<ref>URL: [http://amser.org/index.php?P=AMSER--ResourceFrame&resourceId=6018 http://amser.org/index.php?P=AMSER--ResourceFrame&resourceId=6018]. Accessed on: 17 August 2015.</ref>


==Reticulin stain==
==Reticulin stain==
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**Sarcomas have reticulin around ''each'' cell.
**Sarcomas have reticulin around ''each'' cell.
**Carcinomas have reticulin around clusters of cells.
**Carcinomas have reticulin around clusters of cells.
*Commonly used in neuropathology.
** In adenoma, reticulin highlights the lost acinar structure of normal pituitary gland.
** Paraganglioma (Zellballen architecture)
** Separating schwannoma (basement membrane around each cell) from meingioma in cerebellopontine angle.
** Separating desmoplastic medulloblastoma from classic/anaplastic forms.


===Interpretation===
===Interpretation===
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Notes:<ref>[http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/RETIC.PDF http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/RETIC.PDF]</ref>
Notes:<ref>[http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/RETIC.PDF http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/RETIC.PDF]</ref>
====Images====
<gallery>
Image:Liver_reticulin.jpg | [[Liver]]. Reticulin stain. (WC)
Image:Hepatic_adenoma_high_mag_reticulin.jpg | [[Hepatic adenoma]]. Reticulin stain. (WC)
File:Zellballen paraganglioma.jpg | Reticulin stain highlighting the "Zellballen" architecture of paraganglioma. (WC/jensflorian)
File:Desmoplastic medulloblastoma reticulin stain pale island.jpg | Reticulin staina round the "pale islands" of a desmoplastic medulloblastoma. (WC/jensflorian)
</gallery>


==Cresyl violet stain==
==Cresyl violet stain==
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*Described well by ''vetmed.vt.edu''.<ref>Prussian blue stain. URL:[http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/curriculum/VM8054/labs/Lab2/Examples/exprussb.htm [http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/curriculum/VM8054/labs/Lab2/Examples/exprussb.htm]. Accessed on: 5 May 2010.</ref>
*Described well by ''vetmed.vt.edu''.<ref>Prussian blue stain. URL:[http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/curriculum/VM8054/labs/Lab2/Examples/exprussb.htm [http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/curriculum/VM8054/labs/Lab2/Examples/exprussb.htm]. Accessed on: 5 May 2010.</ref>
*DDx of brown pigment: Fontana-Masson (melanin), Kluver-Barrera stain (lipofuscin).
*DDx of brown pigment: Fontana-Masson (melanin), Kluver-Barrera stain (lipofuscin).
====Images====
<gallery>
Image:Hemosiderosis_high_mag.jpg | Liver [[hemosiderosis]]. Prussian blue stain. (WC/Nephron)
File:Siderophage iron stain CSF.jpg | CSF Siderophages in subarachnoid hemorrhage. (WC/jensflorian)
</gallery>


==Kluver-Barrera stain==
==Kluver-Barrera stain==
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*Useful for differentiating brown pigments (melanin, lipofuscin, tattoo pigment, hemosiderin).
*Useful for differentiating brown pigments (melanin, lipofuscin, tattoo pigment, hemosiderin).
**Stains lipofuscin.
**Stains lipofuscin.
*Useful to detect demyelinating lesions in the CNS.


Notes:
Notes:
Line 301: Line 367:
*Described well by ''vetmed.vt.edu''.<ref>Kluver-Barrera stain. URL:[http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/curriculum/VM8054/labs/Lab2/Examples/exkluvbarr.htm http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/curriculum/VM8054/labs/Lab2/Examples/exkluvbarr.htm]. Accessed on: 5 May 2010.</ref>
*Described well by ''vetmed.vt.edu''.<ref>Kluver-Barrera stain. URL:[http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/curriculum/VM8054/labs/Lab2/Examples/exkluvbarr.htm http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/curriculum/VM8054/labs/Lab2/Examples/exkluvbarr.htm]. Accessed on: 5 May 2010.</ref>
*DDx of brown pigment: Fontana-Masson (melanin), Prussian blue stain (hemosiderin).
*DDx of brown pigment: Fontana-Masson (melanin), Prussian blue stain (hemosiderin).
<gallery>
File:MS Demyelinisation KB 10x.jpg | Encephalomyelitis disseminata (Klüver-Barrera)
</gallery>


==Oil red O stain==
==Oil red O stain==
===Use===
===Use===
*Stain adipose tissue.
*Stains adipose tissue.
*Corroborate diagnosis of [[lipoid pneumonia]].<ref name=pmid25374742>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Yampara Guarachi | first1 = GI. | last2 = Barbosa Moreira | first2 = V. | last3 = Santos Ferreira | first3 = A. | last4 = Sias | first4 = SM. | last5 = Rodrigues | first5 = CC. | last6 = Teixeira | first6 = GH. | title = Lipoid pneumonia in a gas station attendant. | journal = Case Rep Pulmonol | volume = 2014 | issue =  | pages = 358761 | month =  | year = 2014 | doi = 10.1155/2014/358761 | PMID = 25374742 }}</ref>
*Screen for [[GERD]] - positive staining seen in macrophages from [[BAL]] specimens.<ref name=pmid20466562>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Hopkins | first1 = PM. | last2 = Kermeen | first2 = F. | last3 = Duhig | first3 = E. | last4 = Fletcher | first4 = L. | last5 = Gradwell | first5 = J. | last6 = Whitfield | first6 = L. | last7 = Godinez | first7 = C. | last8 = Musk | first8 = M. | last9 = Chambers | first9 = D. | title = Oil red O stain of alveolar macrophages is an effective screening test for gastroesophageal reflux disease in lung transplant recipients. | journal = J Heart Lung Transplant | volume = 29 | issue = 8 | pages = 859-64 | month = Aug | year = 2010 | doi = 10.1016/j.healun.2010.03.015 | PMID = 20466562 }}</ref>
*Uncommon.


Notes:
Notes:
*Must be done on fresh tissue, i.e. it cannot be fixed in [[formalin]].
*Must be done on fresh tissue, i.e. it cannot be fixed in [[formalin]].
===Interpretation===
*Red = fat.
====Images====
<gallery>
Image:Differentiated_3T3-L1_Cell_line_stained_with_Oil_O_Red.jpg | Oil red O stain. (WC)
</gallery>


==Warthin-Starry stain==
==Warthin-Starry stain==
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*Background - yellow.
*Background - yellow.


Image:
====Image====
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pylorigastritis.jpg Helicobacter gastritis - Warthin-Starry stain (WC)].
<gallery>
 
Image:Pylorigastritis.jpg | Helicobacter gastritis - Warthin-Starry stain. (WC)
</gallery>
Notes:
Notes:
*Considered a "dirty" stain - picks-up junk in the background.<ref>DB. 4 August 2010.</ref>
*Considered a "dirty" stain - picks-up junk in the background.<ref>DB. 4 August 2010.</ref>
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*Background - yellow.
*Background - yellow.


Images: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Treponema_pallidum_-_very_high_mag_-_extreme_crop.jpg Dieterle stain - T. pallidum (WC)], [http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/trepo.jpg Treponema (med.sc.edu)], [http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/fox/spiro-neisseria.htm Spirochetes - several images (med.sc.edu)].
====Images====
<gallery>
Image:Treponema_pallidum_-_very_high_mag_-_extreme_crop.jpg | Dieterle stain - T. pallidum. (WC)
</gallery>
www:
*[http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/trepo.jpg Treponema (med.sc.edu)].
*[http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/fox/spiro-neisseria.htm Spirochetes - several images (med.sc.edu)].


==Bielschowsky stain==
==Bielschowsky stain==
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*Brown/dark brown = plaque, vascular amyloid.
*Brown/dark brown = plaque, vascular amyloid.
*Yellow/brown = other.
*Yellow/brown = other.
Image: [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cerebellum_-_biel_-_very_high_mag.jpg Bielschowsky stain (WC)].


Ref.: <ref>[http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/BIELSCH.PDF http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/BIELSCH.PDF]</ref>
Ref.: <ref>[http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/BIELSCH.PDF http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/BIELSCH.PDF]</ref>
 
====Image====
<gallery>
Image:Cerebellum_-_biel_-_very_high_mag.jpg | Bielschowsky stain. (WC/Nephron)
</gallery>
==Mucicarmine stain==
==Mucicarmine stain==
*Stains some mucins... uses the dye ''carmine''.
*Stains some mucins... uses the dye ''carmine''.
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**Red = mucin.<ref>[http://www.medschool.lsuhsc.edu/pathology/pathist/SURGPATH/special%20stains/assets/mucicarmine3.jpg http://www.medschool.lsuhsc.edu/pathology/pathist/SURGPATH/special%20stains/assets/mucicarmine3.jpg]</ref>
**Red = mucin.<ref>[http://www.medschool.lsuhsc.edu/pathology/pathist/SURGPATH/special%20stains/assets/mucicarmine3.jpg http://www.medschool.lsuhsc.edu/pathology/pathist/SURGPATH/special%20stains/assets/mucicarmine3.jpg]</ref>


Images:
====Images====
<gallery>
Image:Cryptococcosis of lung in patient with AIDS. Mucicarmine stain 962 lores.jpg | [[Cryptococcosis]]. Mucicarmine stain. (WC/CDC)
</gallery>
www:
*[http://www.medschool.lsuhsc.edu/pathology/pathist/SURGPATH/special%20stains/Pages/page6.htm Mucicarmine stained bowel (medschool.lsuhsc.edu)].  
*[http://www.medschool.lsuhsc.edu/pathology/pathist/SURGPATH/special%20stains/Pages/page6.htm Mucicarmine stained bowel (medschool.lsuhsc.edu)].  
*[http://www.nature.com/modpathol/journal/v14/n5/fig_tab/3880332f4.html Mucicarmine stained pancreatic adenosquamous carcinoma (nature.com)].
*[http://www.nature.com/modpathol/journal/v14/n5/fig_tab/3880332f4.html Mucicarmine stained pancreatic adenosquamous carcinoma (nature.com)].
Line 380: Line 472:


===Use===
===Use===
*Identify ''intestinal metaplasia'' in the [[stomach]] -- goblets = blue.
*Identify ''[[intestinal metaplasia]]'' in the [[intestinal metaplasia of the stomach|stomach]] and [[Barrett esophagus|esophagus]] -- goblets = blue.
 
Note:
*Esophageal submucosal glands - alcian blue positive.


===Interpretation===
===Interpretation===
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*Mucin stains:  
*Mucin stains:  
**[[Alcian blue stain]], [[PASD stain]], [[Mucicarmine stain]].
**[[Alcian blue stain]], [[PASD stain]], [[Mucicarmine stain]].
====Image====
<gallery>
Image:Barrett's_mucosa,_PAS-Alcian_blue_stain.jpg | [[Barrett's esophagus|Barrett's type mucosa]]. Alcian blue stain. (WC/AFIP)
Image:Barrett's_mucosa,_higher_magnification,_Alcian_blue_stain_.jpg | [[Barrett's esophagus|Barrett's type mucosa]]. Alcian blue stain. (WC/AFIP)
</gallery>
==Sodium sulphate-alcian blue stain==
:''Sulfated alcian blue'' (abbreviated '''SAB'') redirects here.
===Use===
*Identify [[amyloid]].<ref name=pmid55419>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Pomerance | first1 = A. | last2 = Slavin | first2 = G. | last3 = McWatt | first3 = J. | title = Experience with the sodium sulphate-Alcian Blue stain for amyloid in cardiac pathology. | journal = J Clin Pathol | volume = 29 | issue = 1 | pages = 22-6 | month = Jan | year = 1976 | doi =  | PMID = 55419 }}</ref><ref>URL: [http://www.polyrnd.com/products/reagent-assembly-kits/conventional/amyloid-stain---sulfated-alcian-blue-(sab).aspx http://www.polyrnd.com/products/reagent-assembly-kits/conventional/amyloid-stain---sulfated-alcian-blue-(sab).aspx]. Accessed on: October 15, 2014.</ref>
*Less [[specificity|specific]] than [[congo red stain|congo red]] but equally [[sensitivity|sensitive]].
*Does not require polarized light.
===Interpretation===
*Green = amyloid.<ref name=pmid55419/>
**Other things that are green: [[mast cell]]s, mucoid degeneration, basophilic myofibre degeneration, califications.
*Yellow = background.
Image:
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC475937/figure/F1/ SAB (nih.gov)].


==Movat's stain==
==Movat's stain==
Line 406: Line 522:
How to remember? A.: Primary colours (red, blue, yellow) + black.
How to remember? A.: Primary colours (red, blue, yellow) + black.


Images:
====Images====
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cardiac_amyloidosis_very_high_mag_movat.jpg Cardiac amyloidosis - Movat stain (WC)].
<gallery>
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cystic_medial_degeneration_-_movat_-_low_mag.jpg Cystic medial degeneration - Movat stain - low mag. (WC)].
Image:Cardiac_amyloidosis_very_high_mag_movat.jpg | [[Cardiac amyloidosis]] - Movat stain. (WC/Nephron)
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cystic_medial_degeneration_-_movat_-_intermed_mag.jpg Cystic medial degeneration - Movat stain - intermed. mag. (WC)].
Image:Cystic_medial_degeneration_-_movat_-_low_mag.jpg | [[Cystic medial degeneration]] - Movat stain - low mag. (WC/Nephron)
Image:Cystic_medial_degeneration_-_movat_-_intermed_mag.jpg | Cystic medial degeneration - Movat stain - intermed. mag. (WC/Nephron)
Image:Cystic medial degeneration - movat - high mag.jpg | Cystic medial degeneration - Movat stain - high mag. (WC/Nephron)
</gallery>


==Masson's trichrome stain==
==Masson's trichrome stain==
Line 421: Line 540:
*Red = muscle (smooth muscle actin).
*Red = muscle (smooth muscle actin).
*Baby blue = collagen.
*Baby blue = collagen.
*Blue gray = [[amyloid]].<ref name=pmid33002919>{{cite journal |authors=Kunnath-Velayudhan S, Larsen BT, Coley SM, De Michele S, Santoriello D, Colby TV, Bhagat G, Saqi A |title=Masson Trichrome and Sulfated Alcian Blue Stains Distinguish Light Chain Deposition Disease From Amyloidosis in the Lung |journal=Am J Surg Pathol |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=405–413 |date=March 2021 |pmid=33002919 |doi=10.1097/PAS.0000000000001593 |url=}}</ref>


Notes: <Ref>ULR: [http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/MASSONS.PDF http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/MASSONS.PDF]. Accessed on: 2 November 2011.</ref>
Notes: <Ref>ULR: [http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/MASSONS.PDF http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/MASSONS.PDF]. Accessed on: 2 November 2011.</ref>
Line 450: Line 570:
*Green = collagen.
*Green = collagen.


Image:
====Image====
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cirrhosis_high_mag.jpg Mallory trichrome (WC)].
<gallery>
 
Image:Cirrhosis_high_mag.jpg | [[Cirrhosis]]. Mallory trichrome. (WC/Nephron)
</gallery>
==Haematoxylin orcein phyloxin saffron stain==
==Haematoxylin orcein phyloxin saffron stain==
*Abbreviated ''HOPS''.<ref name=pmid1636194>{{cite journal |author=Perry JR, Bilbao JM, Gray T |title=Fatal basilar vasculopathy complicating bacterial meningitis |journal=Stroke |volume=23 |issue=8 |pages=1175–8 |year=1992 |pmid=1636194 |doi=}} [http://stroke.ahajournals.org/cgi/reprint/23/8/1175.pdf Free Full Text].</ref>
*Abbreviated ''HOPS''.<ref name=pmid1636194>{{cite journal |author=Perry JR, Bilbao JM, Gray T |title=Fatal basilar vasculopathy complicating bacterial meningitis |journal=Stroke |volume=23 |issue=8 |pages=1175–8 |year=1992 |pmid=1636194 |doi=}} [http://stroke.ahajournals.org/cgi/reprint/23/8/1175.pdf Free Full Text].</ref>
Line 478: Line 599:
Notes:<ref>URL: [http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/JONES.PDF http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/JONES.PDF]. Accessed on: 19 May 2011.</ref>
Notes:<ref>URL: [http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/JONES.PDF http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/MANUALS/JONES.PDF]. Accessed on: 19 May 2011.</ref>


Images:
====Images====
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Membranous_nephropathy_-_mpas_-_very_high_mag.jpg MN demonstrated with a MPAS - very high mag. (WC)].
<gallery>
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Membranous_nephropathy_-_cropped_-_mpas_-_very_high_mag.jpg MN demonstrated with a MPAS - very high mag. (WC)].
Image:Membranous_nephropathy_-_mpas_-_very_high_mag.jpg | [[Membranous nephropathy|MN]] demonstrated with a MPAS - very high mag. (WC/Nephron)
Image:Membranous_nephropathy_-_cropped_-_mpas_-_very_high_mag.jpg | MN demonstrated with a MPAS - very high mag. (WC/Nephron)
</gallery>


==Hale's colloidal iron stain==
==Hale's colloidal iron stain==
===Use===
*[[Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma]] vs. [[renal oncocytoma]] - chromophobe [[renal cell carcinoma]] +ve.<ref name=pmid9537468>{{cite journal |author=Tickoo SK, Amin MB, Zarbo RJ |title=Colloidal iron staining in renal epithelial neoplasms, including chromophobe renal cell carcinoma: emphasis on technique and patterns of staining |journal=Am. J. Surg. Pathol. |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=419–24 |year=1998 |month=April |pmid=9537468 |doi= |url=http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0147-5185&volume=22&issue=4&spage=419}}</ref>


Notes:
{{Main|Hale's colloidal iron stain}}


===Interpretation===
==von Kossa stain==
*Blue (granular cytoplasmic) staining is positive.<ref name=Ref_WMSP682>{{Ref WMSP|682}}</ref>
===General===
 
*Type of silver stain.<ref name=pmid8360080>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Rungby | first1 = J. | last2 = Kassem | first2 = M. | last3 = Eriksen | first3 = EF. | last4 = Danscher | first4 = G. | title = The von Kossa reaction for calcium deposits: silver lactate staining increases sensitivity and reduces background. | journal = Histochem J | volume = 25 | issue = 6 | pages = 446-51 | month = Jun | year = 1993 | doi = | PMID = 8360080 }}</ref>
Images:
*[http://www.ultrapath.org/oldsite/cases99/sep99/images/figure-3.jpg ChRCC Hale's colloidal iron (ultrapath.org)].<ref>URL: [http://www.ultrapath.org/oldsite/cases99/sep99/cotm9-2.html http://www.ultrapath.org/oldsite/cases99/sep99/cotm9-2.html]. Accessed on: 9 October 2011.</ref>
*[http://www.diagnosticpathology.org/content/4/1/21/figure/f1?highres=n ChRCC Hale's colloidal iron (diagnosticpathology.org)].
 
Notes:
*Often described as a "fastidious" (difficult/demanding) stain.<ref>URL: [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/fastidious?show=0&t=1319550566 http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/fastidious?show=0&t=1319550566]. Accessed on: 25 October 2011.</ref>
**A few staff think this is a totally useless stain.<ref>ALS. On several occasions in 2009.</ref>


==von Kossa stain==
===Use===
===Use===
*Look for calcium.
*Look for calcium.
*Actually stains phosphates and carbonates as a surrogate for calcium.


===Interpretation===
===Interpretation===
Line 518: Line 632:
Refs: looks a bit sketchy<ref>URL: [http://www.molecularstation.com/protocol-links/articles/Toluidine-Blue-Stain-32.html http://www.molecularstation.com/protocol-links/articles/Toluidine-Blue-Stain-32.html]. Accessed on: 17 March 2011.</ref>, <ref>URL: [http://www.dermnetnz.org/doctors/dermatopathology/stains.html http://www.dermnetnz.org/doctors/dermatopathology/stains.html]. Accessed on: 17 March 2011.</ref>
Refs: looks a bit sketchy<ref>URL: [http://www.molecularstation.com/protocol-links/articles/Toluidine-Blue-Stain-32.html http://www.molecularstation.com/protocol-links/articles/Toluidine-Blue-Stain-32.html]. Accessed on: 17 March 2011.</ref>, <ref>URL: [http://www.dermnetnz.org/doctors/dermatopathology/stains.html http://www.dermnetnz.org/doctors/dermatopathology/stains.html]. Accessed on: 17 March 2011.</ref>


Image:
====Image====
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Smear_of_Pneumocystis_carinii._Toluidine_blue_stain_PHIL_596_lores.jpg PCP stained with toluidine blue (mediawiki.org)].
<gallery>
Image:Smear_of_Pneumocystis_carinii._Toluidine_blue_stain_PHIL_596_lores.jpg | [[PCP]] stained with toluidine blue. (WC)
</gallery>
www:
*[http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2407/5/121/figure/F3?highres=y Mast cells stained with toluidine blue (biomedcentral.com)].
*[http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2407/5/121/figure/F3?highres=y Mast cells stained with toluidine blue (biomedcentral.com)].


Line 526: Line 643:
*Many variants of this stain exist.
*Many variants of this stain exist.
*Specimens are air-dried.
*Specimens are air-dried.


Interpretation:<ref>{{cite journal |author=Horobin RW, Walter KJ |title=Understanding Romanowsky staining. I: The Romanowsky-Giemsa effect in blood smears |journal=Histochemistry |volume=86 |issue=3 |pages=331–6 |year=1987 |pmid=2437082 |doi= |url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/r81x25451m841866/}}</ref>
Interpretation:<ref>{{cite journal |author=Horobin RW, Walter KJ |title=Understanding Romanowsky staining. I: The Romanowsky-Giemsa effect in blood smears |journal=Histochemistry |volume=86 |issue=3 |pages=331–6 |year=1987 |pmid=2437082 |doi= |url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/r81x25451m841866/}}</ref>
Line 544: Line 660:
*[[Cytopathology]].
*[[Cytopathology]].
*[[Helicobacter gastritis]] - organisms are dark blue against a light blue background.<ref>URL: [http://www.ihcworld.com/_protocols/special_stains/diff_quick_ellis.htm http://www.ihcworld.com/_protocols/special_stains/diff_quick_ellis.htm]. Accessed on: 30 August 2012.</ref>
*[[Helicobacter gastritis]] - organisms are dark blue against a light blue background.<ref>URL: [http://www.ihcworld.com/_protocols/special_stains/diff_quick_ellis.htm http://www.ihcworld.com/_protocols/special_stains/diff_quick_ellis.htm]. Accessed on: 30 August 2012.</ref>
====Images====
<gallery>
Image: Lung adenocarcinoma - Diff-Quik -- high mag.jpg | [[Pulmonary_cytopathology#Adenocarcinoma|Lung adenocarcinoma]] - DQ - high mag. (WC)
Image: Lung adenocarcinoma - Diff-Quik -- very high mag.jpg | Lung adenocarcinoma - DQ - very high mag. (WC)
Image: Lung small cell carcinoma - Diff-Quik -- very high mag.jpg | Lung SmCC - DQ - very high mag. (WC)
Image: Lung small cell carcinoma - Diff-Quik -- extremely high mag.jpg | Lung SmCC - DQ - extremely high mag. (WC)
</gallery>


===Wright stain===
===Wright stain===
Line 560: Line 684:


==Papanicolaou stain==
==Papanicolaou stain==
*Often abbreviated ''Pap stain''.
*Abbreviated ''Pap stain''.
*Can be thought of as the H&E of cytopathology.
{{Main|Papanicolaou stain}}
**It is a modified [[H&E stain]].
*Specimens are fixed in ethanol.
*Good for seeing nuclear detail.
*Out-of-focus cytoplasm is translucent; allows one to focus overlapped cells in different planes.
 
===Use===
*Cytopathology.
 
===Interpretation===
*Blue/purple = nucleus.
*Green/pink = cytoplasm.
*Orange = keratin.
 
Image:
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Urine_citology_urothelial_carcinoma_2.jpg Pap stain - urine cytology (wikimedia.org)].


==Fontana-Masson stain==  
==Fontana-Masson stain==  
*[[AKA]] ''Masson-Fontana stain'',<ref name=pmid16081962>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Gaitanis | first1 = G. | last2 = Chasapi | first2 = V. | last3 = Velegraki | first3 = A. | title = Novel application of the masson-fontana stain for demonstrating Malassezia species melanin-like pigment production in vitro and in clinical specimens. | journal = J Clin Microbiol | volume = 43 | issue = 8 | pages = 4147-51 | month = Aug | year = 2005 | doi = 10.1128/JCM.43.8.4147-4151.2005 | PMID = 16081962 }}</ref> ''Fontana-Masson stain for melanin'', ''melanin stain''.
*[[AKA]] ''Masson-Fontana stain'',<ref name=pmid16081962>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Gaitanis | first1 = G. | last2 = Chasapi | first2 = V. | last3 = Velegraki | first3 = A. | title = Novel application of the masson-fontana stain for demonstrating Malassezia species melanin-like pigment production in vitro and in clinical specimens. | journal = J Clin Microbiol | volume = 43 | issue = 8 | pages = 4147-51 | month = Aug | year = 2005 | doi = 10.1128/JCM.43.8.4147-4151.2005 | PMID = 16081962 }}</ref> ''Fontana-Masson stain for melanin'', ''melanin stain''.
*A type of silver stain.
{{Main|Fontana-Masson stain}}
 
Stains:
#Melanin.
#"Argentaffin granules" of the digestive tract.
#Pigment deposition due to minocycline treatment.<ref name=pmid15605966>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Patterson | first1 = JW. | last2 = Wilson | first2 = B. | last3 = Wick | first3 = MR. | last4 = Heath | first4 = C. | title = Hyperpigmented scar due to minocycline therapy. | journal = Cutis | volume = 74 | issue = 5 | pages = 293-8 | month = Nov | year = 2004 | doi =  | PMID = 15605966 }}</ref>
 
===Use===
*Stain for melanin.
**Used to differentiate brown pigments (lipofuscin, hemosiderin, melanin).<ref>URL: [http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/curriculum/VM8054/labs/Lab2/Examples/exfontana.htm http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/curriculum/VM8054/labs/Lab2/Examples/exfontana.htm]. Accessed on: 5 May 2010.</ref>
***Many pathologists prefer IHC, i.e. ''Melan A'' over this stain.
 
Image:
*[http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/curriculum/VM8054/labs/Lab2/Examples/exfontana.htm Fontana-Masson stain (vetmed.vt.edu)].


==Schmorl's stain==
==Schmorl's stain==
Line 615: Line 711:


Image:
Image:
*[http://www.bris.ac.uk/vetpath/cpl/msb.jpg MSB (bris.ac.uk)].
*[https://www.ole.bris.ac.uk/bbcswebdav/institution/Faculty%20of%20Health%20Sciences/Veterinary%20Science/eLearning%20resources/Pathology%20Laboratory%20Protocols/hst/msb.html MSB (bris.ac.uk)].


Ref.:<ref>URL: [http://www.bris.ac.uk/vetpath/cpl/msb.html http://www.bris.ac.uk/vetpath/cpl/msb.html]. Accessed on: 26 November 2010.</ref>
Ref.:<ref>URL: [http://www.bris.ac.uk/vetpath/cpl/msb.html http://www.bris.ac.uk/vetpath/cpl/msb.html]. Accessed on: 26 November 2010.</ref>
Line 632: Line 728:


==Verhoeff-van Gieson stain==
==Verhoeff-van Gieson stain==
:''Verhoeff stain'' redirects here.
*[[AKA]] Elastic van Gieson stain, abbreviated ''EVG''.
*[[AKA]] Elastic van Gieson stain, abbreviated ''EVG''.
===General===
===General===
Line 643: Line 740:
*Collagen = bright red.
*Collagen = bright red.
*Muscle = dull red.
*Muscle = dull red.
<gallery>
File:Cerebral aneurysm EVG stain.jpg |EVG stain of a cerebral aneurysm. (WC/jensflorian)
</gallery>


==Copper stain==
==Copper stain==
Line 664: Line 765:


===General===
===General===
*Used in [[medical liver disease|medical liver]] biopsies - used to find copper.  
*Used in [[medical liver disease|medical liver]] biopsies - stains sulfhydrl groups and identifies:
**Copper-associated protein.
**Elastin.
**[[Hepatitis B]] surface antigen.<ref name=pmid7822848>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Ghosh | first1 = AK. | last2 = Dasgupta | first2 = A. | last3 = Raha | first3 = K. | last4 = Jana | first4 = A. | last5 = Majumdar | first5 = DN. | title = Hepatic histology in chronic liver disease in hepatitis B surface antigen positive cases. | journal = J Indian Med Assoc | volume = 92 | issue = 10 | pages = 333-5 | month = Oct | year = 1994 | doi =  | PMID = 7822848 }}</ref>


===Interpretation===
===Interpretation===
Features:<ref>URL: [http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/pathology/protocols/shikata.html http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/pathology/protocols/shikata.html]. Accessed on: 24 January 2011.</ref>
Features:<ref>URL: [http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/pathology/protocols/shikata.html http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/pathology/protocols/shikata.html]. Accessed on: 24 January 2011.</ref>
*Purple/brown = elastin fibres.
*Dark purple/brown = elastin fibres, HBsAg and copper-associated protein
*Light purple = background
*Red = nuclei (only if counter-stain used)
 
==Gömöri Trichrome stain==
*Named after George Gömöri<ref>GOMORI, G. - A rapid one-step trichrome stain. Am. J. Clin. Path. 20: 661-664, 1950.</ref>
 
===General===
*Used in [[muscle biopsies]] - used to find abnormal mitochondrial deposits.
 
===Interpretation===
*Dark green = muscle fibers.
*Red = nuclei.
*Red = nuclei.
*Light purple = background
*Bright red = mitochondria, red blood cells.
*??? = Copper associated protein.
 
Images:
<gallery>
File:Ragged red fibers in MELAS.jpg | Ragged red fibers in MELAS, a mitochondrial disease. (WC)
File:Dilated peri-tubular capillaries filled with sickled RBCs, original Gomori's trichrome stain.jpg | Sickle cell nephropathy. (WC)
</gallery>
 
==Miller stain==
===General===
*Stains elastin.
*Used to identify blood vessels and [[pleural invasion]] in [[lung cancer]].
 
===Interpretation===
Staining:<ref>URL: [https://www.ihcworld.com/_protocols/special_stains/miller's_elastic_ellis.htm https://www.ihcworld.com/_protocols/special_stains/miller's_elastic_ellis.htm]. Accessed on: 28 August 2015.</ref>
*Black = elastin fibres, granules in mast cells.
*Red = collagen.
*Yellow = muscle, fibrin, [[erythrocytes]].
*Green/brown = nuclei.
 
====Images====
<gallery>
Image: Normal visceral pleura of lung - Miller -- high mag.jpg | Miller stain showing lung tissue. (WC)
</gallery>


=See also=
=See also=
Michael
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